Richmond

Natural Science

PRIMARY
Natural Science 6 is a collective work, conceived, designed
and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana,
under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.

WRITER
Belén Garrido

MANAGING EDITOR
Sheila Tourle

PROJECT EDITOR
Geona Edwards

EDITOR
Beatriz Bejarano del Palacio

PROOFREADING
Jane Drummond
James Price

ILLUSTRATIONS
Alademosca il∙lustració
Digitalartis
José Santos

Do not write in this book.

Do all the activities in your notebook.
 CONTENTS

Unit Natural Science syllabus Topics

People and health  Nutrients

1 Nutrition I  How nutrition works

People and health  The circulatory system

2 Nutrition II  Pulmonary circulation

16

People and health  Sexual characteristics

3 Reproduction  The reproductive system
26

TERM REVISION

Living things  Cells

4 Living things  Tissues
38

Living things  How to classify living things

The classification
5 of living things
 The five kingdoms

48

Fungi and other Living things  Fungi

6 kingdoms  Protists
58

TERM REVISION

Matter and energy  Types of mixtures

7 Matter and energy  Separation of mixtures

68

Matter and energy  Electrical charges

Electricity and
8 magnetism
  Electric current

80

TERM REVISION

Cooperative project: An electrical matching game

2 two
 Topics Know how to

 The digestive system  The respiratory system React in an emergency situation

 Digestion and health  Respiration and health

 Systemic circulation  The excretory system Perform an experiment and interpret data
 Circulation and health  Excretion and health

 Sex cells  Pregnancy and birth Read a scientific text and draw a diagram
 Fertilization  A healthy pregnancy

 Organs  Organisms Observe and draw cells

 Systems  Animal and plant tissues

 The animal kingdom  Comparison of animals and plants Use a key to identify plants
 The plant kingdom

 Bacteria  Comparison of protists and Describe a mushroom

 Viruses bacteria

 Physical changes  Chemical changes Separate a mixture

 Changes of state  Forms of energy

  Conductors and insulators   Electric circuits Build an electric circuit

  Power plants  Magnetism

three 3
 6 Fungi and other kingdoms

6.1
The wonder of mushrooms
Wild mushrooms are living things that grow on
forest floors, tree trunks and even on top of each
other. They need moisture, cool temperatures and
some light. Wild mushrooms are seasonal and
can be found in autumn and spring.
There are many different types of wild
mushrooms, but they can look very similar. This
makes them very hard to identify. Wild
mushrooms are often spectacular. Some are
edible and delicious, but others are poisonous.
In addition, some wild mushrooms have healing
capabilities. These mushrooms can help fight
against bacteria, inflammation and even cancer.
They are known as medicinal mushrooms.

Read and understand KNOW HOW TO

 Where can you find wild mushrooms?

Describe different fungi and
 Why can you find wild mushrooms in autumn how people use them.
and spring?
Identify the main
 Why are mushrooms difficult to identify? characteristics of protists
 What are medicinal mushrooms? and monerans.
 Have you ever been mushrooming? Where did
you go? FINAL TASK
 Look at the mushrooms on page 59. Which Describe a mushroom.
species do you think is edible? Which do you think
is poisonous?
 
SPEAKING. Do you think mushrooms are plants
or animals?

58 fifty-eight
 Coprinus micaeus Amanita muscaria

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?

The five kingdoms

Living things are classified into five kingdoms:
animals, plants, fungi, protists and monerans.
Living things from the same kingdom share
similar characteristics.

1 Which kingdoms include unicellular living

things?

2 Which kingdoms include living things

that can make their own food?

3 Write two characteristics of each

kingdom.

fifty-nine 59
 The Fungi kingdom

6.2
Fungi are different living things from plants and
animals. Like plants, they cannot move about and
many of them grow in soil. Like animals, fungi cannot
make their own food.

Fungi can feed on other organisms or their remains.

Therefore, they can be found not only on the ground, but
also on pieces of wood or on decomposing food.

Types of fungi
Fungi are classified into two groups:
 Unicellular fungi, like yeasts.
 Multicellular fungi, like mushrooms and moulds. 1

A B C

Some fungi produce mushrooms. A mushroom is only the 1  

Different types of fungi.
visible part of a fungus. The main part of these fungi grows A. Yeast seen through a microscope.
B. White mushroom. C. Bread mould.
beneath the soil, and can be several kilometres long! In
autumn and spring, the fungi grow above ground as
mushrooms so they can reproduce. The main parts of a
mushroom are the cap, the gills, the ring and the stem. 2

cap WORK WITH THE PICTURE

  Have you ever seen mushrooms

growing in the wild? Describe them.
 
I saw some mushrooms last
gills
ring spring. They were growing near
a tree…
stem
  Have you ever seen bread that
looked like the bread in the
photograph? Explain.
  Look at the diagram. Describe each
part of the mushroom.

2  
Parts of a mushroom.

60 sixty
 6

6.3
Fungi and people
Many fungi are beneficial to people, but others can be harmful.

Beneficial fungi

Some fungi can produce edible Some medicines, like penicillin, Blue cheese is made from mould;
mushrooms. are produced by fungi. bread is made from yeast.

Harmful fungi

Some fungi can produce Athlete’s foot is an infection Black mould is very toxic and
poisonous mushrooms, caused by a fungus. can cause respiratory problems.
which can be deadly.

ACTIVITIES

1 WRITING. Write sentences describing how fungi are similar

to plants, and how they are similar to animals.

2 Look at the photograph and answer the questions.

 Which living thing can you see?
6.4  Which kingdom does it belong to?
 Is this living thing unicellular or multicellular?

3 Read, think and answer the questions.

 How are yeasts and moulds similar? How are they different?
 Is a mushroom a complete fungus or only part of a fungus? Explain.
 Why is it so important to identify mushrooms correctly?

sixty-one 61
 The Protista kingdom

Protists include two very different types of organisms:

6.5
algae and protozoa. WORK WITH THE PICTURE

  Compare protozoa and algae.

Algae  
Protozoa are always unicellular.
Algae can be unicellular, but...
Algae are aquatic living things that can be unicellular
  Which of these living things can only
or multicellular. They can make their own food. Some be seen through a microscope?
multicellular marine algae can grow to a very large size. 1

A B

1  
Examples of algae.
A. Diatoms: unicellular algae.
B. Kelp: multicellular algae.

Algae are very nutritious, so they are used as food in many

countries. They are also used as fertilizer and to produce
cosmetics. 2

A B C

2  
Uses of algae. A. Sushi. B. Fertilizer. C. Beauty mask.

Protozoa
Protozoa are unicellular living things that live in aquatic
environments. They feed on other organisms. Some
protozoa can cause diseases, like malaria. 3

A B

3  
Examples of protozoa.
A. Amoeba. B. Paramecium.

62 sixty-two
 The Monera kingdom 6

Monerans are unicellular living things. This kingdom includes

6.6
bacteria, the most abundant of all living things.

Bacteria
Bacteria are the smallest and simplest living things, and can
only be seen through a microscope. 4
Most bacteria feed on other organisms, but some bacteria
make their own food.
Bacteria can be found everywhere in the world. They can live
in all kinds of environments: in water, soil, air or inside other
living things.
Some bacteria are helpful, like the ones used to make 4  
Bacteria on the head of a pin seen
yoghurt, but others are harmful, like the ones that cause through an electron microscope.
cholera.

LEARN MORE

Viruses
Viruses are not included in any of the five kingdoms
because they are not considered living things. A virus is
not a cell. It is a microscopic body that can only
reproduce inside living things. Viruses may cause
illnesses.

The flu virus.

ACTIVITIES

1 Copy and complete the sentences with algae, protozoa and bacteria.

a. and only live in aquatic environments.

6.7
b. can be multicellular.
c. and can make their own food.
d. and can be harmful.
2 Read, think and answer the questions.
 How are animals and protozoa similar? How are they different?
 How are plants and algae similar? How are they different?
 Why are bacteria the most abundant of all living things?
 Why are viruses not considered living things?
3 ICT. Search the Internet for more examples of helpful and harmful
bacteria, and make a list.

sixty-three 63
 KNOW HOW TO

Describe a mushroom
Describing a mushroom is different from describing a plant or an animal. Different things have
to be observed in each case. You are going to describe a mushroom.

Observe and describe the cap and stem.

1 How wide is the cap of your mushroom? How is it attached to the stem?
How long and wide is the stem?

2 Describe the cap of the mushroom using one

of these words:
 square    round    flat

3 Can you identify any other parts

of the mushroom?

Observe and describe the gills.

4 Remove the stem and observe the gills under the cap.
Notice their colour and describe how they are arranged,
using these expressions:
 they are close to/far apart from each other
 they are the same/a different size
 they are/aren’t attached to the stem

Show that you can do it.

5 Make an index card with your description of the mushroom. Include

a drawing or photograph.

6 Observe the photographs of the poplar mushroom and make an index

card as in Activity 5.

64 sixty-four
 FINAL ACTIVITIES
6

1 SUMMARY. Copy and complete the text in 4 Look at the photos. Which living things
your notebook, using these words. are involved in producing these foods?

food - unicellular - protozoa -

6.8 environments - beneficial - monerans -
harmful - multicellular - aquatic - algae -
remains - bacteria

Fungi can be unicellular or . They

feed on other living things or their ,
and they cannot move about. Some fungi
are and others are harmful.
Protists include and .
 Algae are aquatic living things that can
be unicellular or multicellular. They make
their own .
 All protozoa are organisms that live
in environments. They feed on
other living things. 5 GROUP WORK. Find out about edible
mushrooms that grow in your area and
are unicellular living things. They
prepare a poster. Include their name,
include , and can live in all kinds of
description, growing conditions and
. Some bacteria can make their own photographs.
food. They can be beneficial or .
6 CRITICAL THINKING. Algae and some
2 Look at the photographs. Identify the bacteria can make their own food.
living things and say which kingdom they
Which specialized organelles can be found
belong to.
in their cells? Explain your answer.

Show your skills

Choose and carry out one

of the following activities.
A. Make a plasticine model of a
mushroom and label its parts.
B. Search the Internet for information
about beneficial bacteria in the
intestinal tract. Prepare a
presentation for the class.
C. Write a story about a new virus.
Describe its effects, where it lives
and how it is transmitted. Finally,
draw a picture of your virus as seen
3 Draw a Venn diagram in your notebook
through a microscope.
and include similarities and differences
between fungi, protists and monerans.

sixty-five 65
 TEST YOURSELF

Check your vocabulary

algae unicellular or multicellular aquatic living invertebrates animals with no backbone,
things which make their own food. such as sponges and worms.
angiosperms plants membrane the covering around a cell.
that produce flowers multicellular multicellular living things are
and fruits containing made up of many cells.
seeds.
mushroom the visible part of some fungi.
backbone a column
of ring-like bones nucleus the part of a cell that controls its
which all vertebrates function.
have. organ a group of tissues that join together to
bacteria the smallest perform a common function.
and simplest living organism a living thing. Cells, tissues, organs
things. They are and systems work together to form an
unicellular. organism.
cells the basic units of life. protists protozoa and algae. They can be
cell wall the rigid covering around the unicellular or multicellular.
membrane of plant cells. protozoa unicellular aquatic living things which
cytoplasm a jelly-like material between the feed on other organisms.
nucleus and the membrane of a cell. system a group of organs that join together to
chloroplasts specialized organelles in plants. perform a common function.
They absorb sunlight. tissue a group of cells that join together to
ferns non-flowering plants with large leaves perform a common function.
called fronds. unicellular unicellular living things are made
fungi unicellular or multicellular living things up of a single cell.
which cannot move about or make their own vertebrae the ring-like bones that make up
food. the backbone.
gymnosperms plants that produce seeds vertebrates animals with a backbone, such
grouped together in cones. as mammals and birds.

1 Improve your vocabulary by adding these words:

 Types of animal and plant tissues.
 The groups of vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
 Types of fungi and the parts of a mushroom.

2 Identify the picture to the right. Copy it and label

its four main parts.

66 sixty-six
 SECOND TERM

Check your progress

Copy and write the correct answers in your notebook.

1 The part of a cell that controls its function 7 Seed plants include…
is the… a. gymnosperms and angiosperms.
a. cytoplasm. b. molluscs and echinoderms.
b. nucleus. c. mosses and ferns.
c. membrane. 8 Yeasts are…
2 Organs in multicellular living things are a. fungi with mushrooms.
made up of… b. the visible part of fungi.
a. tissues that work independently. c. unicellular fungi.
b. systems that perform the same function. 9 Protozoa are...
c. tissues that work together. a. unicellular.
3 The plant tissue that performs b. multicellular.
photosynthesis is… c. unicellular and multicellular.
a. dermal tissue. 10 The smallest and simplest living things
b. ground tissue. are...
c. vascular tissue. a. viruses.
4 Amphibians are… b. bacteria.
a. oviparous vertebrates. c. fungi.
b. viviparous invertebrates.
c. viviparous vertebrates.
Check your answers
5 Arthropods are…
 Correct the wrong answers.
a. a type of fungus.
b. invertebrates with an external skeleton and  Write in your notebook which lessons
jointed legs. you need to practise more.
c. invertebrates with long, soft bodies.
6 The spores of ferns are found in…
a. capsules.
b. sori.
c. cones.

Think like a mycologist

Imagine you are a mycologist: a mushroom expert. You are

going to lead a group of people on an excursion to find and
pick mushrooms in the countryside. Give them a talk before
you go out.
 Startwith a general explanation of mushrooms. Draw some
pictures to help.
 Talk
to the group about picking and eating wild mushrooms.
Do they need to follow any rules?

sixty-seven 67