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Objectives
Student should be able to:

Identify piping network

CHAPTER 6 Classify valve types.
Distinguish between Dynamic Pump and Positive
Displacement Pump.
Equipment in Fluid Analyze pump characteristics curve.
Flow Describe NPSH, NPSHR and cavitations.
Understand the basic concepts in selecting and
analyzing components of fluid systems such as pipes,
fittings, valves, pumps and compressors.

Pipes Pipes in series

Pipes are circular in cross
section and available in
widely varying
Q1 = Q 2
size, hL,1-2 = hL,1 + hL,2
wall thickness
materials of Pipes in series  When pipes of different diameters are
construction connected end to end to form a pipeline, so that the fluid
flows through each in turn.

Pipes are used to Q is the same in each branch of the pipe system
(constant).
transport fluid from one
place to another hL,total is the sum of the head losses in individual pipes.

Pipes in parallel Piping Networks

For parallel pipes, perform CV analysis between
points A and B

Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 uA = uB
hL,1 = hL,2 PA u2 P u2
 α 1 A  z A  A  α 2 B  z B  hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Pipes in parallel  When two reservoirs are connected
by two or more pipes in parallel, the fluid can flow from
one to the other by a number of alternatives routes.
Since P is the same for all branches, head loss
Qtotal is the sum of the flow rates in the individual in all branches is the same
branches.
hL across each branch is the same.

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Types of valves
Valve
Mechanical device that regulates the flow
of fluids by opening, closing, or partially
obstructing various passageways. Stop Check
valve valve

Functions of valve :
Stopping and starting fluid flow globe, gate, butterfly, ball ball check valves
valves, plug valves and and swing check
Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow needle valves valves
Controlling the direction of fluid flow
Globe valve Gate valve
Regulating downstream system or process
pressure Ball check
valve
Relieving component or piping over pressure

Globe valve
Types of valves
Linear motion valves with rounded
Stop valves bodies.
Used to shut off or partially shut off the flow of fluid Consist of moving parts – disk, valve
Controlled by the movement of the valve stem stem, and hand wheel.
Commonly used for on-off service and
Check valves handless throttling applications.
Mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to Good for regulating flow
flow in only one direction, preventing process flow
from reversing Advantages: precise throttling and
One way directional valves control and have high-pressure limits.
Fluid flow in the desired direction opens the valve, Disadvantages: low coefficient of flow
while backflow forces the valve closed and not a good selections for
applications that require cleanliness or
sterility.

Gate valve Used when a straight-line flow of Pump

fluid and min restriction is
desired.
Mainly for on/off control, with low A mechanical device that moves fluid by pressure or
pressure drop. suction
Not suitable for throttling
purposes.
Gate valves are classified as:
PUMP
Rising – Stem
Non rising - Stem valves Positive
Usually wedge shape Dynamic Pump Displacement Pump
Advantages: applications -Plunger pump
Rising – Stem Non rising - Stem involving slurries and viscous -centrifugal pump
liquids and available in large -Gear pump
sizes to better handle thick flow.
Disadvantages: low-pressure
limitations, and not optimal in
applications that require
cleanliness or sanitary
conditions.

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Dynamic Pumps
Centrifugal pump
Use the momentum of the fluid to
 2 main parts: move it across an unsealed chamber
 rotating element Dynamic Pumps include
(impeller and a shaft) centrifugal pumps: fluid enters
axially, and is discharged radially.
 stationary element
(casing, stuffing box, mixed-flow pumps: fluid enters
and bearings). axially, and leaves at an angle
between radially and axially.
 Suitable for low viscosity axial pumps: fluid enters and
fluids that can withstand a leaves axially.
moderate amount of shear

Centrifugal pumps Positive Displacement Pump

Operating principles: It force fluid from one sealed chamber to another
Operate using kinetic energy to move fluid with little leakage.
utilizing an impeller and a circular pump casing.
Impeller produces liquid velocity and the casing forces Example: Gear (rotary) pump and Reciprocating
the liquid to discharge from the pump converting (Plunger) pump.
velocity to pressure by offsetting the impeller in the
casing and maintaining a close clearance between the Suitable for higher viscosity liquids or when
impeller and the casing at the cutwater. pressure requirements are high.
Fluid enters the pump near the center of the impeller
and is moved to its outside diameter by the rotating
motion of the impeller.
The vanes on the impeller progressively widen from
the center of the impeller that reduces speed and
increases pressure and allows to produce continuous
flows at high pressure.

Positive Displacement Pump Gear pump

Operating principles:
Use 2 identical gears rotating against each other, one
gear is driven by a motor and it in turn drives the other
gear.
Each gear is supported by a shaft with bearings on both
sides of the gear.
As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding
volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into
the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they
rotate.
Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the
pockets between the teeth and the casing.
Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through
the outlet port under pressure.

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Outlet Ball Check Valve

Reciprocating pump
Gear pump Operating principles:
Using a plunger to move the media through a cylindrical
chamber. Inlet Ball Check Valve

It draw in fluid when the plunger rod extends out of a cylinder

bore and discharge the fluid when the plunger rod retracts.
When the plunger is pulled out, an increasing volume is formed
within the cylinder. The ball check valve at the inlet port allows
fluid to enter and fill this void.
After the cylinder is filled, the plunger is pushed in. The ball
check valve at the inlet closes, and the ball check valve at the
outlet port unseats. A decreasing volume is formed within the
cylinder. This action positively ejects the fluid out of the outlet
port.
The plunger rods are connected to a driveshaft flange by ball-
and-socket joints.
As the driveshaft rotates the cylinder block, the plungers are
forced to reciprocate inside their cylinders.

Advantages of reciprocating pump

Pump over centrifugal pump
They can be designed for higher heads than
centrifugal pumps
They are not subject to air binding and the suction
may be under a pressure less than atmospheric
without necessitating special devices for priming
They are more flexible in operation than centrifugal
pumps
They operate at nearly constant efficiency over a wide
range of flow rates
Reciprocating pump Centrifugal pump

Advantages of centrifugal pump

over reciprocating pump
Selection of pumps
The simplest centrifugal pumps are cheaper than the The quantity of liquid to be handled
simplest reciprocating pumps
Centrifugal pumps deliver liquid at uniform pressure The head against which the liquid is to be
without shocks or pulsations pumped
Directly connected to motor derive without the use of
gears or belts
The nature of the liquid to be pumped
Valves in the discharge line may be completely closed
without injuring them
The nature of power supply
They can be handle liquids with large amounts of solids
in suspension
How often pump being used

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Performance characteristic curve Pumps in Parallel Configuration

The delivered Q is If a single pump does

dependent on the P. not provide enough
flow rate for a given
P

If the required pump P application, connecting

is high, the resulting Q two pumps in parallel
will be low. can rectify the
At low pump P the Q is problem.
high. When two pumps are
Q connected in parallel,
Q will increase.

Pumps in Series Configuration Pump Head

Net Head
u2 u2
If a single pump does
not provide enough
head for a given
Water horsepower
application, two pumps
gQH
connected in series
can be a remedy. Brake horsepower
When two pumps are
connected in series, Pump efficiency
P will be greater. gQH

Pump head Pump head

Steady operating Point 1 & 2 at the free
point: surface of two reservoirs:
P1 = P2 = Patm
u1 = u 2 = 0

Energy equation: hpump,u = z2 – z1 + hL,total

ρgh pump,u
η pump  .
u22 u12 W in
u22 u12

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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)  The difference in
pressure between the pump’s inlet stagnation pressure
head and the vapor pressure head.
u2

Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)  The

NPSH
minimum NPSH necessary to avoid cavitation in the
pump.

NPSH > NPSHR  no cavitation in the pump

Cavitation Cavitation
When cavities form at the suction of the pump, several
things happen:
Formation of an air or vapor pocket
a loss in capacity
(bubble) due to lowering pressure
in a liquid. no longer build the same head (pressure)
Occurs when the pump suction is efficiency drops
under a low pressure / high vacuum causing noise, vibration and damage to many of the
condition where the liquid turns into components
a vapor (bubbles) at the inlet of the
pump (P < Pv).
Should be avoided due to erosion
damage and noise.

Dynamic Two types of

Compressor compressor
Device that is design to compressed air or gas from low
inlet pressure to higher outlet pressure

Positive displacement
It will increase the air or gas pressure and decrease the air a. Rotary
or gas volume

b. Reciprocating

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Reciprocating Compressor Rotary Screw

Cylinder Compressor
Chamber where the compression process takes place by
the change in its volume as the piston moves up and
down.
Piston Helical-lobe
Component located inside the cylinder directly
responsible for the compression of air.
Rotors the main elements of this type of compressor
Crankshaft
where two close clearance helical-lobe rotors turn in
Converts rotational motion generated by the
synchronous mesh.
motor to unidirectional motion for the piston.
As the rotors revolve, the gas is forced into a
Connecting rod
decreasing inter-lobe cavity until it reaches the
Connects the crankshaft with the piston.
discharge port.
Inlet and exhaust valves
Control the amount of air going in and out of the cylinder.

Compressor
Compressor designs utilize four basic principles:
i. Intake
ii. Compression
iii. Discharge
iv. Re-expansion