Deterministic Petrophysics

Workflow

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 Determin Workflow
• Deterministic Workflow
– Precalculations
– Environmental Corrections
– Parameter Picking
– Volume of Shale
– Porosity
– Water Saturation
– Permeability

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 Data Preparation

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Petrophysics Overview

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 Determin Workflow

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Petrophysics Philosophy
Definitions
Precalc
Environmental Corrections

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 Petrophysical Philosophy
POROSITY CLASSIFICATIONS • Free water = all non
clay bound water
MATRIX DRY CLAY
CLAY BOUND FREE WATER
HYDROCARBONS
(includes SWirr)
WATER (INC. SWIRR)

Quartz • Hydrocarbon occupy

Calcite only non clay pore
Dolomite Ø cbw Ø fw Øh space

V sh Øe • Shale definition
Øt excludes silt

Vrock  VSH   e  1

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 The Precalc module
• Borehole temperature and pressure profiles

• Temperature (FTEMP): TLI/BLI, SONDE, GRADIENT

• Pressure (FPRESS): MUD_DENS, GRADIENT

• Downhole mud properties from sample

measurements
• Resistivities (RM, RMF, RMC)
Tsample  21.5
R fluidT2  R fluidSampl e 0
C
T2  21.5

• Salinities (SALM, SALMF)

3.562  logR75  0.0123
x
0.955

Salinity ppm @ 75  10 x

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 Environmental Corrections
• Group of modules for the correction of raw wireline log data for the effects of
borehole conditions and mud weight.
• Based on digitized borehole correction charts or coded algorithms provided
by the wireline logging contractors.
• Most modern wireline tools produce logs with all corrections applied at the
time of logging (wells drilled after ~90’s).

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Analysis
Badhole
Coal
Volume of shale
Porosity
Water Saturation
Permeability
Mineral Volumes

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 Identify bad hole conditions

• Based on the difference CALI – BS

• Creates four different type of flags:

OVERSIZE, RUGOSE,
OVER/RUG and GOOD

• The flags can be used as a logic

conditional on other modules.

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 Identify coals

• Based on four different cutoffs related to:

density, neutron, slowness and resistivity

• The flag created outputs which cutoffs

were exceeded: D=density, N= neutron,
DT=slowness, R= resistivity

• It also can be used as a logic conditional

for other modules.
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Shale volume analysis
Selection of VSH Methods:
• Vsh from GR (if sandstone or carbonate is not radioactive)

• Vsh from density neutron (only if hole conditions are good and
there is no gas crossover and no dolomite)

• Vsh from SP (only if SP has sufficient character or resolution to

be believed)

• Vsh from sonic density crossplot (no secondary porosity)

• Vsh from minimum of above if there is no reason to prefer one

method over another

• Use linear methods unless local correlations have shown a need

for a non-linear

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 Shale volume from GR
• The linear method uses the following equation:

VSH_GR = (GR - GR_MA) / (GR_SH - GR_MA)

• VSH_GR calculates three logs:

VSH_GR: volume of shale (larger than 1 if GR>GRVSH)
VSH: VSH_GR limited to be between 0 and 1
MTH_VSH: method used for VSH: Linear or Non-Linear

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 Porosity analysis
Apparent

PHIA = ( RHO_MA - RHO )/(RHO_MA - RHO_FL )

True
PHIE = [( RHO_MA - RHO ) - VSH * ( RHO_MA - RHO_SH)]
/ ( RHO_MA - RHO_FL )

PHIT = PHIE + VSH*PHIT_SH

HC corrected*

DELTA_RHO = SHR * PHIE * A

A = 1.07 * ((1.11 - 0.15 * SALMF) * RHO_MF – (RHO_HC*(1.15 + 0.2*(0.9 -

RHO_HC)**2)))

* Note: HC corrected porosity calculation includes shale and hydrocarbon correction

based on the true density of the hydrocarbon, and its saturation in the flushed zone
(Gaymard and Poupon, 1967).

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Calculation of Porosity using
Density/Neutron Logs
DEN/NEUT

• Chart Lookup
• Bateman-Konen
• Assumptions:
1) the N calculated with respect to
limestone
2) formation fluid is water or oil but not
gas
• TOTAL
PHIT = PHIE + VSH * PHIT_SH
– PHIT_SH = ( RHO_DSH - RHO_SH)
/(RHO_DSH - RHO_W )

• When bad hole flagged, bad hole logic

allowed and sonic  available, sonic  is
used instead.

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 Porosity Analysis
Selection of Porosity Methods:
• Density neutron crossplot (if hole is good and if both logs
are available).

• Sonic neutron crossplot in carbonates or in bad hole

where density is not acceptable.

• Density log corrected for shale (in good hole only).

• Sonic log corrected for shale (in bad hole or if nothing else
is available).

• Neutron log corrected for shale (in bad hole or if nothing

else is available).

Source: Crain’s Petrophysical Handbook

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Water Saturation Analysis
Water Saturation Relationships (Swe, Swt)

CW n
CT  SW  VSH  CSH  SW  General form 
F
Flushed and Unflushed Water Volumes

Voluwat  Swe  e
Vol xwat  S xo  e
Wet & Dry Shale Volumes

Voldryshale  Vsh  (1  TSH )

Volwetshale  Vsh  TSH

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Water Saturation Analysis
• Calculates water saturation using Archie’s
Law, based on total porosity.
• To allow general application when shale
volume is not zero, effective porosity must
be used as well.
• Equation assumes that the only conductive
material is water and will overestimate Sw
if the reservoir has clay-coated sand
grains.
• M can be constant or variable as selected
by OPT_M
• Note: Other models,
which consider
partial contribution
to the conductivity
due to the Vshale,
are also available
under the same
section.

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 Permeability Calculation
• Calculates permeability from log data using Coates Free Fluid Index method.

• Note: Formation at Swirr when bulk volume water (BVW=Sw* ) values are
constant. BVW in the flushed and unflushed zones are displayed and
shaded as VOL_UWAT and VOL_XWAT , respectively within the porosity log
track, indicating the amount of movable hydrocarbon.

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 Matrix Analysis
• TRUMAT estimates mineral volumes by calculating RHO_MAT, DT_MAT and U_MAT from the
following equations:
• RHO = PHIE * RHO_FL + (1 - PHIE - VSH) * RHO_MAT + VSH * RHO_SH

• DT = PHIE * DT_FL + (1 - PHIE - VSH) * DT_MAT + VSH * DT_SH

• U = PHIE * U_FL + (1 - PHIE - VSH) * U_MAT + VSH * U_SH

• Matrix analysis also possible by triangulation of

either the RHOma - Uma or RHOma – DTma
crossplots to solve for up to 3 mineral volumes
(Quartz, Limestone, Dolomite, Anhydrite)

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Estimate mineral content

• Allows ternary mineral distribution

of any 3 of Quartz, Calcite,
Anhydrite and Dolomite.

• Mineral proportions can also be

placed into a layout shaded
between VSH and PHI.

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