EEC 124

Computer Engineering II

Lecture 3
 Program 1

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 Program 1

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 Identifiers
Identifier: A C++ identifier consists of letters, digits, and the underscore
character (_ ) and must begin with a letter or underscore.

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 Data Types

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 Simple Data Types
There are three categories of simple data:
1. Integral, which is a data type that deals with integers, or numbers without a
decimal part
2. Floating-point, which is a data type that deals with decimal numbers
3. Enumeration, which is a user-defined data type

Integral data types are further classified into the following nine categories:
char, short, int, long, bool, unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned int, and
unsigned long.

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 Floating-Point Data Types

C++ provides three data types to manipulate decimal numbers: float, double,
and long double.

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 Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
Arithmetic Operators:
- + (addition)
- - (subtraction or negation)
- * (multiplication)
- / (division)
- % (mod, (modulus or remainder))

An arithmetic expression is constructed by using arithmetic operators and

numbers. The numbers appearing in the expression are called operands.

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 Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence

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 Order of Precedence
When more than one arithmetic operator is used in an expression, C++ uses the
operator precedence rules to evaluate the expression.

According to the order of precedence rules for arithmetic operators,

*, /, %

are at a higher level of precedence than:

+, -

Note that the operators *, /, and % have the same level of precedence.

Similarly, the operators + and - have the same level of precedence.

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 Order of Precedence

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 Expressions
If all operands (that is, numbers) in an expression are integers, the expression is
called an integral expression.
If all operands in an expression are floating-point numbers, the expression is
called a floating-point or decimal expression.

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 Mixed Expressions
An expression that has operands of different data types is called a mixed
expression. A mixed expression contains both integers and floating-point
numbers. The following expressions are examples of mixed expressions:
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
5.4 * 2 - 13.6 + 18 / 2
Two rules apply when evaluating a mixed expression:
1. When evaluating an operator in a mixed expression:
a. If the operator has the same types of operands (that is, either both integers or
both floating-point numbers.
b. If the operator has both types of operands (that is, one is an integer and the
other is a floating-point number), then during calculation, The result is a
floating point number.
2. The entire expression is evaluated according to the precedence rules; the
multiplication, division, and modulus operators are evaluated before the
addition and subtraction operators.
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 Mixed Expressions

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 Mixed Expressions

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 Type Conversion (Casting)
When a value of one data type is automatically changed to another data type, an
implicit type coercion is said to have occurred.
To avoid implicit type coercion, C++ provides for explicit type conversion or
type casting through the use of a cast operator. Which takes the following
form:
static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)

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 string Type
A string is a sequence of zero or more characters. Strings in C++ are enclosed
in double quotation marks. A string containing no characters is called a null or
empty string.

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 Input
Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables:

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 Input

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 Assignment Statement

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 Assignment Statement

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 Input (Read) Statement

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 Input (Read) Statement

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 Increment and Decrement Operators

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 Increment and Decrement Operators
Suppose that x and y are int variables. Consider the following statements:
x = 5;
y = ++x;
The first statement assigns the value 5 to x. To evaluate the second statement,
which uses the pre-increment operator, first the value of x is incremented to 6,
and then this value, 6, is assigned to y. After the second statement executes,
both x and y have the value 6.
Now, consider the following statements:
x = 5;
y = x++;
As before, the first statement assigns 5 to x. In the second statement, the post-
increment operator is applied to x. To execute the second statement, first the
value of x, which is 5, is used to evaluate the expression, and then the value of
x is incremented to 6. Finally, the value of the expression, which is 5, is stored
in y. After the second statement executes, the value of x is 6, and the value of y
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 Increment and Decrement Operators

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 Output

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 Output

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 Output

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 Output

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