Multi-Vendor Portable IEC61850 Testing Unit

B. Stojcevski, Member, IEEE, and A. Kalam, Senior Member, IEEE

 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Abstract ± The Electricity Supply Industry of Australia and its approaches, even though alternative, and far more cost-
consumers have gained overwhelming momentum through media effective Ethernet and fibre optic technologies are available.
personnel and governments over the past decade. This is due to Their decision is based on the fact that labor costs will increase
rigorous challenges prompted by climate change, escalating
dramatically if highly skilled IEC61850 specialists are hired.
energy prices, diminishing resources, cyber security and system
stability. These influences have led to the commercialization of
For this reason, the authors look to change this trend by
new technologies and policies including the National Broadband manufacturing, configuring and testing a portable IEC61850
Network (NBN) and Carbon Tax. However, the motivation to testing unit whose sole purpose is to serve as a platform for the
improve the Energy Sector must look well beyond rudimentary development, research and training of university students and
renewable energy technologies and smart grid infrastructures power system personnel. The portable IEC61850 testing unit
such as solar and wind, and provide a robust solution that can combines copper and fibre optic connections, together with
FRSH ZLWK $XVWUDOLD¶V ULVLQJ SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK DQG EDVH-load
four external dummy circuit breakers (CB) used for tripping
demands. This vision is supported by many electrical utilities
worldwide and attempts to couple substation communication and breaker failure. The paper outlines all physical wiring
standards like the IEC61850 international protocol with modern diagrams; presents technical awareness of subscribed and
grid architectures is at the forefront of research developments. published GOOSE messages; details IED protection logic and
The authors of this paper aim to demonstrate the practical signal matrices; defines dataset definitions; and emphasizes the
assembly, configuration and testing of a new and innovative communication between different vendor equipment and software
portable IEC61850 testing unit capable of multi-vendor tools to achieve interoperability. In addition, a concise record
interoperability between different types of Intelligent Electronic
of challenges come across during commissioning of the project
Devices (IEDs). The portable IEC61850 testing unit serves as a
platform for the development, research and training of university will be discussed.
students and power system personnel. The paper provides all
hardware schematics, virtual wiring maps and GOOSE mapping II. HARDWARE DESIGN & WIRING
matrices. A comprehensive insight into both individual and Compared to conventional stationary protection panels, the
overall system configurations is also reviewed.
IEC61850 portable testing unit was designed with the intent of
Index Terms ± Configured IED Description (CID), Generic
being compact in size and maneuverable. The IEC61850
Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE), IEC61850, IED testing unit weighs 101.5kg and has a length of 19 inches,
Capability Description (ICD), Intelligent Electronic Device (IED), width of 21 inches and height of 33 inches. The inner frame is
Interoperability, Portable IEC61850 Testing Unit, Substation interconnected by corner connectors and gussets made from
Automation (SA), Substation Configuration Language (SCL). galvanized steel profiles. The front door and rear panels use a
transparent polycarbonate material with a thickness of 3mm
I. INTRODUCTION and 10mm, respectively. The front panel employs an earthing
ost engineers are required to learn neZWHFKQRORJLHV³RQ strap and has a foldable door handle. The side, roof and base
M WKHMRE´HYHQWKRXJKWKHSDFHRIWHFKQRORJ\FRQWLQXHVWR panels use a zinc powdered material complying with protection
expose new communication protocols (IEC61850), IEDs class IP54 to DIN4 0050/IEC 144. Additional accessories
and related functions. Unfortunately, undergraduate and graduate include four transportable brackets bolted with M12 screws,
students at university level are further disadvantaged in terms four 50lbs heavy duty caster wheels and two roof mounted
of the necessary skill set required to configure, implement and fans.
operate electrical projects as they have either never or only The core of the IEC61850 testing unit is that of the
vaguely been exposed to the intricacies of Substation Automation protection IEDs, Ethernet switches and GPS clock. There are
(SA). This inexperience has restricted many electrical utilities four IEDs in total from different vendors (ABB, Areva and
to administer their networks using traditional copper-wired SEL). The SEL-487E is used for three-phase differential
protection in transformer applications. It is capable of up to
This work was supported by the Australian Power Institute (API) and the five different current signals and is able to perform circuit
Australian Strategic Technology Program (ASTP). Sponsorship was also breaker failure with open pole status detection [1]. The SEL-
provided by vendors ABB, Areva T&D, CSE-Uniserve, SEL and OMICRON 311L is a line current differential protection and automation
Electronics during the manufacture of the portable IEC61850 testing unit.
B. Stojcevski and A. Kalam are situated at the School of Engineering and
relay suitable for protection of any transmission line or
Science, Victoria University, Australia (e-mails: blagojce.stojcevski@vu.edu.au, underground cable [2]. It eliminates traditional control
akhtar.kalam@vu.edu.au)

978-1-4577-0875-6/11/$26.00@2011 IEEE
 1

Social Welfare Based Nodal Pricing with

FACTS Cost Models in Hybrid Electricity
Markets
Ashwani Kumar Member, IEEE and Wen Zhong Gao, Senior Member IEEE

 Sgmax Maximum apparent power;

Abstract-- In this paper, nodal prices for real and reactive Vi min , Vi max Upper and lower voltage magnitude limit;
power have been obtained formulating social welfare based
approach. The reactive power cost of generators has been G imin , G imax Upper and lower voltage angle limit;
incorporated in the model as reactive power support has been Sij, Sij d Sijmax Line flow limit;
identified as an important ancillary service in the electricity
market and it can not be neglected. The generator!s capability PGp and PGb Vector of pool and bilateral generation with
curve has also been incorporated in the model. The impact of suffix Gp and Gb for pool and bilateral
FACTS controllers has also been considered in the model generation;
formulation taking their cost function into account. The PDp and PDb Vector of pool and bilateral demand with
constraints for incorporation of bilateral transactions along with suffix Dp and Db for pool and bilateral
the pool transactions have been incorporated in the hybrid
demand;
electricity market model. Mixed integer non-linear programming
approach has been formulated for hybrid electricity market Pfp and Pfb Vector of line flows due to the pool and
model. The optimal location of FACTS devices have been bilateral transactions with suffix fp and fb for
obtained using integer variable in the mathematical model. The real power flows for pool and bilateral
proposed approach has been tested on IEEE 24-bus Reliability transactions;
Test System (RTS). DF The DC distribution factors;
Tij The bilateral transactions between seller and
Index Terms"Real and reactive power price, nodal price, cost
model, FACTS devices, hybrid market model. buyer bus i and j;
Tijmax Maximum transaction amount;
I. NOMENCLATURE x State vector of variables V, į;
u Control parameters,Pgi,Qgi, Pgb, Pgp;
Ng Set of generators p Fixed parameters Pdi, Pdb, Pdp, Qd, Tij;
Pgi Active power pool generator-i
Ci Fuel cost of pool generator-i
[ FACTSi
int
An integer variable showing absence or
agi, bgi, cgi Cost coefficients in $/h, $/MWh, $/MWh2 presence of FACTS devices with integer values
Pi Real power injection at bus-i; {0,1};
Qi Reactive power injection at bus-i; api,bpi,cpi Cost coefficients for conventional generators
Pgi, Qgi Real and reactive power generation at bus-i; [24];
Pdi, Qdi Real and reactive power demand at bus-i; max
N FACTS Maximum number of FACTS devices in the
Vi Voltage magnitude at bus-i; network;
įi Voltage angle at bus-i; O, P Lagrange multipliers for equality and
Yij Gij  Bij i-jth element of Y-bus matrix;
inequality constraints;
Nb Number of buses in the system; VT , iq ,IT , xc, Control variables for UPFC and TCSC;
Nd Number of load buses;
Pgimin , Pgimax Minimum and maximum real power generation
II. INTRODUCTION
limit;
Qgimin , Qgimax Minimum and maximum reactive power
generation limit;
T HE independent system operator (ISO) has one of its
major responsibilities for free and fair transmission access
to market participants along with secure operation of the
system in competitive electricity markets. For determination
of wheeling cost for the power transmission, transmission
A. Kumar is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT pricing has emerged as an important technical issue for
Kurukshetra, INDIA (e-mail: ashwa_ks@yahoo.co.in).
Wenzhong Gao is with Department of Electrical and Computer economic transfer of power with marginal profit to market
Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA, USA (e-mail: participants. The short run marginal cost (SRMC) based
Wenzhong.Gao@du.edu).
978-1-4577-2159-5/12/$31.00 ©2011 IEEE
2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), Berlin
New Information Technologies for State
Estimation of Power Systems With FACTS
P. I. Bartolomey, Senior Member, IEEE, S. A. Eroshenko, E. M. Lebedev, A. A. Suvorov
 The !Smart Grid" basic concept similar to our
Abstract -- It is known, that Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission Systems (FACTS) are the core of the High Voltage
Smart Grid technologies. Wide Area Measurement Systems
(WAMS), using Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), open up new
opportunities for power system monitoring and control. United
Power System of Russia, having high generating capacities, is the
most extensive power system in the world, stretching for
thousands of kilometers through 7 time zones. For these reasons,
close attention have always been paid to long-distance power
transmission issues. This paper presents the methodology for
data validation improvement for real-time power system
monitoring and assessment of long-distance power transmission
lines parameters, including controllable series and shut reactive
power injection. The basis for data validation is two-stage a
priori remote metering processing, including load- and weather-
dependent transmission line parameters identification and
update as well as local bad data elimination.
Index Terms -- FACTS, long-distance transmission line,
parameter identification, telemetry, local state estimation.
I. INTRODUCTION
C urrently in Russia the heated dispute started, regarding
legality of !Smart Grid" terminology usage concerning
high voltage electrical systems, initially designed having
!smart" supervisory control systems and automation
(SCADA, EMS etc.). For this reason in scientific papers the
meaning content of the !Smart Grid" terminology is given in
the term !Flexible alternating current systems", basing on the
assumption, that power network elements (lines, power
transformers etc.) become active, making power system
adaptive to external influence.
However, from our point of view, it is more acceptable to
speak about !auto-adaptive networks". Such a term outlines
automated, or even automatic adaptation. Auto-adaptive
networks are considered as information-management
superstructures, inherently corresponding to an automated
supervisory control systems of the new generation, including
not only up-to-date soft- and hardware, but the overall system
of telecommunication, power system automation and other
specific Smart Grid features.
P. I. Bartolomey (bpi@ural.ru), S. A. Eroshenko (stas_ersh@mail.ru),
A. A. Suvorov (saa@daes.ustu.ru) are with Ural Federal University named
after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Mira Street, 19,
Russian Federation.
E. M. Lebedev is with System Operator of the United Power System of
Russia, Ekaterinburg, Tolmacheva Street, 6, Russian Federation
(e.m.l@mail.ru).
978-1-4673-2597-4/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
interpretation can be found in [1]. In is notable, that the most
important condition for up-to-date power system operation is
the possibility of power system remote control, including
power transmission control as well. Such control of long-
distance transmission lines with distributed parameters, having
series and shut compensation, plays a great role for proper
operation of power networks.
From our point of view, the quality of power system
control is defined not only by system observability and power
system steady-state monitoring. Control quality varies highly,
depending on network elements parameter assessment, such as
power transmission lines resistance and admittance, defined
by both, load current and weather conditions.
According to scientific researches, conducted earlier in
USSR, reflecting the range of possible daily and seasonal
conditions, power transmission line parameters can vary
within relatively wide ranges. So, transmission line parameters
modeling errors lie within the range of (#24 $ +8 %) for unit
resistance ro , and (#10 $ +8 %) for unit reactance x o .
Conductance g o errors can reach up to 300 % and capacitive
susceptance bo # up to 25 %.One of the most important
factors is the proper simulation of power transmission line
with distributed parameters.
According to the information, provided by the System
Operator of United Power System of the Ural district, in
spring 2012 the daily deviation of the outdoor temperature
reached the value of 30 qC. The lack of valid data of power
transmission lines parameters results in the necessity of static
stability margin increase, leading to transmission line
available capacity limitation. For these reasons transmission
lines parameters monitoring issues received much attention
from Russian engineers at the turn of the previous century [2].
However, then-a-days low accuracy of the telemetry was the
primary barrier for introduction of transmission line
parameters identification systems. The development of PMU
technologies [3], [4] forced the solution of this problem for
power system state estimation efficiency increase [5]-[9], bad
data filtration [10]-[12], and transmission line parameters
identification [13]-[15], including FACTS [16]-[18].
Traditional power system state estimation algorithm is
based on power system steady-state parameters measurements
(active and reactive power flows, bus voltage etc.) given the
values of power network parameters ( Z , Y ). Every power
system element can be considered as passive four-terminal
Application of Economic Operation Strategy on Battery
Energy Storage System at Jeju
Seung-Wook Hwangbo
Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd.
Kyunggido Yongin 446-716, Korea
smhwangbo@hhi.co.kr
Abstract ! This! paper! presents! the! economical! operation!
strategy!to!extend!the!lifespan!of!Battery!Energy!Storage!
System!(BESS)!and!achieve!the!maximum!profits!of!BESS!
under! an! uncertainty! of! wind! power.! The! economical!
operation!strategy!considers!the!optimal!charge/discharge!
schedule! of! BESS! with! battery! physical! constraints,! a!
probabilistic! wind! power! forecast,! local! grid! codes! and!
electricity! trading! prices.! In! Jeju! Smart! Grid! pilot!
project,! 855kWh! Lithium-polymer! and! 250! kWh!
LiFePO4! type! BESSs! were! applied! for! smoothing!
intermittent! wind! power! and! relieving! a! peak! electricity!
load.! After! Energy! Management! System! (EMS)! collects!
various! data! from! wind! turbine,! Battery! Management!
System! (BMS),! Power! Conditioning! System! (PCS),! a!
connected! grid,! electricity! market! and! weather! forecast!
center,! it! decides! the! charge/discharge! schedule! of! BESS!
and!the!best!bid!price!in!electricity!market.!Experimental!
results! are! then! presented! to! meet! the! required!
performance!and!quantify!the!expected!profits!in!terms!of!
the!life!expectancy!of!BESS.!
Index Terms-- Economical Operation Strategy, Battery
Energy Storage System, Energy Management System,
Electricity Market!
I. INTRODUCTION
In the recent years, renewable energy sources such as solar
and wind turbine are gradually spreading because of higher
harmful effects on environment and reduction of fossil fuels
by increasing energy consumption all around the world [1].
However, the power generation from renewable energy
sources is unpredictable and unstable due to their intrinsic
features. Therefore, when these energy resources are
connected on power grid, the design to manage them more
efficiently should be considered because of a higher level of
their penetration. The practical suitable way to overcome these
challenges is using Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
[2]. Furthermore, BESS is one of the key technologies for
Smart Grid.
‹,(((
Beung-Jin Kim, Jung-Han Kim
Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd.
Kyunggido Yongin 446-716, Korea
itisme@hhi.co.kr
mandong@hhi.co.kr
Smart Grid is an electrical grid that uses information and
communication technologies to manage various energy
resources efficiently. Smart Grid technology is presented
method which is efficiently able to manage BESS with a wind
farm. Therefore, various pilot projects for Smart Grid are
being conducted using its concept and technology in many
countries [3].
The integration of BESS into wind farm can make
intermittent renewable energy sources more dispatchable.
Therefore, the BESS is increasingly being considered for
efficiency management of energy storage system on a wind
farm environment [4].
Battery technologies have been improved rapidly in order
to meet the challenges of applications in many parts such as
electric vehicle and controllable generation resource for utility.
As a result, recent advances in electric energy storage
technologies provide many opportunities to make the system
to be operated in more flexible and controllable manners [5]-
[6].
Since large-scale BESS is rather expensive, a control
strategy for optimal use of BESS becomes a critical design
issue. Some of optimal operation strategies for BESS with
regard to charge and discharge scheduling are proposed
through dynamic programming [7], nonlinear programming [8]
and multipass iteration particle swarm optimization approach
[9]. Also, the optimal operation of BESS is proposed to
achieve the maximum profits of BESS in relation to real-time
electricity price [12]. However, the above studies were applied
to the limited three different electricity prices based on the
time in a day. In this study, the economical operation strategy
is presented to extend the lifespan of BESS and achieve the
maximum profits of BESS under an uncertainty of wind
power on Jeju Smart Grid pilot project.
This paper is organized as follows. Firstly, a brief
overview of BESS is provided in Section II. Secondly,
electricity market model of the Jeju Smart Grid pilot project is
presented in Section III. The optimization methods and the
assumptions for the BESS are introduced in Section IV. A
case study for the Jeju Smart Grid pilot project is then
 Smart Grids Deployment in Brazil: a Study from the
Perspective of a Regulatory Impact Analysis
Hugo Lamin
Superintendência de Regulação dos Serviços de Distribuição
Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ! ANEEL*
Brasília ! DF, Brasil
hugolamin@aneel.gov.br
Abstract !The!paper!aims!to!present!a!comparison!of!costs!and!
benefits! related! to! the! implementation! of! smart! grids! in! Brazil.!
The! analysis! estimated! expenses! for! the! acquisition! and! the!
installation! of! the! following! items:! smart! meters,!
telecommunication! infrastructure,! advanced! distribution!
automation! and! hardware! and! software! for! information!
technology.! Furthermore,! the! return! is! evaluated! in! eight!
benefits! categories.! The! analysis! is! based! on! six! possible!
deployment! scenarios! and! considers! the! Net! Present! Value! -!
NPV! of! an! annual! cost! benefit! sequence.! It! is! a! preliminary!
Regulatory! Impact! Analysis! that! can! support! any! decision! on!
public!policy!of!smart!grids.!
Index Terms-- Benefits,! Costs,! Regulatory! Impact! Analysis,!
Smart!Grids.!
I. INTRODUÇÃO
A. Contextualização
Redes inteligentes se constituem em uma revolução
tecnológica na indústria de energia elétrica. Trata-se de um
tema atual e que está na pauta das discussões do setor elétrico
mundial. No Brasil, a implantação é objeto de análise tanto
pelas distribuidoras, quanto pela Agência Reguladora e por
alguns ministérios envolvidos no tema.
Igualmente contemporâneos, em particular no Brasil, são o
debate e as tratativas relacionados aos procedimentos para a
realização de Análise de Impacto Regulatório ! AIR
previamente à publicação de uma lei ou de um ato normativo.
A AIR deve se basear em evidências para a formulação de
uma política ou regulação e se trata de uma abordagem
sistêmica para avaliar e criticar os efeitos positivos e negativos
dos atos propostos [1]. Entre as metodologias existentes para
realização de uma AIR, a Análise Custo Benefício - ACB é
uma das mais conhecidas e utilizadas.
Nesse contexto, destaca-se que deve ser previamente
avaliado o nível de intervenção de uma política pública e/ou
de uma regulação, em especial sobre questões que envolvem
avanços de tecnologia e implantações em grande escala. Logo,
é oportuno que a implantação de redes inteligentes seja
*
As opiniões emitidas nesta publicação são de exclusiva e inteira
responsabilidade do autor, não exprimindo, necessariamente, o ponto de vista
da ANEEL.
‹,(((
Ivan Marques de Toledo Camargo, SMIEEE
Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Eng. Elétrica
Universidade de Brasília - UnB
Brasília ! DF, Brasil
ivancamargo@unb.br
apreciada sobre a ótica de uma AIR, com vistas a verificar
uma ação que maximize os benefícios líquidos para a toda a
sociedade brasileira.
Nesse âmbito, o presente trabalho apresenta, para o
contexto do país, uma comparação de custos e benefícios
relacionados à implantação de redes inteligentes. Trata-se
ainda de uma avaliação preliminar e existe espaço para a
melhoria da análise e o aperfeiçoamento das conclusões.
B. Redes Inteligentes e as ações políticas e relgulatórias no
Brasil
No Congresso Nacional, alguns Projetos de Lei ! PL e
Projetos de Lei do Senado ! PLS sobre temas relacionados às
redes inteligentes estão em discussão: PLS 608/2011; PLS
84/2012; e PL 3337/2012 [2]. Caso os projetos sejam
realmente aprovados e convertidos em lei, haverá
determinação para implantação em grande escala.
No executivo, o Ministério de Minas e Energia - MME
conduziu um grupo de trabalho multidisciplinar sobre redes
inteligentes. O relatório final se resumiu a estudos
prospectivos e a recomendações conservadoras, concluindo
que "ainda existem muitos pontos a serem debatidos# e que a
"preocupação é com o custo de uma implantação em larga
escala#. Segundo o relatório, "a realidade é desafiadora e a
implantação de um plano nacional requer o aprofundamento
de estudos e interação como diversos órgãos# [3].
Também se destacam iniciativas da Agência Brasileira de
Desenvolvimento Industrial - ABDI, que é ligada ao
Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio
Exterior ! MDIC. A ABDI tem promovido ações para reunir
governo, empresas de energia elétrica, agências reguladoras e
instituições de pesquisa e desenvolvimento para discussão
voltada à prospecção de ações para subsidiar novas políticas
industriais brasileiras voltadas para a implantação de redes
inteligentes no país.
Já a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ! ANEEL
expediu, nos últimos anos, diferentes regulamentos
relacionados ao contexto das redes inteligentes. Foram
publicadas resoluções sobre (i) a utilização das instalações de
 Criteria!for!the!Selection!of!Communication!
Infrastructure!Applied!to!Power!Distribution!
Automation!

Leonardo Henrique de Melo Leite,!Luciano de Errico, Wallace do Couto Boaventura

partir!do!aumento!da!eficiência!operacional,!da!otimização!da!
Abstract ! The! design! of! smart! energy! networks! -! Smart! geração!e!do!armazenamento!de!energia!de!forma!distribuída,!
Grids! -! is! based! on! massively! sensing! information! from! devices! da!predição!de!falhas,!da!auto-recuperação!e!de!novos!serviços!
distributed! on! power! grid! and! the! use! of! communications! ao!!consumidor![1].!!
solutions! that! meet! critical! operational! requirements.! These!
Este! artigo! descreve! as! funções! de! automação! do! sistema! de!
requirements! are! associated! with! the! supervision! and! control!
distribuição! de! energia! elétrica! e! mapeia! os! principais!
functions!involved!in!all!stages!of!electricity!supply,!especially!in!
distribution! systems.! This! paper! requisitos!de!telecomunicações!(disponibilidade,!capilaridade,!
discusses! the!
telecommunications!infrastructure! applied!to! power!distribution!
cobertura,! taxa! de! trasmissão! de! dados,! latência! e! segurança)!
automation! processes,! related! to! substation! automation,! grid!
asssociadas!a!essas!funções.!Considerando!um!ambiente!típico!
automation,!metering!automation!and!field!maintenance!services.!
da! rede! de! distribuição! de! energia! brasileira,! apresenta! as!
The! goal! is! to! define! criteria! for! choosing! the! most! appropriate!
potenciais! tecnologias! e! padrões! de! telecomunicações! em! um!
telecommunications! infrastructure! to! support! such! automation!
cenário! Smart Grid.! A! associação! dos! requisitos! técnico-
processes.!!These!criteria!are!based!on!mapping!of!technical!and!
operacionais!das!funções!de!automação!com!as!características!
operational! requirements! of! automation! functions! and! the!
de! conectividade! oferecidas! pelas! tecnologias! de!
characteristics! of! telecommunications! infrastructure! in! terms! of!
telecomunicações! subsidiarão! as! concessionárias! de! energia!
availability,! coverage,! data! transmission! capacity,! latency! and!
safety.! elétrica! na! tomada! de! decisão! mais! assertiva,! em! uma!
pespectiva!técnica-econômica,!quanto!à!arquitetura!de!rede!de!
Keywords Electricity! Distribution! Automation,! Power!
comunicação! mais! adequada! para! suportar! seus! processos!
Systems,!Smart Grids,!Telecommunications.!
operacionais.!
I.!!INTRODUÇÃO!
II. FUNÇÕES!DE!AUTOMAÇÃO!DA!DISTRIBUIÇÃO!

A indústria!de!energia!elétrica!tem!experimentado!contínuas!
mudanças! e! avanços! tecnológicos,! revolucionando! as!
formas! de! geração,! transmissão,! distribuição! e! consumo! ! e,!
portanto,! exigindo! um! esforço! coordenado! e! focado! para!
modernizar!todo!o!sistema!elétrico.!Nesse!contexto,!surgem!as!
Redes! Inteligentes! de! Energia! "! Smart Grids! "! como! um!
conceito! tecnológico! que! propõe! uma! ampla! arquitetura!
baseada!em!sistemas!abertos,!uso!intensivo!de!sensores,!redes!
de! telecomunicações! bidirecionais! e! sistemas! computacionais!
centralizados! e! distribuídos,! para! suportar! as! operações! e!
serviços! oferecidos! pelas! companhias! de! energia! elétrica.!
Como! benefícios,! essa! arquitetura! possibilita! um! meio! mais!
econômico! e! inteligente! de! gerar,! transmitir! e! distribuir!
energia,!minimizando!os!impactos!ambientais.!Isto!é!obtido!a!
L.!H.!M.!Leite!(e-mail:!lleite@cpdee.ufmg.br)!
L.!Errico!(e-mail:!l.errico@cpdee.ufmg.br)!
W.!C.!Boaventura.!(e-mail:!wventura@cpdee.ufmg.br)!
Os! processos! de! automação! da! área! de! distribuição! do!
sistema! elétrico! são! estruturados! por! itens! referentes! às!
funcionalidades! englobadas,! à! informação! tratada! dentro! de!
cada! processo! e! às! tecnologias! de! comunicação! que! os!
suportam.! Quanto! às! funções! associadas! ao! processo! de!
automação,! pode-se! dizer! que,! de! forma! geral,! há! funções!
específicas! relacionadas! à! automação! de! rede,! automação! de!
medição,! automação! de! subestação! e! automação! de! serviços!
em!campo![2].!!
Para!atender!a!essas!funções!de!automação!são!necessárias!
tecnologias! capazes! de! oferecer! infraestrutura! de!
telecomunicações! e! computacionais! que! tratem! do! transporte,!
manipulação! e! segurança! das! informações! necessárias! à!
execução!dessas!funções.!!
A! Tabela! I! apresenta! a! relação! das! principais! funções!
associadas! a! cada! processo! de! automação! da! rede! de!
distribuição!de!energia!elétrica.!

Todos!os!autores!são!filiados!ao!Programa!de!Pós!Graduação!em!Engenharia!
Elétrica!da!Universidade!Federal!de!Minas!Gerais.!Av.!Antônio!Carlos,!6627,!
Belo!Horizonte,!Minas!Gerais,!Brasil,!CEP!31270-901!!

‹,(((
 Two Hierarchy (Home and Local) Smart Grid
Optimization by using Demand Response
Scheduling
Byungchul Kim, Olga Lavrova, Member, IEEE
Abstract - A smart grid is an improved electrical grid
that is intended to optimize the use of the energy in an
existing grid. Among smart grid technologies, the demand
response is the key technology which differs from today's
grid system. In this paper, we propose a home and
neighborhood smart grid optimization scheme that uses an
advanced demand response scheduling. We propose the
optimization of the demand response scheduling scheme
based on the priority factor for each load as well as the
localized energy storage levels in each multi-agent system.
We propose a mathematical formation of home-energy
optimizing scheduling via a goal function. Also, we suggest
to share energy between the multiple-agents in order to
provide bi-directional power flow between multiple agents
using the battery state of charge. The proposed
optimization method will advance the multi-agent system
optimization of smart grid demand response scheduling.
Index Terms - Demand Response, Load Scheduling,
Multi-Agent System, Optimization, Smart Grid
I. INTRODUCTION
I n order to overcome environmental problems and
high oil prices, many countries are trying to develop
green information technologies which are focused on
the effective use of natural resources and on
environmental friendly technologies. Thus far, nearly all
information technologies have focused on enhancing the
performance and design of machine's. However, as
natural resources may become exhausted within a
century, it is necessary to create machines and systems
which use small amounts of energy and which are eco-
friendly. Among these systems, smart grid technology is
regarded as a necessary technology. The smart grid is a
next-generation grid which uses information technology
in the existing grid by communicating real-time
information between power suppliers and consumers to
optimize the level of energy efficiency. It is focused on
reducing the use of a centrally focused energy system
and overcoming the inefficiency of the current one-way
grid system.
Byungchul Kim and Olga Lavrova are with Department of
Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (e-mails: kbc11@unm.edu,
olavrova@ece.unm.edu)
!"#$#%&!'#()!%#$*$'*+'$,--./)-$'.0111
The key point of the smart grid is its use of a
decentralized power system. Various types of renewable
energy systems will lead to the creation of decentralized
and independent flexible power systems which are
equipped with smart meters and sensors to meet
customers' needs in real time. The smart grid means that
the power system paradigm will shift from quantity to
quality, from supply-based to demand-based, and from
centralized to decentralized. The most important feature
in the smart grid is that the consumer can participate and
thus reduce energy usage. The demand response will be
very important in a smart grid because the smart grid
will use a fee system based on supply and demand to
supply power based on daily customer needs [1]. This is
very different from the current power system, in which
the cost is determined by real-time power usage, which
is relayed to the customer. Demand response refers to a
system that allows customers to use power usage data
and price information to consume power more
efficiently in their daily life. Customers can manage
their own energy sources, measure the power quality
and control the load autonomously based on their plan.
Many publications deal with only one specific
machine's demand response schedule. However, they do
not consider the demand response from many machines
and multi-agent systems in a smart grid. Therefore, this
paper introduces a demand response scheduling
algorithm and a fuzzy logic method that communicates
and shares the energy between multi-agent systems in a
smart grid in order to reduce electrical utilities fees and
ensure customer's satisfaction by increasing each
customer's options.
II. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF HOME APPLIANCE POWER
USAGE PATERNS AND HOME DEMAND RESPONSE
SCHEDULING MODELING
We will be using many types of smart appliances in our
homes in the future that rely on M2M communications.
However, we cannot obtain each appliance's power usage
pattern in real-time at present. Based on this fact, we will
determine the power usage pattern of each home appliance
using statistical methods. A statistical analysis of a home
appliance load pattern will be very close to the real-time
smart appliance load pattern. Home demand response
scheduling algorithm modeling will use these statistical
figures to acquire the optimized demand response schedule.
Modeling home demand response scheduling in a
 Brazilian Smart Grid Roadmap - An innovative
methodology for proposition and evaluation of Smart
Grid functionalities for highly heterogeneous
distribution networks
Nelson Kagan
Daniel Perez Duarte
Marcos Roberto Gouvêa
Sinapsis Inovação em Energia
Júlio Labronici
São Paulo, Brasil
Universidade de São Paulo
daniel.duarte@sinapsisenergia.com
São Paulo, SP
nelsonk@pea.usp.br
Fernando Cezar Maia gouvea@pea.usp.br
BENCH Consultoria e Assessoria jlabronici@uol.com.br
em Energia
Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Daniel Senna Guimarâes
fernando.maia@benchenergia.com.br
CEMIG Distribuição
Belo Horizonte, Brasil
Acacio Barreto Neto dsenna@cemig.com.br
SUMMA Engenharia
Consultiva LTDA Adriano Bonini
Niterói, Brasil
CPFL Energia
acaciobarreto@globo.com
Campinas, Brasil
bonini@cpfl.com.br
Leandro Sabença Cesar
AES Eletropaulo José Francisco Resende da Silva
São Paulo, Brasil
ELEKTRO Distribuição
leandro.sabenca@aes.com
Campinas, Brasil
jose.resende@elektro.com.br

Abstract ! The! SmartGrid! concept! has! been! calling! attention!
worldwide,! being! appointed! by! experts! as! a! possible! paradigm!
rupture!in!the!power!electricity!sector.!
SmartGrids!bring!a!number!of!functionalities!and!new!forms!of!
integration! and! relationships! between! the! various! players,! who!
need! clear! and! objective! conceptualization! as! well! as!
methodologies!for!analysis!of!costs!and!benefits.!
Thus,!it!is!essential!to!analyze!all!aspects!from!the!perspective!of!
all! those! involved! in! order! to! establish! optimal! deployment!
policies,!so!as!to!maximize!the!associated!social!benefits.!
In! this! context,! this! paper! presents! a! methodology! that! allows!
the! evaluation! of! functionalities! deployed! along! time,! enabling!
the! proposition! of! roadmaps! according! to! the! current!
characteristics! of! the! utilities! and! based! on! social! benefits.!
Furthermore,! are! presented! the! main! results! of! the! Brazilian!
Roadmap,! obtained! under! an! R&D! project! approved! by! the!
Brazilian! Energy! Agency! and! coordinated! by! the! Brazilian!
Association!of!Distribution!Companies.!
Index Terms !Cost/Benefit!analyzes,!Distribution!Automation,!
Roadmap,!Smartgrid.!
I. INTRODUÇÃO
O avanço do conceito de Redes Elétricas Inteligentes traz
consigo a aplicação integrada de uma série de funcionalidades
avançadas no sistema de distribuição, estas funcionalidades

Trabalho fruto de Projeto de P&D realizado no âmbito do Programa

ANEEL, com aporte de recursos das empresas associadas à ABRADEE

‹,(((
Intelligent System to Management of Reclosers and
Proposition of Maneuvers in Distribution Network
Carlos Eduardo Homem de Mello
Ivo Teixeira Domingues
Daniel Perez Duarte AES Eletropaulo
Marcos Roberto Gouvêa São Paulo, Brasil
Júlio Labronici carlos.mello@AES.com
Henrique Kagan ivo.domingues@aes.com
Sinapsis Inovação em Energia
São Paulo, Brasil Carlos Alexandre de Sousa Penin
daniel.duarte@sinapsisenergia.com Artur Bonini do Prado
gouvea@pea.usp.br Fibonacci Ltda
jlabronici@uol.com.br São Paulo, Brasil
henrique.kagan@sinapsisenergia.com capenin@fibonacci.eng.br
artur@fibonacci.eng.brLeandro

Resumo !In!order!to!face!the!increasing!demand!for!higher!automação nos circuitos de distribuição, fornecendo maior

quality,!AES!Eletropaulo!utility!company!responsible!for!pow- flexibilidade à rede elétrica e melhorando ainda mais os
er! distribution! in! the! city! of! São! Paulo,! has! been! using! ad-
indicadores de qualidade do fornecimento.
vanced! technological! resources,! such! as! reclosers! on! feeders.!
Assim, centenas de religadores ou chaves automáticas
Currently!over!3000!equipment!of!this!nature!are!installed.!
estão sendo instaladas nas redes de distribuição primária das
To!optimize!the!results!provided!by!these!devices,!it!was!de-
concessionárias brasileiras.
veloped! a! switch! management! system! that! allows:! evaluating!
Considerando que esses equipamentos apresentam
their! performance! by! monitoring! reports! with! collective! and!
razoável complexidade construtiva e que, além de serem
individual!indicators,!assessment!of!the!merits!of!the!allocation!
of! devices,! supporting! maintenance! policies,! collection,!telecomandados, são capazes de realizar várias funções de
processing! and! consolidation! of! measurements! allowing! better!
monitoramento e proteção, questões surgem com relevância:
management!of!the!system.!
a sua eficiente aplicação, com pleno aproveitamento de suas
It! has! also! developed! a! module! to! support! manoeuvre,! inte-
grated!into!the!SCADA!system!with!the!update!status!informa- funcionalidades e o monitoramento de sua operação são
questões que surgem com relevância.
tion! of! the! switches! and! loads! measured.! The! adjustments! in!
Este projeto de pesquisa busca contribuir nessas questões,
demand! for! pre-fault! instant! makes! possible! the! load! off! esti-
mation!and!to!propose!the!optimal!sequence!of! manoeuvres!to! desenvolvendo procedimentos para aumentar o nível de
reduce!the!fault!impacts.! confiabilidade e de eficiência operacional pela aplicação de
sistema de gestão de chaves e módulo de apoio à manobra
Palavras-chave !! Asset! Management,! Automatic! Switches,!
de redes de distribuição.
distribution!automation,!self-healing,!

I. INTRODUÇÃO II. SISTEMA DE GESTÃO DE CHAVES

Historicamente, a automação nos sistemas de distribuição
teve início com a introdução de sistemas supervisórios nas
subestações, os quais em pouco tempo tornaram-se não
assistidos.
Posteriormente, lógicas de automação, ainda dentro das
estações transformadoras, permitiram transferências ou
cortes seletivos automáticos de cargas em situações de
contingência em um transformador. Esta automação
permitiu melhorar significativamente os indicadores de
qualidade do fornecimento de energia, tanto da subestação
automatizada, quanto da concessionária como um todo.
De um modo geral, até meados dos anos 90 as restrições
de sistemas de comunicação limitavam aplicações
abrangentes de automação que incluíssem subestações e
rede primária.
Em um passado recente iniciou-se a disseminação da
‹,(((
O sistema de gestão de chaves (SGCH) tem por objeto
central os equipamentos de manobra de redes primárias
radiais aéreas com recurso (doravante denominados
!CHA"), entendidos como sendo:
Equipamento instalado na rede de distribuição primária,
capaz de seccionalizá-la em condições não excludentes, de
curto circuito ou em carga ou sem tensão, mediante ações
manuais ou automáticas, telecomandadas ou não. As chaves
podem ser motorizadas, com fonte de recarga própria,
possuir medidores ou processadores programáveis ou ainda
transmissores de dados.
Os alimentadores, nos quais as chaves são instaladas, são
redes radiais aéreas e arborescentes que operam em tensão
primária compostos por troncos e ramais. O tronco é
constituído por segmentos sequenciais e isoláveis
(denominados blocos) por meio de equipamentos de
seccionamento, sendo passíveis de reconfiguração pela
 Disturbance Location in the Brazilian Electric
Power System using Synchrophasors
V. Zimmer, I.C. Decker, Member, IEEE, and M. N. Agostini
Abstract-- In this paper the results of a study on automatic
detection, identification and location of systemic disturbances are
described. The signal used for detection is the frequency obtained
by phasor measurement units installed at Universities (SPMS
MedFasee BT). Problems associated with frequency behavior are
discussed, and three filtering methods are used in order to
generate signals suitable for signaling detection of disturbances.
The disturbances are classified in transient, loss of generation
and load interruption. The estimation of the events location is
performed by triangulation using Newton!s method. Actual
events that occurred in the Brazilian Interconnected Power
System are analyzed. The results show that SPMS allow the use
of the described applications in real time operation.
Index Terms-- Disturbance Location, frequency, MedFasee
Project, PMU.
I. INTRODUÇÃO
P ERTURBAÇÕES nos sistemas elétricos degradam os seus
indicadores de qualidade de tensão e frequência [1], que
são consequências da resposta dinâmica destes sistemas
quando sujeito a tais eventos [2].
Entretanto, a plataforma convencional de monitoramento
não permite a observação do comportamento dinâmico das
perturbações e dos eventos que a compõem. Ela é baseada no
Sistema de Supervisão e Aquisição de Dados (Supervisionary
Control And Data Acquisition ! SCADA) e no Sistema de
Gerenciamento de Energia (Energy Managment Systems !
EMS), os quais são processos cíclicos cujas taxas de
atualização variam de 2 a 10 segundos, o que dificulta a
análise on-line da dinâmica do sistema elétrico.
Por outro lado, os Sistemas de Medição Fasorial
Sincronizada (SPMS ! Synchronized Phasor Measurement
Systems) permitem a obtenção de medidas elétricas de tensão e
corrente, com informações de magnitude e fase, obtidas em
altas taxas de aquisição e referenciadas na mesma base de
tempo, cuja representação é dada por sincrofasores [3]. Esta
característica dos SPMS permite o monitoramento da
dinâmica de sistemas elétricos [4], criando um novo
paradigma para o monitoramento e controle da operação em
tempo real.
Uma das aplicações que vêm sendo desenvolvidas
V.Zimmer, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ! LabPlan,
Florianópolis, SC, Brasil (e-mail: valmor.zimmer@posgrad.ufsc.br)
I.C.Decker, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ! LabPlan,
Florianópolis, SC, Brasil (e-mail: decker@labplan.ufsc.br)
M.N.Agostini, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ! LabPlan,
Florianópolis, SC, Brasil (e-mail: mnagostini@gmail.com)
‹,(((
empregando esta tecnologia é a de caracterização de eventos,
cuja relevância tem crescido devido aos impactos econômicos
e sociais que podem causar [5].
Eventos em sistemas elétricos ocorrem inúmeras vezes ao
dia, tornando difícil a análise de seu desempenho mediante
cada um deles. Além disso, nem todos os eventos são
relevantes a ponto de necessitarem ser avaliados por uma
equipe de engenheiros de sistemas de potência. Contudo,
existem eventos que causam desequilíbrios severos entre carga
e geração, que são dadas basicamente por perdas de blocos de
carga, geração ou linha de transmissão que interliga áreas
distintas, possuindo maior relevância.
Estes eventos têm características peculiares por se
propagarem por todo o sistema elétrico, através da propagação
de ondas eletromecânicas [6]. Neste trabalho são realizados
estudos visando a detecção, identificação e localização de
eventos no Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN), utilizando
sincrofasores. São priorizados os eventos de caráter sistêmico,
cuja velocidade de propagação pode ser estimada.
O artigo está organizado da seguinte forma. Na seção II é
descrita a estrutura dos SPMS, bem como a estrutura do SPMS
MedFasee BT. Diferentes metodologias de detecção de
eventos, utilizando filtro de média móvel, taxa de variação e o
filtro de Kalman, são abordadas na seção III. Nas seções IV e
V discorre-se sobre a identificação e localização destes
eventos, respectivamente. Na seção VI são apresentados três
estudos de casos e, por fim, as conclusões são apresentadas na
seção VII.
II. SISTEMAS DE MEDIÇÃO FASORIAL SINCRONIZADA
Um dos grandes desafios enfrentados durante a evolução
dos sistemas de monitoramento e controle dos sistemas
elétricos é a sincronização temporal de medidas elétricas. Os
atrasos de comunicação sempre foram empecilhos na obtenção
de medidas sincronizadas. A distância entre as principais
subestações pode, em geral, superar algumas centenas de
quilômetros, e um sistema elétrico pode abranger países e
continentes inteiros.
A disponibilização à sociedade civil dos sinais do Sistema
de Posicionamento Global (Global Positioning System !
GPS), proporcionou uma nova estrutura de sincronização de
medidas elétricas, levando ao desenvolvimento dos SPMS,
que constituem um dos elementos base para a implementação
das redes elétricas inteligentes.
Um SPMS é basicamente constituído por Unidades de
Medição Fasorial (Phasor Measurement Unit ! PMU), sistema
 " H * # I J K L # M N O
G

! " # $ % & ' ( ) * # + & ! ,

% ' . * # + * H ' ! + O " ' ! P ' ! 1 * # & * $ + # & 0 *

G G Q

! " ' . ' ! " ' ! + / ' , ' * # 0 1 ' #

-

R @ > S 6 < 7 > A 8 A 6 T 6 A 6 < 8 ? A 6 U 8 E V > @ 8 W < 8 @ A 6

2 3 4 3 5 6 7 7 3 8 9 5 : ; : < 8 = > ? ;

U 8 E V > @ 8 W < 8 @ A 6 9 5 : ; : < 8 = > ? ;

8 @ A < 6 ; A > 6 B C D E 8 > ? ; F 3 E

6 F 8 @ A 6 > 8 C A 6 6 ; X Y F D ; 6 A X ; B <

U Z 5 [ \ D < 8 @ ] 5 < 3 F ; @ 3 ^ _ ` a b c c d ` ;

T < 3 E 8 ] 6 F ­ @ > F 8 ? 7 ] 8 @ A V 3 > @ ] 9 > @ 3 < A 6 < ] 3 6 µ ] 6 @ A \ E 8 < ] W < > A

e f g h i j k h l m n o p q r o s s t q p u v q u w x y o v s z v { r | y q s q v { } ~

7 6 < S > F 6 7 ] 3 > @ F ? X A 6 @ 6 ´ Y 6 8 ] X < 6 7 ± 6 ; D ; < 6 8 ? d ] > E 6 A 8 ] 8 8 @ 8 ? ¯ 7 > 7

{ } w v o | s v  p s  v q o v q s t q x y o v s € q s q v |  r q ‚ { p q | s t o s } u s u } n ƒ

y q o |  v q q n q p s v { p q } q v ~ ƒ p u } |  y „ s { u } u w o p  | s u y q v …  s o n | u

8 @ A Y 8 7 ] Y 8 X ? ] A 6 ] 6 F ] > 3 @ ² 9 ] ­ 6 X ] > ? > ] ¯ E X 7 ] A 6 8 ? ´ > ] ­ ] ­ 6

v q „ u v s r o s o … o p † s u s t q  s { n { s ƒ ‡ ˆ t { | „ v u p q | | q w w q p s { ‚ q n n ƒ | q s | o

V < 3 ­ > B > ] > S 6 F 3 E V ? 6 µ > ] ¯ 8 @ A A > E 6 @ 7 > 3 @ 8 ? > ] ¯ 3 Y ] ­ 6 A 8 ] 8

| s o ~ q w u v o s ‰ u Š ‰ o ƒ p u y y  } { p o s { u } | n { } † … q s ‰ q q } y q s q v | o } r

F 3 ? ? 6 F ] 6 A B ¯ ] ­ 6 7 E 8 < ] E 6 ] 6 < 7 V ? 8 F 6 A 3 @ > ] 7 F 3 @ 7 X E 6 < 7 ;

s t q  s { n { s ƒ  ‰ t { p t y o ƒ … q  | q r s u { y „ v u ‚ q } u s u } n ƒ s t q „ n o } } { } ~

¬
@ 8 \ E 8 < ] W < > A > E V ? 6 E 6 @ ] 8 ] > 3 @ 9 E 6 8 7 X < 6 E 6 @ ] 7

…  s o n | u s t q u „ q v o s { u } u w s t q ~ v { r ‡ ‹ o s o |  … y { s s q r ~ u q | s t v u  ~ t

V 6 < Y 3 < E 6 A B ¯ 7 E 8 < ] E 6 ] 6 < 7 8 < 6 6 µ V 6 F ] 6 A ] 3 B 6 8 7 3 X < F 6 3 Y ­ > D ­

s t q Œ r ‚ o } p q r € q s q v { } ~  } w v o | s v  p s  v q o } r { | w { } o n n ƒ r q n { ‚ q v q r s u

A > E 6 @ 7 > 3 @ 8 ? A 8 ] 8 9 A X 6 B 3 ] ­ ] 3 ] ­ 6 ? 8 < D 6 @ X E B 6 < 3 Y > @ 7 ] 8 ? ? 6 A

s t q  s { n { s ƒ o s s t q q r ~ q u w s t q s u „ u n u ~ ƒ ‡ Ž } p q o s s t q  s { n { s ƒ  s t q

E 6 ] 6 < 7 8 @ A ] ­ 6 @ 6 F 6 7 7 > ] ¯ 3 Y F 3 @ ] > @ X 3 X 7 ? ¯ E 6 8 7 X < > @ D X 7 6 < 7

| s v q o y q r r o s o y  | s … q „ v u p q | | q r w u v … { n n { } ~ o } r y u } { s u v { } ~ u w

s t q ~ v { r ‡ ˆ t u  ~ t  ~ { ‚ q } s t q n o v ~ q ‚ u n  y q u w s t q r o s o  q ‡ ~ ‡ … { n n { u } |

6 @ 6 < D ¯ F 3 @ 7 X E V ] > 3 @ 7 ; · ­ > 7 ­ > D ­ A > E 6 @ 7 > 3 @ 8 ? > ] ¯ 8 ? 7 3 ­ 8 V V 6 @ 7

u w y q s q v |    |  o n „ v u p q | | { } ~ y o ƒ … q p u | s n ƒ … u s t { } s { y q o } r

8 ] ] ­ 6 D 6 @ 6 < 8 ] > 3 @ 8 @ A ] < 8 @ 7 E > 7 7 > 3 @ ? 6 S 6 ? 7 9 6 8 F ­ 3 @ 6 A X 6 ] 3

v q | u  v p q |  w o p s s t o s y u s { ‚ o s q | o | q o v p t w u v n u ‰ q v p u y „ n q ‘ { s ƒ

A > Y Y 6 < 6 @ ] Y 8 F ] 3 < 7 9 B X ] ­ 6 < 6 ´ 6 F 3 @ F 6 @ ] < 8 ] 6 > @ ] ­ 6 A > 7 ] < > B X ] > 3 @

„ v u p q | | { } ~ ‡  } s t { | „ o „ q v ‰ q o „ „ n ƒ r { y q } | { u } o n { s ƒ v q r  p s { u } ‚ { o

? 6 S 6 ? 9 7 V 6 F > Y > F 8 ? ? ¯ B ¯ F 3 @ 7 > A 6 < > @ D A 8 ] 8 Y < 3 E 7 E 8 < ] E 6 ] 6 < 7 ;

v o } r u y „ v u ’ q p s { u } s u u … s o { } o v q r  p q r ‚ q v | { u }  | † q s p t  u w

W > S 6 @ ] ­ 6 ] 6 F ­ @ > F 8 ? A > Y Y > F X ? ] > 6 7 3 Y V < 3 F 6 7 7 > @ D ­ > D ­

€ q s q v | “ u v { ~ { } o n r o s o  s t  | { } p v q o | { } ~ s t q „ v u p q | | { } ~ s t v u  ~ t „  s

A > E 6 @ 7 > 3 @ 8 ? > ] ¯ A 8 ] 8 X 7 > @ D F 3 @ S 6 @ ] > 3 @ 8 ? ] 6 F ­ @ > ¸ X 6 7 ¹ c º 9 ´ 6 X 7 6

u w s t q  s { n { s ƒ ‡ ” | { } ~ v q o n | y o v s y q s q v | y q o |  v q y q } s |  ‰ q | t u ‰

] ­ 6 ³ 8 ] 8 \ ] < 6 8 E ± ³ \ ² V < 3 F 6 7 7 > @ D 8 V V < 3 8 F ­ ; £ ] F 3 @ 7 > 7 ] 7 > @

s t o s „ v u p q | | { } ~  | { } ~ | † q s p t q | | { • q r – — ˜ | y o n n q v s t o } u v { ~ { } o n

8 V V ? ¯ > @ D ? 3 ´ F 3 E V X ] 8 ] > 3 @ 8 ? F 3 E V ? 6 µ > ] ¯ ] 6 F ­ @ > ¸ X 6 7 > @ 3 < A 6 < ] 3

r o s o p o } o p t { q ‚ q o ™ ˜ o ‚ q v o ~ q v q n o s { ‚ q q v v u v ‰ t { n q „ v q | q } s { } ~

~ v q o s q v r o s o v o s q | ‡

V 6 < Y 3 < E 8 @ 8 ? ¯ 7 > 7 3 Y ­ > D ­ A > E 6 @ 7 > 3 @ 8 ? A 8 ] 8 ;

£ @ ] ­ > 7 V 8 V 6 < ´ 6 8 V V ? ¯ 8 7 V 6 F > Y > F ³ \ V < 3 F 6 7 7 > @ D ] 6 F ­ @ > ¸ X 6

i   g l ‹ o s o m v u p q | | { } ~  ¡ ‚ q } s ‹ q s q p s { u }  € q s q v ¢ q o r { } ~ 
š › œ  ž Ÿ 

® @ 3 ´ @ 8 7 » 8 @ A 3 E 5 < 3 ¼ 6 F ] > 3 @ ± » 5 ² 9 ´ ­ > F ­ X 7 6 7 A > E 6 @ 7 > 3 @ 8 ? > ] ¯

m v u ’ q p s { u } Œ n ~ u v { s t y | ‡

< 6 A X F ] > 3 @ ] 3 ? 3 ´ 6 < ] ­ 6 F 3 E V ? 6 µ > ] ¯ 3 Y A 8 ] 8 < 6 V < 6 7 6 @ ] 8 ] > 3 @ ;

R 7 > @ D < 6 8 ? E 6 8 7 X < 6 E 6 @ ] 7 Y < 3 E 7 E 8 < ] E 6 ] 6 < 7 9 ´ 6 6 µ 6 E V ? > Y ¯ ] ­ 6

£ ; £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª ¥ « § ¤

8 V V ? > F 8 ] > 3 @ 8 @ A V 3 7 7 > B ? 6 B 6 @ 6 Y > ] 7 3 Y X 7 > @ D ] ­ > 7 ] 6 F ­ @ > ¸ X 6 ;

¬
@ 6 3 Y ] ­ 6 ® 6 ¯ F 3 E V 3 @ 6 @ ] 7 3 Y 8 \ E 8 < ] W < > A 7 ¯ 7 ] 6 E 8 ] ] ­ 6

A > 7 ] < > B X ] > 3 @ ? 6 S 6 ? > 7 ] ­ 6 \ E 8 < ] ° 6 ] 6 < ± \ ° ² 9 8 V < 3 D < 8 E E 8 B ? 6

· ­ > 7 V 8 V 6 < > 7 A > S > A 6 A 8 7 Y 3 ? ? 3 ´ 7 9 > @ \ 6 F ] > 3 @ £ £ ´ 6 A 6 7 F < > B 6

A 6 S > F 6 ] ­ 8 ] 9 8 E 3 @ D 7 ] 3 ] ­ 6 < Y X @ F ] > 3 @ 7 9 E 6 8 7 X < 6 7 6 @ 6 < D ¯

] ­ 6 : > D ³ 8 ] 8 8 @ A ³ 8 ] 8 \ ] < 6 8 E 5 < 3 F 6 7 7 > @ D > @ F 3 @ ] 6 µ ] 3 Y \ E 8 < ]

F 3 @ 7 X E V ] > 3 @ 3 Y 8 F 3 7 ] X E 6 < 8 @ A V 6 < > 3 A > F 8 ? ? ¯ ] < 8 @ 7 E > ] 7 > ] 7

W < > A 9 > @ \ 6 F ] > 3 @ £ £ £ ´ 6 A 6 7 F < > B 6 ] ­ 6 » 8 @ A 3 E 5 < 3 ¼ 6 F ] > 3 @

< 6 8 A > @ D 7 ] 3 ] ­ 6 X ] > ? > ] ¯ ] ­ < 3 X D ­ ] ­ 6 Z A S 8 @ F 6 A ° 6 ] 6 < > @ D

E 6 ] ­ 3 A 9 > @ \ 6 F ] > 3 @ £ ½ ´ 6 8 V V ? ¯ ] ­ > 7 E 6 ] ­ 3 A > @ 8 @ 6 µ 8 E V ? 6

£ @ Y < 8 7 ] < X F ] X < 6 ± Z ° £ ² ;

8 @ A > @ \ 6 F ] > 3 @ ½ ´ 6 V < 6 7 6 @ ] F 3 @ F ? X 7 > 3 @ 7 8 @ A V 6 < 7 V 6 F ] > S 6 7 ] 3

Y X ] X < 6 A 6 S 6 ? 3 V E 6 @ ] 7 ;

³ 8 ] 8 F 3 ? ? 6 F ] 6 A B ¯ 7 E 8 < ] E 6 ] 6 < 7 ­ 8 S 6 B 6 6 @ < 6 D 8 < A 6 A 8 7

­ 8 S > @ D V 3 ] 6 @ ] > 8 ? ] 3 F ­ 8 @ D 6 ] ­ 6 ´ 8 ¯ ] ­ 6 V 3 ´ 6 < D < > A 3 V 6 < 8 ] 6 7 8 ]

£ £ ; : « ¾ ¨ ¿ ¥ ¿ À ¦ § Á Â Ã Ä Å « ¤ Å Ä ¿ ¦ ¥ ¾ ¦ « ¨

] ­ 6 A > 7 ] < > B X ] > 3 @ ? 6 S 6 ? 9 7 > @ F 6 ] ­ 6 ¯ F 8 @ B 6 X 7 6 A 9 Y 3 < 6 µ 8 E V ? 6 9 ] 3

U 3 @ 7 > A 6 < 8 Y X ? ? ¯ A 6 V ? 3 ¯ 6 A 6 @ 6 < D ¯ A > 7 ] < > B X ] > 3 @ 7 ¯ 7 ] 6 E ´ 6 < 6

3 B ] 8 > @ 8 E 3 < 6 A 6 ] 8 > ? 6 A S > 6 ´ 3 Y ] ­ 6 6 @ 6 < D ¯ A 6 E 8 @ A 7 ; ¶ 3 ´ 6 S 6 < 9

8 ] 6 8 F ­ F 3 @ 7 X E 6 < ] ­ 6 < 6 > 7 8 7 E 8 < ] E 6 ] 6 < E 6 8 7 X < > @ D ] ­ 6 6 @ 6 < D ¯

] ­ > 7 V < 3 E > 7 6 > 7 @ 3 ] ¯ 6 ] ] 3 B 6 E 6 ] > @ < 6 8 ? > ] ¯ ; U ­ 8 ? ? 6 @ D 6 7 9 B 3 ] ­

F 3 @ 7 X E V ] > 3 @ ´ > ] ­ 8 D > S 6 @ 7 8 E V ? > @ D < 8 ] 6 8 @ A ] < 8 @ 7 E > ] ] > @ D ] ­ 6 7 6

] 6 F ­ @ > F 8 ? 8 @ A < 6 D X ? 8 ] 3 < ¯ 9 ­ 8 A E 8 A 6 > ] A > Y Y > F X ? ] ] 3 6 µ ] 6 @ A ] ­ 6

S 8 ? X 6 7 ] 3 ] ­ 6 X ] > ? > ] ¯ ; · ­ 6 ] < 8 @ 7 E > 7 7 > 3 @ 3 Y ] ­ 6 7 6 E 6 8 7 X < 6 E 6 @ ] 7

X 7 6 3 Y 7 E 8 < ] E 6 ] 6 < 7 B 6 ¯ 3 @ A ] ­ 6 < 6 D > 7 ] 6 < > @ D 3 Y 6 @ 6 < D ¯

F 8 @ B 6 V 6 < Y 3 < E 6 A > @ 8 7 8 E V ? 6 d B ¯ d 7 8 E V ? 6 B 8 7 > 7 9 3 < > @ 8 7 6 ] 3 Y

F 3 @ 7 X E V ] > 3 @ 3 Y 8 7 V 6 F > Y > F F 3 @ 7 X E 6 < ;

7 8 E V ? 6 7 8 F F 3 < A > @ D ] 3 ] ­ 6 F ­ 8 @ @ 6 ? ] < 8 @ 7 E > 7 7 > 3 @ < 8 ] 6 ;

‹,(((
 &DQ3KRWRYROWDLF3DQHOV6XSSRUW'LVWULEXWLRQ
1HWZRUN)DLOXUHV"+DUPRQLF$QDO\VLVLQD
&RORPELDQ0LFURJULG

5$ÈOYDUH]/ySH]DQG$$UDQJR0DQULTXHStudent Member, IEEE

Abstract-- Support of distribution system with distributed
generation and microgeneration solar panels and the operation of
microgrid isolated, are topics of current research. Photovoltaic
systems can be a solution to ensure uninterrupted supplies to the
user and becomes a backup for failures in the distribution
GLVWULEXFLyQ>@3RUWRGRORDQWHULRUHVLPSRUWDQWHFHQWUDUOD
GLVFXVLyQ DOUHGHGRU GH OD HILFLHQFLD GHO VLVWHPD GH SRWHQFLD
H[LVWHQWH \ QR ~QLFDPHQWH HQ VX H[SDQVLyQ /D VROXFLyQ
WHFQROyJLFDGHVDUUROODGDSDUDRSWLPL]DUORVUHFXUVRVH[LVWHQWHV
\ DWHQGHU GH IRUPD DSURSLDGD D OD GHPDQGD VH FRQRFH FRPR
system. This operation has to support isolated load variations, JHQHUDFLyQ GLVWULEXLGD *' OR TXH SHUPLWH OD
affecting the Photovoltaic array performance and stability in the
operation of the microgrid. This paper shows operation of the
photovoltaic array through the MPPT algorithm and an analysis
of system harmonic distortion for variations in the load.
Index Terms!Distributed Generation, Harmonic Distortion,
Inverter, MPPT, Photovoltaic Panel, Power Quality.
,,1752'8&&,Ï1
(
1ODDFWXDOLGDGODGHPDQGDHQHUJpWLFDPXQGLDOFUHFHGtD
D GtD FUHDQGR OD QHFHVLGDG GH LQFUHPHQWDU OD FDSDFLGDG
LQVWDODGD GH ORV VLVWHPDV GH JHQHUDFLyQ WUDQVPLVLyQ \
GLVWULEXFLyQGHHOHFWULFLGDG>@
(VWHFUHFLPLHQWRHQODGHPDQGDLPSOLFDODH[SDQVLyQGHOD
JHQHUDFLyQ \ WUDQVPLVLyQ HQHUJpWLFD VLQ HPEDUJR GHELGR D
TXHHVWRVGHVDUUROORVHVWiQOLJDGRVDOLPSDFWRVRFLRDPELHQWDO
HO FUHFLPLHQWR QR VH UHDOL]D FRQ OD FHOHULGDG QHFHVDULD SDUD
VDWLVIDFHUORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVLPSXHVWRVSRUODGHPDQGD>@
'LFKD VLWXDFLyQ FRQOOHYD D OD RSHUDFLyQ FRQWLQXD GHO
VLVWHPD GH SRWHQFLD DOUHGHGRU GH VXV OtPLWHV ItVLFRV GH
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR SURYRFDQGR PXFKDV YHFHV FRODSVRV
GHVFRQH[LRQHV\IDOODV>@
)LQDOPHQWH HV HO XVXDULR ILQDO GHO VLVWHPD GH GLVWULEXFLyQ
TXLHQ VXIUH WRGDV ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GHELGDV D SUREOHPDV
RFDVLRQDGRV HQ OD UHG \ OD PD\RUtD GH ODV YHFHV HV TXLHQ
DVXPHORVVREUHFRVWRVDVRFLDGRVDORVPLVPRV>@
3DUDPLQLPL]DUHOLPSDFWRODGHPDQGDWLHQHODSRVLELOLGDG
GHFRQYHUWLUVHHQDXWRJHQHUDGRUSDUDHYLWDUODVSpUGLGDVGDxRV
\PROHVWLDVFDXVDGDVSRUODVIDOODVHQHOVLVWHPDHOpFWULFR(VWD
~OWLPD VLWXDFLyQ DXQTXH D VLPSOH YLVWD SDUHFH GHVIDYRUDEOH
FRQHOGHELGRSODQHDPLHQWRSXHGHFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDVROXFLyQ
SDUD EULQGDU VHUYLFLRV GH VRSRUWH GH OD UHG DO VLVWHPD GH
5ÈOYDUH]/ySH]8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD0DQL]DOHV%UDQFK
LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ\RSHUDFLyQSRUPLFURUUHGHV0*>@>@
(VWD QXHYD IRUPD GH RSHUDFLyQ FRQRFLGD FRPR 0* WLHQH
ODFDSDFLGDGGHWUDEDMDUDLVODGDPHQWHRFRQHFWDGDDODUHGGH
SRWHQFLD>@/RTXHDGHPiVKDSHUPLWLGRLPSOHPHQWDUOD*'
FRPR XQD SRVLEOH VROXFLyQ SDUD JDUDQWL]DU OD VHJXULGDG HQ HO
VXPLQLVWURDODUJRSOD]R\FDOLGDGHQODSUHVWDFLyQGHOVHUYLFLR
GHHOHFWULFLGDG>@>@
(O GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD RSHUDFLyQ GH ODV 0* KDFH
QHFHVDULR UHDOL]DU HYDOXDFLRQHV TXH GHWHUPLQHQ ORV
UHTXHULPLHQWRV WpFQLFRV \ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV VLVWHPDV
IRWRYROWDLFRV FXDQGR VH SUHVHQWDQ IDOORV HQ ORV VLVWHPDV GH
GLVWULEXFLyQ>@>@
(Q HVWH WUDEDMR VH HVWXGLD OD IDYRUDELOLGDG TXH WLHQHQ ODV
0* SDUD FRQVHUYDU OD HVWDELOLGDG \ FDOLGDG GH OD UHG GH
SRWHQFLDGXUDQWHVXRSHUDFLyQFRPRLVOD
,QLFLDOPHQWH VH SURSRQH XQ HVTXHPD SDUD OD 0* GH
UHVSDOGREDVDGDHQJHQHUDFLyQIRWRYROWDLFD/XHJRVHSUHVHQWD
OD QRUPDWLYLGDG HVWDEOHFLGD SDUD YHULILFDU PHGLDQWH
VLPXODFLRQHV TXH GLFKD PLFURUUHG FXPSOH FRQ ORV tQGLFHV GH
GLVWRUVLyQ DUPyQLFD WRWDO SHUPLWLGR )LQDOPHQWH VH SUHVHQWDQ
ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV PHGLDQWH VLPXODFLyQ GH OD 0*
SURSXHVWD
,, 0,&5255('(675$%$-$1'2&202,6/$6
6HJ~Q>@ODV0*HVWiQFRPSXHVWDVSRU*'\FDUJDVTXH
RSHUDQFRPRXQDVRODUHGDXWyQRPD\DVHDHQSDUDOHORFRQHO
VLVWHPD GH GLVWULEXFLyQ R DLVODGD GH OD UHG GH VXPLQLVWUR GH
HQHUJtD H[LVWHQWH 'XUDQWH VX RSHUDFLyQ FRPR LVOD OD 0*
H[KLEHXQDVHULHGHGLILFXOWDGHVSDUDJDUDQWL]DUVLQFURQLVPR\
HVWDELOLGDGSRUWDOPRWLYRHVGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDFRQRFHUODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH OD PLVPD SDUD UHDOL]DU XQ DGHFXDGR
SODQHDPLHQWR
+HLVD*UDGXDWH6WXGHQWHPDLOUDDDOYDUH]ORS#XQDOHGXFR
(OSODQHDPLHQWRDGHFXDGRGHXQD0*SDVDSRUFRQRFHUODV
$ $UDQJR0DQULTXH 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD 0DQL]DOHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVWHFQROyJLFDVGHFDGDXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXH
%UDQFK 6KH LV D *UDGXDWH 6WXGHQW  HPDLO OD LQWHJUDQ 'HELGR D TXH SDUD JDUDQWL]DU HVWDELOLGDG HQ
DDUDQJRPD#XQDOHGXFR
WHQVLyQ \ IUHFXHQFLD VH GHEHQ HPXODU ODV GLQiPLFDV GH OD

‹,(((
 ,QWHJUDWLRQRI'LVWULEXWHG*HQHUDWLRQWR6XSSRUW
WKH(OHFWULFLW\6XSSO\6WDELOLW\$QDO\VLVLQD
&RORPELDQ0LFURJULG
$$UDQJR0DQULTXHStudent Member, IEEE DQG5$ÈOYDUH]/ySH]

RSHUDFLyQ GH ORV VLVWHPDV \ SHUPLWLHQGR OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO

Abstract-- Support of distribution system with distributed
generation and microgeneration solar panels and the operation of
microgrid isolated, are topics of current research. Photovoltaic
systems can be a solution to ensure uninterrupted supplies to the
user and becomes a backup for failures in the distribution
VLVWHPDHQIRUPDDLVODGD>@
(VWDRSHUDFLyQHQIRUPDDLVODGDSHUPLWHTXHHOVLVWHPDGH
GLVWULEXFLyQ PDQWHQJD OD VHJXULGDG HQ HO VXPLQLVWUR \ VHD
FDSD] GH UHGXFLU HQ Q~PHUR GH LQWHUUXSFLRQHV JUDFLDV D OD
system. This operation has to support isolated load variations, RSHUDFLyQHQIRUPDDLVODGDGHOD0LFURUUHG0*>@
affecting the Photovoltaic array performance and stability in the /D RSHUDFLyQ SRU 0* VH FRQRFH D ORV VLVWHPDV TXH
operation of the microgrid. This paper shows operation of the FRQHFWDQ DOJXQDV FDUJDV FRQ *' HVSHFLDOPHQWH D QLYHOHV GH
photovoltaic array through the MPPT algorithm and an analysis EDMD\PHGLDWHQVLyQ>@6XXVRVHKDPDVLILFDGRPHGLDQWHHO
of system voltage stability for variations in the load. XVR GH HQHUJtDV UHQRYDEOHV FRPR HV HO FDVR GH ORV VLVWHPDV
IRWRYROWDLFRVTXHKDDXPHQWDGRQRWDEOHPHQWHHQORV ~OWLPRV
IndexTerms!Distributed Generation, Voltage Stability,
MPPT, Photovoltaic Panel. DxRVVXFDSDFLGDGOOHJDQGRDILQDOHVGHODXQDFDSDFLGDG
DFXPXODGDGH*:>@
,,1752'8&&,Ï1 (VWH LQFUHPHQWR HQ JHQHUDFLyQ GH HQHUJtD PHGLDQWH

/
VLVWHPDV IRWRYROWDLFRV KD LQIOXHQFLDGR HQ HO FDPELR HQ OD
$ DSHUWXUD D ORV PHUFDGRV GHVUHJXODGRV FRQ OD YLVLyQ GH
RSHUDFLyQ \ GLVHxR GH ORV VLVWHPDV HOpFWULFRV HV LPSRUWDQWH
XQD UHGXFFLyQ GH JDVHV GH HIHFWR LQYHUQDGHUR OD
PHQFLRQDU TXH OD RSHUDFLyQ GH ORV SDQHOHV IRWRYROWDLFRV
LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV UHQRYDEOHV FRPR WXUELQDV GH
SUHVHQWD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFLDOHV TXH GHSHQGHQ GH IDFWRUHV
YLHQWR FHOGDV GH FRPEXVWLEOHV SDQHOHV IRWRYROWDLFRV HQWUH
DPELHQWDOHVFRPRHVHOFDVRGHODLUUDGLDFLyQ\ODWHPSHUDWXUD
RWURV VLJQLILFDQ XQD QXHYD RSRUWXQLGDG GH JHQHUDFLyQ GH
>@
HQHUJtD \ GH VRSRUWH DO VLVWHPD GH GLVWULEXFLyQ D OD FUHFLHQWH
$SHVDUGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPHQFLRQDGDVDQWHULRUPHQWHOD
GHPDQGDGHHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD>@
LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH VLVWHPDV IRWRYROWDLFRV VH KD PDVLILFDGR
/RV FDPELRV VH KDQ GDGR HQ ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV OR TXH
HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ ]RQDV UHVLGHQFLDOHV FRPR XQD IXHQWH
LPSOLFD TXH OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD GH GLVWULEXFLyQ KD\D
UHQRYDEOH SDUD VXSOLU QHFHVLGDGHV HVSHFtILFDV (QWUH ODV
VXIULGR FDPELRV HQ VX RSHUDFLyQ GHELGR D OD DSHUWXUD H
YHQWDMDV TXH SUHVHQWDQ HVWRV VLVWHPDV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HO
LQWURGXFFLyQ GH QXHYDV XQLGDGHV \ IXHQWHV GH JHQHUDFLyQ D
UHGXFLGRWDPDxRHQVXLQVWDODFLyQ\HOEDMRQLYHOGHUXLGRFRQ
SHTXHxD HVFDOD FRQRFLGD FRPR JHQHUDFLyQ  GLVWULEXLGD *'
HOTXHFXHQWDQ>@
OR TXH LPSOLFD HQWUH RWURV HO IOXMR ELGLUHFFLRQDO GH OD
/RV VLVWHPDV IRWRYROWDLFRV LPSOHPHQWDGRV FXHQWDQ
SRWHQFLD OD VHJXULGDG HQ HO VXPLQLVWUR GH HOHFWULFLGDG OD
DGLFLRQDOPHQWH FRQ HOHPHQWRV DQH[RV DO VLVWHPD FRPR
UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV SpUGLGDV \ HO VRSRUWHGHO VLVWHPD DQWH IDOORV
HOHFWUyQLFDGHSRWHQFLDTXHFDPELDODRSHUDFLyQ\DQiOLVLVGHO
>@>@
VLVWHPD 6LQ HPEDUJR HO REMHWLYR GH PDQWHQHU HO VXPLQLVWUR
(VWDVXQLGDGHVGH*'HVWiQFRQHFWDGDVFHUFDDODGHPDQGD
VHJXUR\FRQVWDQWHHVLJXDOSRUORTXHHVQHFHVDULRDQDOL]DUHO
OR TXH DXPHQWD VX IXQFLRQDOLGDG \ EHQHILFLRV SDUD JDUDQWL]DU
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR \ ORV GLIHUHQWHV IHQyPHQRV TXH DSDUHFHQ
HOVXPLQLVWURVHJXUR\FRQWLQXRGHODHOHFWULFLGDG>@\SHUPLWH
FXDQGRVHKDEODGHXQDQXHYDRSHUDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDFRPRHV
DSURYHFKDU ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV GLVSRQLEOHV SDUD UHGXFLU HO
HOFDVRGHODV0*FRQ*'FRQUHFXUVRVUHQRYDEOHV>@
LPSDFWR DPELHQWDO HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ OD JHQHUDFLyQ
6H UHDOL]DUi HO HVWXGLR HQ XQD 0* FRORPELDQD HQ OD ]RQD
FHQWUDOL]DGD>@
FDULEH GHO SDtV (VWD ]RQD VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU HO DEXQGDQWH
$FWXDOPHQWH HVWDV XQLGDGHV GH *' VRQ XWLOL]DGDV SDUD
UHFXUVRVRODU\SRUHOHOHYDGRQ~PHURGHLQWHUUXSFLRQHVHQHO
VXSOLU FDUJDV LQGXVWULDOHV \ FRPR VRSRUWH DQWH SRVLEOHV IDOORV
VHUYLFLR GH HOHFWULFLGDG OR TXH IDFLOLWD OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH
HQ HO VLVWHPD GH GLVWULEXFLyQ DSRUWDQGR IOH[LELOLGDG HQ OD
0*
(Q HVWH SDSHU VH DQDOL]DUi OD VHJXULGDG HQ HO VXPLQLVWUR
$ $UDQJR0DQULTXH 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD 0DQL]DOHV PHGLDQWH XQ DQiOLVLV GH HVWDELOLGDG SDUD XQD 0* GHVGH OD
%UDQFK 6KH LV D *UDGXDWH 6WXGHQW  HPDLO FDSDFLGDGGHVRSRUWHGHOD*'PHGLDQWHSDQHOHVVRODUHVFRPR
DDUDQJRPD#XQDOHGXFR
5ÈOYDUH]/ySH]8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD0DQL]DOHV%UDQFK XQ VLVWHPD GH DSR\R SDUD VLWXDFLRQHV GH HPHUJHQFLD \ VXSOLU
+HLVD*UDGXDWH6WXGHQWHPDLOUDDDOYDUH]ORS#XQDOHGXFR

‹,(((
 $QDO\VLVRIWRSRORJLHVRI6\QFKURQRXV0DFKLQH
:LWK)XOO&RQYHUWHUV$SSOLHGLQ:LQG3RZHU
+$3HUHLUD0HPEHU,((($)&XSHUWLQR706RX]D5562OLYHLUD-75HVHQGHDQG
656LOYD0HPEHU,(((
$EVWUDFW±7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIPDQ\WHFKQRORJLHVKDVSURYLGHG
D IDVW JURZWK LQ WKH ZLQG SRZHU ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W WKH YDULDEOH
VSHHG ZLQG WXUELQHV DUH SUHIHUUHG EHFDXVH PRUH SRZHU LV
H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH ZLQG 7KH V\QFKURQRXV PDFKLQHV KDV EHHQ
JDLQHGDWWHQWLRQEHFDXVHHOLPLQDWHVWKHJHDUER[VRXUFHRIPDQ\
PHFKDQLFDO SUREOHPV 0RUHRYHU WKH XVH RI IXOO FRQYHUWHUV
LPSURYHV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH V\VWHP EHFDXVH WKH JULG
GLVWXUEDQFHVDUHQRWWUDQVPLWWHGWRWKHPDFKLQH,QWKLVFRQWH[W
WKLV ZRUN FRPSDUHV WKH WKUHH PDLQ WRSRORJLHV RI ZLQG WXUELQHV
XVLQJV\QFKURQRXVJHQHUDWRUV7KHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHVHPRGHOV
ZLOO EHFRPSDUHG ZKHQYROWDJH VDJVRFFXUDQGZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG
WKHVWUHQJWKVDQGZHDNQHVVHVRIHDFKWHFKQRORJ\
 7KHUHDUHYDULRXVWRSRORJLHVRIZLQGJHQHUDWRUV&RPSDUHG
ZLWK WKH IL[HG PRGH WKH YDULDEOH VSHHG PRGH LV SUHIHUUHG
FXUUHQWO\EHFDXVHPRUHSRZHULVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHZLQG>@
7KHPRVWXVHGDUHWKHDV\QFKURQRXVJHQHUDWRUVEHFDXVHWKH\
FDQEHHDVLO\EXLOWDQGWKHLUSULFHLVVPDOOHU+RZHYHUWKHXVH
RI V\QFKURQRXV JHQHUDWRUV LPSURYHV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH
V\VWHP EHFDXVH LW UHPRYHV WKH JHDUER[ UHGXFLQJ WKH
PDLQWHQDQFH FRVWV 0RUHRYHU WKH XVH RI IXOO FRQYHUWHUV
SUHYHQWVWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIJULGGLVWXUEDQFHVWRWKHPDFKLQH
DVLQGRXEO\IHGLQGXFWLRQJHQHUDWRUV
 7KHUH DUH WKUHH PDLQ WRSRORJLHV RI V\QFKURQRXV ZLQG
,QGH[ 7HUPV ± %RRVW &RQYHUWHU 'LRGH 5HFWLILHU )XOO
&RQYHUWHUV 6\QFKURQRXV *HQHUDWRU 9ROWDJH 'LVWXUEDQFHV
:LQG7XUELQHV
JHQHUDWRUV 7KH ILUVW RQH VKRZQ LQ )LJ  D XVHV D GLRGH
UHFWLILHUDQGD3:0WKUHHSKDVHLQYHUWHUFRQQHFWHGGLUHFWO\LQ
WKH'&EXV7KH'&EXVYROWDJHLVFRQWUROOHGE\WKHH[FLWDWLRQ
V\VWHP RI WKH PDFKLQH 7KH LQYHUWHU FRQWUROV WKH UHDFWLYH
SRZHUDQGWUDFNVWKHPD[LPXPSRZHUSRLQWWKHWXUELQH
,,1752'8&7,21  7KH VHFRQG WRSRORJ\ VKRZQ LQ )LJ  E SUHVHQWV D

7 +( LPSDFW RI WUDGLWLRQDO IRUPV RI HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ '&'& FRQYHUWHU LQ WKH PDFKLQH '& EXV WKDW FRQWUROV WKH
KDV EHHQ PRWLYDWHG UHVHDUFKHV DERXW UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ YROWDJHLQWKHVHFRQG'&EXV7KLVDOORZVDEHWWHUUHJXODWLRQ
7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI ZLQG HQHUJ\ IRU HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ LV RIWKH'&YROWDJHIRUWKHLQYHUWHU7KHFRQWURORIWKHLQYHUWHU
FXUUHQWO\ WKH PRVW XVHG UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ DQG WKLV VRXUFH LQWKLVWRSRORJ\XVHVWKHVDPHFRQWUROVWUDWHJ\RI)LJD,Q
SUHVHQWV DQ LQFUHDVLQJ SURMHFWLRQ IRU LWV DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ WKH D UHDO V\VWHP LW ZDV XVHG PDQ\ FRQYHUWHUV FRQQHFWHG LQ
IXWXUH SDUDOOHOZLWKDVPDOOHULQGLYLGXDOUDWHGSRZHU
 7KHZRUOGZLGHZLQGFDSDELOLW\UHDFKHG*:E\WKHHQG  )LQDOO\)LJFVKRZVWKHWKLUGWRSRORJ\WKDWXVHVDEDFN)
RI-XQH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHIRUHFDVWPDGHE\:RUOG:LQG WR)EDFNFRQYHUWHU7KHPDFKLQHVLGHFRQYHUWHU06&FRQWUROV
(QHUJ\ $VVRFLDWLRQ ::($ PRUH  *: ZHUH DGGHGLQ WKH PDFKLQH DQG WUDFNV WKH PD[LPXP SRZHU SRLQW 7KH JULG
WKHODVWVL[PRQWKVRI,WPXVWEHREVHUYHGWKDWLQWKHODVW VLGH FRQYHUWHU *6& FRQWUROV WKH '& EXV YROWDJH DQG WKH
WKUHH \HDUV WKH LQVWDOOHG SRZHU E\ \HDU UHPDLQHG DOPRVW SRZHUIDFWRURIWKHV\VWHP
FRQVWDQW GXH WR HFRQRPLF FULVHV GXULQJ WKLV SHULRG OLNH LV  7KLV ZRUN ZLOO DQDO\]H WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKHVH WKUHH
VKRZHGLQ)LJ>@ WRSRORJLHV GXULQJ YROWDJH VDJV VKRZLQJ WKH VWUHQJWKV DQG
 ZHDNQHVVHVRIHDFKWHFKQRORJ\
  

3RZHU0:

 

 


D

      
<HDU
)LJ:RUOGZLGHLQVWDOOHGSRZHUE\\HDURQZLQGHQHUJ\>@

7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN )$3(0,* &$3(6 DQG &134 E\ E
ILQDQFLDOVXSSRUW
$OODQ)DJQHU&XSHUWLQR7KLDJR0DUTXHVGH6RX]D5DPRQ5HLV6LTXHLUD
GH2OLYHLUD-RVp7DUFtVLRGH5HVHQGHDQG+HYHUWRQ$XJXVWR3HUHLUDDUHZLWK
WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GH 9LoRVD
9LoRVD %UD]LO HPDLOV ^DOODQFXSHUWLQR WKLDJRPDUTXHV UHVHQGH
UDPRQROLYHLUDKHYHUWRQSHUHLUD`#XIYEU
6HOrQLR 5RFKD 6LOYD LV ZLWK WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ
F
)LJ7RSRORJLHVRIV\QFKURQRXVZLQGJHQHUDWRUVD'LRGHUHFWLILHUZLWKRXW
8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GH 0LQDV *HUDLV %HOR +RUL]RQWH %UD]LO
'&)'& FRQYHUWHU E 'LRGH UHFWLILHU ZLWK '&)'& FRQYHUWHU F %DFN WR
VHOHQLRV#GHHXIPJEU
%DFNFRQYHUWHU

‹,(((
 $0XOWLDJHQW$SSURDFK7R$XWRPDWLF5HVWRUDWLRQRI
'LVWULEXWLRQ1HWZRUN
-9&%DUURV5)6DPSDLR536/HmR/60HOR *&%DUURVR
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH(QJHQKDULD(OpWULFD 'HSDUWDPHQWRGH)tVLFD
8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR&HDUi8)& 8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR&HDUi8)&
)RUWDOH]D%UDVLO )RUWDOH]D%UDVLO
MRDRYLFWRUE#JPDLOFRP

Abstract ! This! paper! proposes! an! application! of! multiagent! IDOWD UHGX]LQGR DR Pi[LPR R Q~PHUR GH FOLHQWHV DIHWDGRV H
systems! to! automatic! restoration! of! distribution! network.! The! UHWRUQDQGRRVLVWHPDSyVIDOWDDRVHXHVWDGRQRUPDO>@
system!proposed!consists!of!three!types!of!agents:!Device!Agent,!
Feeder! Agent! and! Substation! Agent.! The! Device! Agents! are! ([LVWHP GXDV DERUGDJHQV SDUD GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH
associated! with! equipment! installed! on! the! grid,! the! Feeder! VLVWHPDV GH UHFRPSRVLomR DXWRPiWLFD 65$ FHQWUDOL]DGD H
Agents! are! responsible! to! manage! the! feeders! and! Substation! GLVWULEXtGD1DDERUGDJHPFHQWUDOL]DGDR65$pLQWHJUDGRDR
Agents!are!responsible!to!manage!the!substations.!The!behavior!
of!agents!is!presented!to!a!condition!of!automatic!restoration!of!a!
distribution!network!subjected!on!fault!condition.!The!approach!
using! multiagent! indicates! that! the! proposed! system! is! able! to!
locate! the! fault,! isolate! and! restore! the! system,! considering!
operating!limits!and!uncoordinated!system!protection.!
Index Terms ! Automatic! Restoration,! Distribution! Network,!
Distributed!System,!Multiagent!System.!
, ,1752'8d­2
$ IDOWD GH HQHUJLD HOpWULFD VHMD HP FRQVHTXrQFLD GH XP
EOHFDXWH DWLQJLQGR JUDQGH SDUWH GR VLVWHPD HOpWULFR GH
SRWrQFLDRXXPDVLPSOHVIDOWDDEUDQJHQGRXPSHTXHQRWUHFKR
6&$'$ Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition QR
FHQWURGHFRQWUROHGDFRQFHVVLRQiULD$DERUGDJHPGLVWULEXtGD
EDVHLDVH QD DXWRPDomR GHVFHQWUDOL]DGD FRP GLVSRVLWLYRV
HOHWU{QLFRV LQWHOLJHQWHV FRPSDUWLOKDQGR LQIRUPDo}HV
QHJRFLDQGRWRPDGDGHGHFLV}HVSDUDUHFRPSRVLomRGRVLVWHPD
LQGHSHQGHQWHGRFHQWURGHRSHUDomRGRVLVWHPD
'LYHUVRV WUDEDOKRV WrP VLGR SURSRVWRV SDUD
GHVHQYROYLPHQWRGH65$EDVHDGRVHPGLIHUHQWHVPpWRGRVGH
PRGHODJHP GHQWUH RV TXDLV HVWmR /yJLFD )X]]\ 5HGHV GH
3HWUL $OJRULWPRV *HQpWLFRV 5HGHV 1HXUDLV $UWLILFLDLV H
6LVWHPD0XOWLDJHQWHV>@>@
1HVWH DUWLJR p SURSRVWD XPD DERUGDJHP SDUD
GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VLVWHPD GH UHFRPSRVLomR DXWRPiWLFD
GRVLVWHPDGHGLVWULEXLomRGHHQHUJLDWUD]SUHMXt]RVVRFLDLVH XWLOL]DQGR D WpFQLFD GH VLVWHPDV PXOWLDJHQWH 60$ 2
HFRQ{PLFRV SDUD DV HPSUHVDV GH HQHUJLD D LQG~VWULD R REMHWLYR p DSUHVHQWDU D HVWUXWXUD D GLQkPLFD GH
FRPpUFLRHDVRFLHGDGHHPJHUDO>@3DUDTXHRVLQGLFDGRUHV FRPSRUWDPHQWR H D VLPXODomR GH XP VLVWHPD PXOWLDJHQWH
GH TXDOLGDGH GH VHUYLoR FRPR 'XUDomR (TXLYDOHQWH GH XVDGR SDUD D UHFRPSRVLomR DXWRPiWLFD GH XPD UHGH GH
,QWHUUXSomR SRU 8QLGDGH &RQVXPLGRUD '(& H )UHTXrQFLD GLVWULEXLomRGHHQHUJLDHOpWULFD
(TXLYDOHQWH GH,QWHUUXSomRSRU 8QLGDGH &RQVXPLGRUD )(& 60$ p XP VLVWHPD FRPSRVWR SRU YiULRV DJHQWHV
QmR XOWUDSDVVHP R OLPLWH SUHHVWDEHOHFLGR QRV 3URFHGLPHQWRV LQWHOLJHQWHVTXHLQWHUDJHPGHQWURGHXPDPELHQWHFRQIHULQGR
GH 'LVWULEXLomR GD $JrQFLD 1DFLRQDO GH (QHUJLD (OpWULFD XPDHVWUXWXUDGHFRQWUROHGLVWULEXtGR1DiUHDGHVLVWHPDVGH
$1((/pQHFHVViULRTXHRIRUQHFLPHQWRGHHQHUJLDHOpWULFD
VHMD UHVWDXUDGR R PDLV UiSLGR SRVVtYHO 'LDQWH GH WDLV
FLUFXQVWkQFLDV ID]VH RSRUWXQR D LPSODQWDomR GH XPD UHGH
HOpWULFDPDLVFRQILiYHOVHJXUDHILFLHQWHIOH[tYHOHDGDSWDWLYD
FRQIHULQGRjUHGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHHQWLGDGHLQWHOLJHQWH
8PDUHGHHOpWULFDLQWHOLJHQWHGHYHID]HUXVRGDWHFQRORJLD
GLJLWDO H VHU PXQLGD GH HTXLSDPHQWRV FRPR UHOpV GLJLWDLV
UHOLJDGRUHV FRP VHQVRUHV GH WHQVmR H FRUUHQWH VLVWHPD GH
FRPXQLFDomR ELGLUHFLRQDO YLD UiGLR *356 ILEUD ySWLFD RX
SRWrQFLD YiULDV DSOLFDo}HV WrP VLGR FRQFHELGDV EDVHDGDV HP
60$GHQWUHDVTXDLVRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGH65$>@>@(P
XP60$RDJHQWHKDUGZDUHRXVRIWZDUHpFDSD]GHREVHUYDU
R DPELHQWHDJLUGHIRUPDSURDWLYDDPXGDQoDVQRDPELHQWH
QHJRFLDU FRP RXWURV DJHQWHV H WRPDU GHFLVmR GH IRUPD
DXW{QRPDSDUDVROXomRGHSUREOHPDVQRDPELHQWH>@
2 65$ SURSRVWR QHVWH DUWLJR p EDVHDGR QR PRGHOR
DSUHVHQWDGRHP>@HPTXHRVDXWRUHVSURS}HPGRLVWLSRVGH
DJHQWHVDJHQWHIDFLOLWDGRUHDJHQWHEDUUD265$PXOWLDJHQWH
RXWUDWHFQRORJLDGHFRPXQLFDomRGHILQLGDSHODFRQFHVVLRQiULD 605$SURSRVWRQHVWHWUDEDOKRpFRPSRVWRGHWUrVWLSRVGH
FRP FDSDFLGDGH GH DXWR PRQLWRUDPHQWR H DXWR DJHQWHV$JHQWH'LVSRVLWLYR$'$JHQWH$OLPHQWDGRU$$
UHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRself-healing>@$DXWRUHFRPSRVLomRpD H $JHQWH 6XEHVWDomR $6 2 605$ IRL GHVHQYROYLGR HP
FDSDFLGDGHGDUHGHHOpWULFDGLDQWHGHXPGLVW~UELRGHLVRODUD -$'( -DYD $JHQW 'HYHORSPHQW XP PLGGOHZDUH

‹,(((
 ,VODQGLQJ'HWHFWLRQ8VLQJ
6\QFKURQL]HG0HDVXUHPHQWLQ6PDUW
0LFURJULGV
$ 0D]ORRP]DGHKMember, IEEE0+&LQWXJOXMember, DQG2$0RKDPPHGFellow,
IEEE Energy System Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Florida International University, Miami, USA

Abstract ! This! paper! presents! the! issues! involved! in! the!
detection! of! islanding! via! traditional! methods! as! well! as! the!
implementation! of! 3-phase! synchronized! measurements.! A!
proposed!technique!for!better!islanding!recognition!in!microgrids!
using!multiple!PMUs!was!developed.!A!new!method!which!uses!3!
phase! synchronized! measurements! was! introduced! for! the!
detection! of! unbalanced! or! partial! islanding! of! microgrids.! This!
occurs!when!the!microgrid!loose!only!one!phase!of!its!link!to!the!
main! grid.! In! addition! to! simulation! of! the! proposed! method! in!
7KH\ DUH PDLQO\ GLYLGHG LQWR WZR W\SHV 5HPRWH DUH
WHFKQLTXHV ZKLFK PRVWO\ XVH 6&$'$ V\VWHP DQG SRZHU OLQH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQPHWKRG7KHVHFRQGW\SHGHSHQGVRQXVLQJWKH
ORFDO WHFKQLTXHV FODVVLILHG LQWR WZR PDMRU VHWV ,Q SDVVLYH
PHWKRGV WKH ORFDO HOHFWULFDO SDUDPHWHUV DUH PHDVXUHG DQG LQ
FDVHRIDQ\GHYLDWLRQIURPSUHVHWYDOXHLVODQGLQJLQGLFHVFDQ
GHWHFWWKHLVRODWLRQIURPWKHPDLQJULG7KLVPHWKRGLVXVXDOO\
XVLQJ RYHU DQG XQGHU IUHTXHQF\ SURWHFWLRQ UHOD\V DFWLYH DQG
UHDFWLYHSRZHUPHDVXUHPHQWYROWDJHDQGDOVRUDWHRIFKDQJHV
MATLAB/Simulink,! experimental! results! are! also! obtained.! A!
small! scaled! 3-phase! power! system! at! the! laboratory! scale! was!
developed! and! used! to! compare! the! traditional! and! new!
techniques.! The! comparisons! of! experimental! and! simulation!
results! show! that! the! proposed! technique! was! successfully!
verified.!
RIIUHTXHQF\52&2)
7KHDFWLYHPHWKRGVRQHLVWKHLQMHFWLRQRIUHDFWLYHSRZHUDW
D OHYHO LQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ SRLQW RI JHQHUDWRU WR XWLOLW\ 7KLV
UHDFWLYH SRZHU IORZ FDQ RQO\ EH PDLQWDLQHG DV ORQJ DV
JHQHUDWRU DQG XWLOLW\ DUH FRQQHFWHG FRQWLQXRXVO\  %\ WKH
Index Terms ! Islanding! Detection,! Phasor! Measurement!
Units,!Smart!Microgrid,!Unbalanced!Islanding.!
, ,1752'8&7,21
, 6/$1',1* LV WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZKHQ D SRUWLRQ RI WKH SRZHU
V\VWHP ZKLFK LQFOXGHV ERWK JHQHUDWLRQV DQG ORDGV DUH
LVRODWHG IURP WKH PDLQ V\VWHP EXW VWD\ HQHUJL]HG ,W PD\
OHDGWRKD]DUGRXVVLWXDWLRQVZLWKLQWKHLVODQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRI
LVODQGLQJ DUH PDLQO\ VDIHW\ KD]DUGV XWLOLW\ ZRUNHUV DQG
FXVWRPHUVDOVRHTXLSPHQW¶VDUHH[SRVHGWRGDPDJHGXHWRWKH
XQFRQWUROOHG SURSHUWLHV RI IUHTXHQF\ DQG YROWDJH )DVW DQG
UHOLDEOH LVODQGLQJ GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRGV FDQ DYRLG SRWHQWLDO ULVNV
VXFK DV IUHTXHQW PDLQWHQDQFH SRRU SRZHU TXDOLW\ DQG
UHFORVLQJ SUREOHPV 'HWHFWLRQ VKRXOG EH IROORZHG E\ FRQWURO
GHFLVLRQV WR PDLQWDLQ V\VWHP VWDELOLW\ DQG SHUIRUPDQFH DQG
PDWFKLQJWKHORDGWRDYDLODEOHJHQHUDWLRQZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJWKH
SRZHU TXDOLW\ ,W ZDV UHFRPPHQGHG WR GHWHFW DQG FHDVH WR
HQHUJL]HWKHDUHDZLWKLQVHFRQGVRIWKHIRUPDWLRQRILVODQG
>@
8QWLO QRZ PDQ\ VWDQGDUGV KDYH EHHQ UHOHDVHG DQG PDQ\
GHWHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV IRU LVODQGLQJ KDV EHHQ SURSRVHG DQG
WHVWHG
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7KLVZRUNLVSDUWLDOO\VXSSRUWHGE\JUDQWVIURPWKH2IILFHRI1DYDO5HVHDUFK
DQGWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI(QHUJ\
7KH DXWKRUV DUH ZLWK WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFDO DQG &RPSXWHU
(QJLQHHULQJ )ORULGD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ 0LDPL 86$ HPDLO
5HDFWLYH 3RZHU ([SRUW (UURU 'HWHFWLRQ UHOD\ 53(('
,VODQGLQJZLOOEHUHFRJQL]HGWKURXJKWKHODFNRIUHDFWLYHSRZHU
IORZ'HSHQGLQJRQWKHW\SHVRIH[FLWDWLRQV\VWHPRUJHQHUDWRU
W\SHWKLVPHWKRGFRXOGEHXVHOHVV
:LWK WKH UHFHQW GHYHORSPHQWV LQ IDVWHU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG
XVLQJ V\QFKURQL]HG PHDVXUHPHQWV DQG 3KDVRU 0HDVXUHPHQW
8QLWV SHUIRUPDQFH RI VPDUW JULGV KDV EHHQ HQKDQFHG 3KDVRU
0HDVXUHPHQW 8QLWV IRXQG QXPHURXV DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ
LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQV RI SRZHU V\VWHP VWDWHV DQG RQH
RIWKHPLVWKHLVODQGLQJGHWHFWLRQ6LQFHWKH\PHDVXUHPXOWLSOH
SDUDPHWHUVV\QFKURQL]HGE\DWLPHUHIHUHQFHWKH\FDQEHXVHG
IRU LVODQGLQJ GHWHFWLRQ WRR EXW XVLQJ RQO\ SRVLWLYH VHTXHQFH
LQIRUPDWLRQ PD\ GHYLDWH WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ SURFHVV LQ PDQ\
DEQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQV,VODQGLQJGHWHFWLRQWHFKQLTXHVVKRXOGEH
UREXVWDQGUHOLDEOH$QHYDOXDWLRQRIGHWHFWLRQPHWKRGVVKRXOG
FRQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUV>±@
• 5HOLDELOLW\RILVODQGLQJGHWHFWLRQ
• 7LPHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI,(((67'
• ,PSDFWRQWKHJULGDQGSRZHUTXDOLW\
• &RVW
• )OH[LELOLW\WRUHFRQILJXUDWLRQRIJULG
7KH\VKRXOGDOVREHFDSDEOHRIZRUNLQJXQGHUFKDOOHQJLQJDQG
DEQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQVRIPLFURJULGVVXFKDV
• 6KRUWFLUFXLWIDXOWV
• 8QEDODQFHGLVRODWLRQRIPLFURJULGV
• 5HDFWLYHORDGVZLWFKLQJ
PRKDPPHG#ILXHGX • 6XGGHQORDGFKDQJH
• 6XGGHQORDGSRZHUIDFWRUFKDQJH

‹,(((
 'HILQLQJ(OHFWULFLW\7DULIIV8VLQJWKH.QRZOHGJH
$ERXWWKH&RQVXPHUV3URILOHVLQ(/(&213URMHFW
+XJR0RUDLV=LWD9DOH3HGUR)DULD6pUJLR5DPRV
*(&$'.QRZOHGJH(QJLQHHULQJDQG'HFLVLRQ6XSSRUW5HVHDUFK&HQWHU
,333RO\WHFKQLF,QVWLWXWHRI3RUWR
3RUWR3RUWXJDO
KXJYP#LVHSLSSSW]DY#LVHSLSSSWSQIDU#LVHSLSSSWVFU#LVHSLSSSW

Abstract The! increasing! importance! of! the! integration! of! XQH[SHFWHG ORDG LV YHULILHG LQ SRZHU V\VWHP HOHPHQWV OLQHV
distributed! generation! and! demand! response! in! the! power!
systems! operation! and! planning,! namely! at! lower! voltage! levels!
of!distribution! networks! and!in!the!competitive!environment!of!
electricity! markets,! leads! us! to! the! concept! of! smart! grids.! In!
both! traditional! and! smart! grid! operation,! non-technical! losses!
are! a! great! economic! concern,! which! can! be! addressed.! In! this!
context,! the! ELECON! project! addresses! the! use! of! demand!
response! contributions! to! the! identification! of! non-technical!
losses.!The!present!paper!proposes!a!methodology!to!be!used!by!
Virtual! Power! Players! (VPPs),! which! are! entities! able! to!
aggregate! distributed! small-size! resources,! aiming! to! define! the!
best! electricity!tariffs!for!several,!clusters! of!consumers.!A!case!
study! based! on! real! consumption! data! demonstrates! the!
WUDQVIRUPHUVHWFPDNLQJGLIILFXOWWRHVWLPDWHWKHUHDOV\VWHP
FRQGLWLRQV LQ HDFK PRPHQW LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKH REYLRXV
HFRQRPLFORVVHV>@7KHVHORVVHVJDLQLQFUHDVLQJLPSRUWDQFH
LQ WKH FRPSHWLWLYH HQYLURQPHQW RI VPDUW JULG DQG HOHFWULFLW\
PDUNHWV RSHUDWLRQ 5HJDUGLQJ WKH FRQFHSWV DQG FRQFHUQV
PHQWLRQHG DERYH DQG WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH FRRSHUDWLRQ
EHWZHHQ (XURSHDQ DQG %UD]LOLDQ SDUWQHUV WKH (/(&21±
(OHFWULFLW\ &RQVXPSWLRQ $QDO\VLV WR 3URPRWH (QHUJ\
(IILFLHQF\&RQVLGHULQJ'HPDQG5HVSRQVHDQG1RQWHFKQLFDO
/RVVHV ± SURMHFW DGGUHVVHV WKH XVH RI GHPDQG UHVSRQVH
FRQWULEXWLRQVWRLGHQWLI\QRQWHFKQLFDOORVVHV
,Q WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ SURSRVHG LQ WKLV SDSHU D 9LUWXDO
application!of!the!proposed!methodology.!
Index Terms Demand!response,!Elecon,!electricity!tariffs,!non-
technical!losses,!smart!grid.!
, ,1752'8&7,21
)XWXUH SRZHU V\VWHPV ZLOO EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH
LQWHJUDWLRQRIVHYHUDOQHZFRQFHSWVDQGSDUDGLJPVDVWKHFDVH
RIVPDUWJULGV>@VHYHUDOUHVRXUFHVDVWKHFDVHRI'LVWULEXWHG
3RZHU 3OD\HU933 PDNHV XVH RIGDWD PLQLQJ WHFKQLTXHVWR
FODVVLI\WKHFRQVXPSWLRQGDWDRIVHYHUDOFRQVXPHUVZLWKWKH
REMHFWLYHRIGHWHUPLQLQJWKHEHVWHOHFWULFLW\WDULIIVVFKHPHIRU
WKHFRQVXPHUV7KHVHWDULIIVFRQVLGHUWKHWLPHRIWKHGD\WKH
GD\RIWKHZHHNDQGWKHW\SHRIFRQVXPHU)URPWKHSUHYLRXV
H[SHULHQFH RI WKH DXWKRUV RI WKH SUHVHQW SDSHU DOUHDG\
SUHVHQWHG LQ >@ WKH HOHFWULFLW\ WDULIIV ZLOO FRQVLGHU WKH
HOHFWULFLW\ PDUNHW SULFHV DQG WKH FRQWH[W RI 933 RSHUDWLRQ
JLYLQJDSUHOLPLQDU\YLVLRQRIWKHXVHRIWKLVPHWKRGRORJ\IRU
*HQHUDWLRQ '* DQG 'HPDQG 5HVSRQVH '5 >@ DQG QHZ WKHQRQWHFKQLFDOORVVHVLGHQWLILFDWLRQ7KLVZRUNLVLQWHJUDWHG
SOD\HUV DV WKH FDVH RI 9LUWXDO 3RZHU 3OD\HUV 933 LQ WKH
FRQWH[WRIWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\FRPSHWLWLYHFRQWH[W
7KH FRPSHWLWLYH HQYLURQPHQW DQG WKHFKDOOHQJHVWKDWWKH
RSHUDWLRQ DQG SODQQLQJ RI SRZHU V\VWHPV ZLOO IDFH DV ZHOO
ZLOOKDSSHQDWORZHUOHYHOVRIWKHSRZHUQHWZRUNV7KLVOHDGV
LQ WKH ZRUN SDFNDJH :3 RI (/(&21 SURMHFW KDYLQJ
LQQRYDWLYHDQGPDNHVFRQWULEXWLRQVLQWKHIROORZLQJDVSHFWV
• 'HILQLWLRQ RI VHYHUDO GLVWLQFWFRQVXPHUV¶ FOXVWHUV XVLQJ
GDWD PLQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH
FRQVXPSWLRQSURILOHV
WR WKH FRQFHUQLQJ RI ERWK JHQHUDWLRQ GLVWULEXWHG JHQHUDWLRQ • 'HILQLWLRQRIHOHFWULFLW\WDULIIVE\D933LQLWVRSHUDWLRQ
DQG GHPDQGVLGH UHVSRQVH GHPDQG UHVSRQVH DQG
FRQVXPSWLRQ UHVRXUFHV RI UHGXFHG SRZHU FDSDFLW\ ZKLFK
UHTXLUH DGHTXDWH SOD\HUV 7KLV LV WKH FDVH RI 933V WKDW
DJJUHJDWH GLVWULEXWHG VPDOOVL]H UHVRXUFHV LQ RUGHU WR PDNH
WKHP DEOH WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH FRPSHWLWLYH FRQWH[W RI
HOHFWULFLW\PDUNHWVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHVPDUWJULGLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
DELOLWLHV>@
$QLPSRUWDQWFRQFHUQLQWKHSRZHUV\VWHPVRSHUDWLRQDQG
SODQQLQJLVWKHH[LVWHQFHRIQRQWHFKQLFDOORVVHV7KHVHORVVHV
DUHGXHIRUH[DPSOHWRWKHHOHFWULFLW\WKHIWE\FRQVXPHUV7KH
7KH UHVHDUFK OHDGLQJ WR WKHVH UHVXOWV KDV UHFHLYHG IXQGLQJ IURP WKH
FRQWH[WWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRQVXPHUVEHKDYLRU
• 8VH RI UHDO FRQVXPSWLRQ GDWD RI VHYHUDO FRQVXPHUV LQ
RUGHUWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHSURSRVHGPHWKRGRORJ\
7KH IXOO SDSHU DIWHU WKH LQWURGXFWRU\ VHFWLRQ ZLOO EH
VWUXFWXUHG DV IROORZV 6HFWLRQ ,, ZLOO EULHIO\ SUHVHQW WKH
(/(&21 SURMHFW 6HFWLRQ ,,, ZLOO SUHVHQW WKH SURSRVHG
HOHFWULFLW\ WDULIIV GHILQLWLRQ PHWKRGRORJ\ LQ 6HFWLRQ ,9 DQ
LOOXVWUDWLYHFDVHVWXG\ ZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGDQGILQDOO\6HFWLRQ
9 ZLOO SUHVHQW WKH PDLQ FRQFOXVLRQV RI WKH SDSHU
3HRSOH3URJUDPPH0DULH&XULH$FWLRQVRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ
V6HYHQWK
)UDPHZRUN3URJUDPPH)3XQGHUSURMHFW(/(&21(OHFWULFLW\
&RQVXPSWLRQ $QDO\VLV WR 3URPRWH (QHUJ\ (IILFLHQF\ &RQVLGHULQJ 'HPDQG
5HVSRQVHDQG1RQWHFKQLFDO/RVVHV5($JUDQWDJUHHPHQW1R
7KLV ZRUN LV DOVR VXSSRUWHG E\ )('(5 )XQGV WKURXJK WKH ³3URJUDPD
2SHUDFLRQDO )DFWRUHV GH &RPSHWLWLYLGDGH ± &203(7(´ SURJUDP DQG E\
1DWLRQDO )XQGV WKURXJK )&7 ³)XQGDomR SDUD D &LrQFLD H D 7HFQRORJLD´
XQGHU WKH SURMHFWV )&203)('(5 3(VW2(((,8,
37'&(($((/ 37'&6(1(15 DQG
37'&6(1(15 ‹,(((
A Data Mining Framework for Electric Load Profiling
Sérgio Ramos, João M. Duarte, F. Jorge Duarte, Zita Vale, Pedro Faria
GECAD – Knowledge Engineering and Decision-Support Research Center
Institute of Engineering – Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP)
Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431
4200-072 Porto, Portugal
{scr, jod, fjd, zav, pnfar}@isep.ipp.pt
Abstract— This paper consists in the characterization of medium
voltage (MV) electric power consumers based on a data
clustering approach. It is intended to identify typical load
profiles by selecting the best partition of a power consumption
database among a pool of data partitions produced by several
clustering algorithms. The best partition is selected using several
cluster validity indices. These methods are intended to be used
in a smart grid environment to extract useful knowledge about
customers’ behavior. The data-mining-based methodology
presented throughout the paper consists in several steps, namely
the pre-processing data phase, clustering algorithms application
and the evaluation of the quality of the partitions. To validate
our approach, a case study with a real database of 1.022 MV
consumers was used.
Index Terms--Data mining, clustering, smart grid, typical load
profiles.
I. INTRODUCTION
Over the years the electricity sector has suffered a deep
change and it is an enormous challenge for every involved
entity. In fact, over the past three decades the introduction of
liberalized markets in this important strategic sector has been
seen all over the world. In addition, the electricity sector is one
of the sectors that must give a huge contribution to reduce the
emission of greenhouse effect gases, trough the bet in
renewable energies. More recently, the emersion of Smart
Grid concept has established a diversity of applications in
power systems that aims to improve their performance,
efficiency and reliability [1]. In this way, the development and
implementation of smart meters can be verified enabling
utilities to obtain information concerning their electric
customers’ behavior [2]. In this context, effective power
management based on smart grids is recently an emerging
issue in the electric power sector [3].
The energy management in the context of smart grids
becomes interesting, regarding the integration of generation
and consumption knowledge and the knowledge about the
customers’ profile, in terms of electric energy consumption, it
will be an important tool to operate power systems efficiently.
Current power grid has facilities for monitoring power usage
on power grid, transmission lines, and some part of
The research leading to these results has received funding from the
People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh
Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under project ELECON - Electricity
Consumption Analysis to Promote Energy Efficiency Considering Demand
Response and Non-technical Losses, REA grant agreement No 318912.
This work is also supported by FEDER Funds through the “Programa
Operacional Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE” program and by
National Funds through FCT “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”
under the projects FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER: PEst-OE/EEI/UI0760/2011,
PTDC/EEA-EEL/099832/2008, PTDC/SEN-ENR/099844/2008, PTDC/
SEN-ENR/122174/2010, PTDC/EIA-CCO/103230/2008, and grant
SFRH/BD/43785/2008.
distribution lines. However, periodic acquisition of power
usage customers as well as distributions lines is required to
operate power efficiently [3]. Currently, the MV customers
have meters that record the consumption power values every
15 minutes, allowing utilities to explore the knowledge
underlying their consumption habits. With the full
liberalization of the electrical sector, and the installation of
new metering devices, large databases will be available for
study, promoting new challenges to the consumer’s
characterization.
The knowledge about customers’ behavior can be a useful
decision tool. Indeed, the knowledge about customers’
consumption patterns is very important for the
accomplishment of agreements in the price of the electricity
between consumers and suppliers, the definition of marketing
policies and innovative contracts and services.
This paper presents a data-mining-based methodology to
identify typical load profiles (TLP), using a real dataset
provided by the Portuguese Distribution company, composed
of 1.022 MV consumers. The power was recorded with a time
interval of 15 minutes during the entire year of 2010. To
conduct data partitioning, four clustering algorithms have been
used: k-means, normalized N-Cut, Pairwise Constrained (PC
k-means) and Metric Pairwise Constrained (MPC k-means).
The evaluation of the quality of the obtained data partitions is
assessed by 8 cluster validity indices [4].
The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: in
section II the consumer’s characterization methodology is
exposed, highlighting the main steps based on knowledge
discovery in databases. In section III, a case study is
presented, and also the typical load profiles achieved by using
clustering algorithms. Finally, in the last section some
conclusions and possible future work directions are presented.
II. CONSUMERS’ CHARACTERIZTION METHODOLOGY
This approach is based on Knowledge Discovery in
Databases (KDD) process [5] supported by data mining
techniques, applied to different stages of the procedure.
Figure 1 illustrates the proposed data-mining-based
methodology to characterize electricity consumers.
!"#$#%&!'#()!%#$*$'*+'$,--./)-$'.0111
A Data Mining Framework for Electric Load Profiling
Sérgio Ramos, João M. Duarte, F. Jorge Duarte, Zita Vale, Pedro Faria
GECAD – Knowledge Engineering and Decision-Support Research Center
Institute of Engineering – Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP)
Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431
4200-072 Porto, Portugal
{scr, jod, fjd, zav, pnfar}@isep.ipp.pt
Abstract— This paper consists in the characterization of medium
voltage (MV) electric power consumers based on a data
clustering approach. It is intended to identify typical load
profiles by selecting the best partition of a power consumption
database among a pool of data partitions produced by several
clustering algorithms. The best partition is selected using several
cluster validity indices. These methods are intended to be used
in a smart grid environment to extract useful knowledge about
customers’ behavior. The data-mining-based methodology
presented throughout the paper consists in several steps, namely
the pre-processing data phase, clustering algorithms application
and the evaluation of the quality of the partitions. To validate
our approach, a case study with a real database of 1.022 MV
consumers was used.
Index Terms--Data mining, clustering, smart grid, typical load
profiles.
I. INTRODUCTION
Over the years the electricity sector has suffered a deep
change and it is an enormous challenge for every involved
entity. In fact, over the past three decades the introduction of
liberalized markets in this important strategic sector has been
seen all over the world. In addition, the electricity sector is one
of the sectors that must give a huge contribution to reduce the
emission of greenhouse effect gases, trough the bet in
renewable energies. More recently, the emersion of Smart
Grid concept has established a diversity of applications in
power systems that aims to improve their performance,
efficiency and reliability [1]. In this way, the development and
implementation of smart meters can be verified enabling
utilities to obtain information concerning their electric
customers’ behavior [2]. In this context, effective power
management based on smart grids is recently an emerging
issue in the electric power sector [3].
The energy management in the context of smart grids
becomes interesting, regarding the integration of generation
and consumption knowledge and the knowledge about the
customers’ profile, in terms of electric energy consumption, it
will be an important tool to operate power systems efficiently.
Current power grid has facilities for monitoring power usage
on power grid, transmission lines, and some part of
The research leading to these results has received funding from the
People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh
Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under project ELECON - Electricity
Consumption Analysis to Promote Energy Efficiency Considering Demand
Response and Non-technical Losses, REA grant agreement No 318912.
This work is also supported by FEDER Funds through the “Programa
Operacional Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE” program and by
National Funds through FCT “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”
under the projects FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER: PEst-OE/EEI/UI0760/2011,
PTDC/EEA-EEL/099832/2008, PTDC/SEN-ENR/099844/2008, PTDC/
SEN-ENR/122174/2010, PTDC/EIA-CCO/103230/2008, and grant
SFRH/BD/43785/2008.
distribution lines. However, periodic acquisition of power
usage customers as well as distributions lines is required to
operate power efficiently [3]. Currently, the MV customers
have meters that record the consumption power values every
15 minutes, allowing utilities to explore the knowledge
underlying their consumption habits. With the full
liberalization of the electrical sector, and the installation of
new metering devices, large databases will be available for
study, promoting new challenges to the consumer’s
characterization.
The knowledge about customers’ behavior can be a useful
decision tool. Indeed, the knowledge about customers’
consumption patterns is very important for the
accomplishment of agreements in the price of the electricity
between consumers and suppliers, the definition of marketing
policies and innovative contracts and services.
This paper presents a data-mining-based methodology to
identify typical load profiles (TLP), using a real dataset
provided by the Portuguese Distribution company, composed
of 1.022 MV consumers. The power was recorded with a time
interval of 15 minutes during the entire year of 2010. To
conduct data partitioning, four clustering algorithms have been
used: k-means, normalized N-Cut, Pairwise Constrained (PC
k-means) and Metric Pairwise Constrained (MPC k-means).
The evaluation of the quality of the obtained data partitions is
assessed by 8 cluster validity indices [4].
The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: in
section II the consumer’s characterization methodology is
exposed, highlighting the main steps based on knowledge
discovery in databases. In section III, a case study is
presented, and also the typical load profiles achieved by using
clustering algorithms. Finally, in the last section some
conclusions and possible future work directions are presented.
II. CONSUMERS’ CHARACTERIZTION METHODOLOGY
This approach is based on Knowledge Discovery in
Databases (KDD) process [5] supported by data mining
techniques, applied to different stages of the procedure.
Figure 1 illustrates the proposed data-mining-based
methodology to characterize electricity consumers.
!"#$#%&!'#()!%#$*$'*+'$,--./)-$'.0111
 ß à á â ã ä å æ ã â â ç è è é ê ë ì í ç é î à ï å ð é î ñ é ê ò é ó é à è ô å õ ç è ö â é á ÷ ê ø è ù à î ç â é ò å ø ö é ç á à ê ß é ì è ã ò å ß à â à ç â é ê

ú ú
é î á â ã õ å í ñ û é à á à í ü à

d p q ¾ i f € r d o d e d f g h i d j k l f h m i † { ˆ † ¿ ˆ c j h i e p q h r r q i q i n o d e l q
Z

m i p i  d À o i h q f p i p d o i e p i d i m f d r m d e l d t f d q m n t i Á  q m q o n o

! " # $ % & # ' ( ) * + , - . - . ) * / 0 ) 1 . * 2 3 / 4 0 1 5 / , 6 * / + ) * + / . 0 6 7 3 3 / - 8

, 9 , 7 * . 9 * 3 * : . 1 . 2 / . ; + 0 / . < . 1 * 6 3 5 * : . 6 3 ) 0 . * 8 5 3 / / . - 0 , = 0 - 0 * 8 > t j i e d l i r n r l d e l €  d j v i f d p d p d d e d f g h i d j k l f h m i i l n i j k o n h l q

. 5 5 0 ) 0 . 1 ) 8 , 1 9 6 + 6 * , 0 1 , = 0 - 0 * 8 ? @ : + 6 > 0 * < + 6 * + 1 9 . / A 3 , 1 0 1 * . 1 6 .

m q o t j d Š i d o i j i p i t l i p i à r e d m d r r h p i p d r p q r k m n j q  h e l d d n o

< 3 9 . / 1 0 B , * 0 3 1 0 1 * : . 1 . C * 8 . , / 6 > = . ) 3 < 0 1 A 6 < , / * > , - 6 3 4 1 3 2 1 , 6

† ˆ
y Z

D < , / * E / 0 9 6 ? F 1 * : 0 6 D < , / * E / 0 9 ) 3 1 * . C * > ) 3 < 7 + * . / 6 8 6 * . < 6 2 0 - -

e d r r d m d e € f h q  n d n o i e q  i t f q t q r l i p d f d p d p d d e d f g h i

= . , 4 . 8 : 3 - . 0 1 * : . , 1 , - 8 6 0 6 , 1 9 < 3 1 0 * 3 / 0 1 A 3 5 6 . G . / , - 9 . G 0 ) . 6

* : , * , / . ) 3 1 1 . ) * . 9 * 3 * : . A / 0 9 ? @ : 0 6 2 3 / 4 7 / . 6 . 1 * 6 , E . 3 A / , 7 : 0 )

r n f g d v i m | i o i p i f d p d h e l d j h g d e l d v p q h e g j Å r Æ Ç È É Ê Ë É Ì Í r r i r
Z Î

F 1 5 3 / < , * 0 3 1 D 8 6 * . < H E F D I , 1 9 , ) . 1 * / , - ) 3 1 * / 3 - 6 8 6 * . < 5 3 /

f d p d r h e l d j h g d e l d r r d f  q m i f i m l d f h À i p i r t d j q n r q p d o q p d f e i r

9 0 6 * / 0 = + * 0 3 1 1 . * 2 3 / 4 6 > * : . ( D J ? @ : . ) 3 < < + 1 0 ) , * 0 3 1 3 5 * : 0 6

l d m e q j q g h i r p d h e s q f o i Á  q d m q o n e h m i Á  q v t f q o q  d e p q i

6 8 6 * . < G 0 , K L M N O D 7 / 3 * 3 ) 3 - 2 0 * : D P ( M ( D 8 6 * . < 0 6 , - 6 3 6 : 3 2 1 >

h e l d g f i Á  q p d s q e l d r p d d e d f g h i f d e q  €  d h r à f d p d v i n l h j h À i Á  q

* : . - , * * . / = . 0 1 A / . 6 7 3 1 6 0 = - . 5 3 / 3 7 . / , * 0 1 A , 1 9 , ) ; + 0 / 0 1 A / . , - * 0 < .

p d o d p h p i r f d o q l i r d d o l d o t q f d i j t f q  d e h d e l d r p d

9 , * , 5 / 3 < , G 3 - * , A . / . A + - , * 3 / ) 3 1 * / 3 - - . / ? @ : . ) : 3 6 . 1 D P ( M (

o d p h p q f d r h e l d j h g d e l d r d l i o w k o i m q o n e h m i Á  q d o p n i r  h i r

6 8 6 * . < 5 3 / * : . < . * : 3 9 3 - 3 A 8 7 / 3 7 3 6 . 9 0 1 * : 0 6 7 , 7 . / 0 6 = , 6 . 9 3 1

d e l f d i m q e m d r r h q e € f h i p d d e d f g h i d q m q e r n o h p q f s h e i j † ˆ † ˆ
y z

5 / . . 6 3 5 * 2 , / . * . ) : 1 3 - 3 A 0 . 6 > 2 : 0 ) : , - - 3 2 6 5 3 / 1 . 2 5 + 1 ) * 0 3 1 6 , 1 9

† ‚ ˆ
Z

< . * : 3 9 6 * 3 = . 0 1 ) 3 / 7 3 / , * . 9 > 0 1 3 / 9 . / * 3 = + 0 - 9 1 . 2 , 1 9 5 + - - 8

) + 6 * 3 < 0 B . 9 * 3 3 - 6 ? @ : . < . * : 3 9 6 7 / 3 7 3 6 . 9 : . / . , 7 7 - 0 . 9 2 0 * : 6 + ) ) . 6 6

e s q f o i Á } d r m q e s h €  d h r d d o l d o t q f d i j r  q s i l q f d r m | i  d r
Y

, / . . C 7 . ) * . 9 * 3 = . / . 7 - 0 ) , = - . 0 1 3 * : . / 6 6 < , / * A / 0 9 6 / . 6 . , / ) : . 6 ?

t i f i o d j | q f i f i m q e s h i w h j h p i p d p i d e l f d g i p d d e d f g h i p i r

m q e m d r r h q e € f h i r i l k q r m q e r n o h p q f d r s h e i h r v i l f i  k r p i

$ W " X X D < , / * E / 0 9 > D P ( M ( > J . = E F D > P 3 1 * / 3 -

Q R S T U V T

p h o h e n h Á Â q p q r h o t i m l q r p d s i j | i r p d d  n h t i o d e l q d i m h p d e l d r

D 8 6 * . < 6

e i l n f i h r e i f d p d † ˆ d r r d m q e l d Š l q p d f d p d r h e l d j h g d e l d r v q r
y Z [

r h r l d o i r p d h e s q f o i Á Â q d m q o n e h m i Á Â q l Å o g f i e p d

Y Z Y [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b ^

h o t q f l Ï e m h i t i f i i  h i w h j h p i p d p i r o d r o i r † ˆ v l d e p q m q o q
z

c d e d f g h i d j k l f h m i k n o p q r s i l q f d r o i h r h o t q f l i e l d r t i f i i

d Š d o t j q q r  € f h q r r h r l d o i r m q o t n l i m h q e i h r t f d r d e l d r e d r r i r

r q m h d p i p d i l n i j q u f i r h j v i m f h r d d e d f g k l h m i p q i e q p q h r o h j
Z [

f d p d r v d e l f d d j d r Ð Ñ h r l d o i r n t d f  h r Ò f h q v f d r t q e r €  d j t q f f d n e h f

i l k p q h r o h j d n o m i n r q n n o f q o w q p d m d f m i p d v {
] x y z

p i p q r d o l d o t q f d i j v o q e h l q f i f d m q e l f q j i f d  n h t i o d e l q r d

w h j | } d r i q r m q s f d r t ~ w j h m q r v l d e p q r h p q d r l h o i p q  n d q r

t f q m d r r q r e i h e s f i d r l f n l n f i m f Ó l h m i p d n o i f d p d † Ô ˆ Õ Ñ h r l d o i p d

m q e r n o h p q f d r s h e i h r s q r r d o f d r t q e r €  d h r t q f i f m i f m d f m i p d

e s q f o i Á Â q Ö d q f f d s d f d e m h i p q × Ñ Ö Ø v i t q e l i p q m q o q
Y Y

‚ ƒ „ p d r r d r m n r l q r v i l f i  k r p d f d i … n r l d r l i f h s € f h q r † ‡ ˆ i h r
Z ‰

s d f f i o d e l i t i f i o d j | q f i f i i e € j h r d d t j i e d … i o d e l q p i f d p d v

f d m d e l d o d e l d v n o i s i j | i | n o i e i e q e q f p d r l d p d h Š q n

t f q  d e p q i l q t q j q g h i d  h r n i j h À i Á  q p i r m q e p h Á } d r p d m i o t q

o q f i p q f d r p q r r d n r e q  d d r l i p q r v i j k o p d t i f l d p q q m i e l h e r
\

p i o d r o i † ‚ ˆ d Ñ h r l d o i m d e l f i j p d m q e l f q j d v f d r t q e r €  d j t q f

o q e h l q f i f v i e i j h r i f d m q e l f q j i f i f d p d v i l f i  k r p d o d l q p q j q g h i r

‹ Œ Œ  Ž   ‘  ’ “ ” • –   Ž  —  ˜ ™ –  ” š  Ž ” › œ    ž œ  — ” –  ’  Ÿ ‹ ‹ ‹   ¡  Ž   ¢ • Œ — ”

m q o q v t q f d Š d o t j q v i d r l h o i Á  q p d d r l i p q † Ù ˆ
Z

–  ” £   ™  ¤ ¥ ¡   ¦ § ‹ ‹ ¨ ©

¤  —  ” ª © « ”   œ ’ ’  • £   — ˜   — ”  ™ Ÿ œ ¬  ž œ  —  Ÿ ” ™ – ˜ Ž  ­ ® ”  ‘ ” ’ Œ œ Œ Ž  — 

d  h p d e l d  n d d r r d r r h r l d o i r l Å o t i t d j s n e p i o d e l i j i q

œ  œ ž œ  ­ ® ” ž œ   Ž ¯ › œ ž  š ˜  Ž ”  ” Ÿ   Ž  ” —  ‹ Œ Ž ˜ — ” Œ  ™ ‹    £ œ   ° œ Œ Ž  ™  Œ — 

t f q t q f m h q e i f i  h i w h j h p i p d p i r f d p d r h e l d j h g d e l d r v m q o q t q p d

¤ ” Ž ¬  ž œ  ± Ÿ ‹ ‹ ° ¤ ²   ³  œ ¢   Œ œ —  —  ´  —    ’ —  °   Ž  µ   œ  © ± ‹   ™  œ ’ ¶

r d f  h r l q d o l f i w i j | q r m q o q † ˆ v † ‚ ˆ v † Ô ˆ v † Ù ˆ d † Ú ˆ q p i  h i v i
z Z \

– ‘ · ”  œ ’  ¸ œ  › © ˜ › Œ ™ © ‘  ² ©

¹  ›   ’ º © µ œ ’ ‘   — Ž • — ” ˜ Ž ”    — ”  ™ ‹  £   “   œ  ‹ ’ • Ž  œ ž  –  ’ ” ¤  ” £   ™ 

h o t j d o d e l i Á  q t f € l h m i p d r r i r f d p d r v  n d  d o q m q f f d e p q p d

—  ¤ » Œ º   — ˜  ­ ® ”  ™ ‹  £   “   œ  ‹ ’ • Ž  œ ž  ¼ š ˜  Ž ”  ” Ÿ   Ž  ” —  ‹ Œ Ž ˜ — ” Œ  ™

s q f o i g f i p n i j e i r t f h e m h t i h r m q e m d r r h q e € f h i r w f i r h j d h f i r v

‹    £ œ   ° œ Œ Ž  ™  Œ —  ¤ ” Ž ¬  ž œ  ± Ÿ ‹ ‹ ° ¤ ²   ³  œ ¢   Œ œ —  —  ´  —    ’ —  °   Ž 

t q r r n h i h e p i  € f h q r p d r i s h q r e q  n d l i e g d i h e l d g f i Á  q p q r

µ   œ  © ‹   ™  œ ’ ¶  ™ œ ’ ‘   — Ž ¸ £ ™  œ ’ © ž ” ™ ©

p h  d f r q r d  n h t i o d e l q r h e l d j h g d e l d r t f d r d e l d l f i w i j | q
Z ^

¨ ˜ ž œ    § © Ÿ   “   ¦ ’ ·   œ   ¹ © ¦ ‘  œ —  Œ ® ” –  ” ›  Œ Œ ”   Œ  — š ˜  Ž  Œ — ” ž ˜  Œ ”

—  ‹  £   “   œ  ‹ ’ • Ž  œ ž    ³  œ ¢   Œ œ —  —  ´  —    ’ —  °   Ž  µ   œ  © ± ‹   ™  œ ’ Œ ¶
t f q t } d n o i o d l q p q j q g h i t i f i i h e l d g f i Á  q p d p h r t q r h l h  q r

’  ž   “  ¸ ž Ž © ˜ › Œ ™ © ‘  ¼  ’ ·   œ   ¸ ž Ž © ˜ › Œ ™ © ‘  ² ©

h e l d j h g d e l d r e n o i Æ Ç È É Ê Ë É Ì Í v i l f i  k r p d d Š t d f h Å e m h i r q w l h p i r

¤  ˜ ’ ” ¹ © ¤    œ   • ‹  £   “  œ  ” ‹ ’  Ž  œ ž œ Œ Ž  —  Ÿ ‹ ‹ ‹   ¡  — ” ˜ Ž ”    — ”  ™

d o n o t f q … d l q p d ¾ Û … n e l q à m q o t i e | h i Ü o p q r
_ Î Î Î Ý _ Z `

‹  £   “   œ  ‹ ’ • Ž  œ ž  –  ’ ” ¤  ” £   ™  —  ¤ » Œ º   — ˜  ­ ® ”  ™ ‹  £   “   œ  ‹ ’ • Ž  œ ž 

t q e l q r p d p d r l i  n d k i n l h j h À i Á  q p d r q s l Þ i f d r j h  f d r v

š ˜  Ž ”  ” Ÿ   Ž  ” —  ‹ Œ Ž ˜ — ” Œ  ™ ‹    £ œ   ° œ Œ Ž  ™  Œ —  ¤ ” Ž ¬  ž œ  ± Ÿ ‹ ‹ ° ¤ ²  

t d f o h l h e p q n o i t q t n j i f h À i Á  q p i r t d r  n h r i r e i € f d i l i e l q e i r
³  œ ¢   Œ œ —  —  ´  —    ’ —  °   Ž  µ   œ  © ± ‹   ™  œ ’ ¶ –  ˜ ’ ” ©  œ ž   — ” ¸ ž    © ž ” ™ © ‘  ²

°   —  ” µ © ° ž “ ™   —  ž ½  • ‹  £   “  œ  ” ‹ ’  Ž  œ ž œ Œ Ž  —  Ÿ ‹ ‹ ‹   ¡ ± ‹   ™  œ ’ ¶

m q o t i e | h i r  n i e l q d o n e h  d f r h p i p d r d m d e l f q r l d m e q j Ò g h m q r v

Œ   —  ” ™ Œ ¸ ž    © ž ” ™ © ‘  ² ©

‹,(((