Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, renews the oxygen supply in

the lungs and removes the surplus carbon dioxide. Ventilation process is comprised into
two:
a. Inhaling: the diaphragm muscles contract and pull it down
the internal intercostal muscles relax, while the external intercostal muscles
contract and pull the ribcage upwards and outwards
b. Exhaling: the diaphragm muscles relax, allowing the diaphragm to return to its domed
shape
the external intercostal muscles relax, while the internal intercostal muscles
contract, pulling the ribs downwards to bring about a forced expiration

Mitochondria is used for aerobic respiration. ATP is used by the cell as the source of
energy for driving other chemical reactions in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

 Movement is an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of

position or place
 Respiration describes the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules
 Sensitivity is the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external
environment and to make appropriate responses
 Growth is a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or
cell size or both
 Excretion is the removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism
(chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials and substances in
excess of requirements
 Nutrition is taking in of materials for energy, growth, and development

a. Excretion : is the removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess
of requirements
b. - The waste products of its chemical reactions
- The excess water and salts taken in with the diet
- Spent hormones.

yellow/green bile pigment is called BILIRUBIN and it is used as cellular antioxidant.

a. Gravitropism is a response in which a plant grows towards or away from gravity.
Phototropism is a response in which a plant grows towards oraway from the direction
from which light is coming.
b. (i) Homeostasis; (ii) Homeostasis; (iii) Phototropism; (iv) Gravitropism
 The skin (1) has a very important mechanism for maintaining a constant body temperature.
This involves arterioles (2) in the dermis of the skin. Vasodilation (3) is the widening of the
arterioles in the dermis allows more warm blood to flow through blood capillaries near the
skin surface and so lose more heat. Vasoconstriction (4),is the narrowing of the arterioles
in the skin reduced the amount of warm blood flowing through blood capillaries near the
surface.
Skin function:
1. Protection
The outermost layer of dead cells of the epidermishelps to reduce water loss and
provides a barrieragainst bacteria. The pigment cells protect the skinfrom damage by
the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. Inwhite-skinned people, more melanin is produced
inresponse to exposure to sunlight, giving rise to a tan.
2. Sensitivity
Scattered throughout the skin are large numbers oftiny sense receptors, which give rise
to sensations oftouch, pressure, heat, cold and pain. These make usaware of changes
in our surroundings and enable usto take action to avoid damage, to recognize
objectsby touch and to manipulate objects with our hands.
3. Temperature regulation
The skin helps to keep the body temperature moreor less constant. This is done by
adjusting the flow ofblood near the skin surface and by sweating. Theseprocesses are
described more fully below
If the level of sugar in the blood falls, the islets release a hormone called glucagon into the
bloodstream. Glucagon acts on the cell in the liver and causes them to convert some of
their stored glycogen into glucose and so restore the blood sugar level.
Insulin has the opposite effect to glucagon. If the concentration of blood sugar increases
(e.g. after a meal rich in carbohydrate), insulin is released from the islet cells. When the
insulin reaches the liver it stimulates the liver cells to take up glucose from the blood and
store it as glycogen.
Medicinal drugs are any substance used in medicine to help our bodies fight illness or
disease. Example: antibiotics such as streptomycin, penicillin, ampicillin, etc
Antibiotics are not effective against viral diseases.This is because antibiotics work by
disruptingstructures in bacteria such as cell walls andmembranes, or processes associated
with proteinsynthesis and replication of DNA. Viruses have totallydifferent characteristics to
bacteria, so antibiotics donot affect them.

A(n) multicellular organism is a living thing that is composed of many cells.

The process of grouping things based on similarities is called classification
The process of respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
The removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells
including respiration), toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements is called
excretion
Part of lung that is used for gaseous exchange is alveoli
1. Term for the chemical reaction in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release
energy without using oxygen is called _____________________
2. Single glomerulus with its renal capsule, renal tubule and blood capillaries is called
____________________
3. At the top of the trachea which stop food and drink from entering the air passages
when we swallow is called ____________________
4. If the level of sugar in the blood falls, the islets release a hormone called
_____________________ into the blood stream.
5. Streptomycin is a kind of antibiotics to cure _____________________ disease.
6. If the level of sugar in the blood too high, the islets release a hormone called
_____________________ into the blood stream
7. _____________________ carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles
and glands.
8. The process of widening of the arterioles in the dermis which allows more warm blood to
flow through blood capillaries near the skin surface and so lose more heat is called
_____________________
9. Hormone that has a stimulatory effect on the metabolic rate of nearly all the body cells
(such as the speed rate of cell respiration, promotes skeletal growth and normal
development of the brain) is ______________
10. If images of an object fall on this part, we can’t see the object. This part is
called____________
11. A black pigment which gives the skin its color is called ______________
12. Spider and mite are grouped in class of ________________ of arthropods.
13. The oxygen combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells, forming ___________
14. ____________________ is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.