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INTRODUCTION .
PREPAREDNESS .
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE .
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE .
GLOSSARY .
BIBLIOGRAPHY .
MERCALLI SCALE .
A seismic event is a process by which a large Statistics also show that, on average, a magnitude 8+
amount of energy is suddenly released. This is earthquake has occurred every 10 years over the
expressed as waves that travel underground. The past five centuries in some part of Chile’s territory
energy is measured using the Richter Scale, which (Madariaga, 1991). These include the magnitude 9.5
increases exponentially. earthquake (measured on the Richter scale) that
occurred in 1960, which is the biggest event recor-
The impact that an earthquake can have on an area ded in world history.
depends on a variety of factors, such as soil type, Therefore, nowadays it is essential to be prepared
the depth of the event, the distance from the area for a large seismic event and to identify actions that
where the plates rupture, and the materials used to can be implementedin homes, schools or workpla-
construct buildings in the area. The measurement of ces as well as actions that should be taken during
this impact yields a seismic intensity that is classi- and after the event. Together, they will help you
fied using the Mercalli Scale. This scale is based prevent significant consequences.
mainly on observation of the effects of the seismic
waveson infrastructure, people, basic services, and The purpose of this document is to provide recom-
land (see Appendix 1). mendations to the general community (families,
companies, and schools) regarding actions to be
Chile’s geographical and geotectonic location makes taken before, during, and after seismic events and
it one of the areas with the greatest amount of earthquakes in order to reduce the impact of this
energy release on the planet. Due to the ongoing phenomenon on the population. These recommen-
convergence of the Nazca and South American dations are based on expert opinions including
plates, located in the so-called subduction zone, our national and international experience. The informa-
country has a high concentration of large-scale tion provided herein does not replace a specific
seismic events. Emergency Plan prepared by professionals but can
serve as a guide for the drafting of said plan.
Nearly 90 earthquakes were recorded between 1570
and 2010, and 50% of the tsunamis that have taken
place in the world have occurred in Chile, many with
catastrophic consequences for the population.
KEY MESSAGES:
• Determine whether the building is earthquake-resistant (home, school or place of business)
• Identify seismic protection locations and safety areas
• Identify the main cut-off valves for basic services
Make sure that doors, hallways, and circulation Keep an updated and visible list of emergency
routes are free of obstacles (e.g., heaters, plants, or phone numbers such as the ambulances, the fire
furniture). Whenever possible, anchor furniture and department and police department as well as the
objects to the floor, walls or ceiling in order to keep companies that provide your home with basic water,
them from overturning. Leave interior doors open gas and electrical services.
and propped in the bedrooms, particularly those
that belong to children, seniors or disabled indivi-
duals given that they may require assistance after
the seismic event.
Get prepared and organized as a family. Identify a • Keep an emergency pack with a basic safety kit,
meeting point and establish a plan to get in touch essential phone numbers, and photocopies of
with one another if you are separated during an important documents such as deeds, family
earthquake. documents, ID cards, etc.
Visit the link below to download material for
creating a Family Preparedness Plan and ensure that
you are coordinated in case of emergency.
http://www.familiapreparada.cl
• Identify the special needs of members of your • Prepare an inclusive emergency kit adapted to the
family or community so that you can provide appro- needs of disabled individuals. The kit should have
priate assistance in case of emergency. emergency elements and items that allow for speci-
fic necessities to be covered, including medications
• Ask people directly about their need for assis- and special food items.
tance and how you can help them most effecti-
vely. • Identify an external support network (neighbors,
police, firefighters, medical clinic, local government)
• Identify, assign and practice the roles that the and communicate specific,vital needs to be met in
various members of the family or community will case of an emergency.
take on in emergency situations.
• Seismic protection locations and safety areas-
• Prepare a comprehensive system of assistance, must be accessible to individuals with disabilities,
defining and assigning specific tasks in order to and must address the specific needs and characte-
assist those who require it based on their necessi- ristics identified.
ties. Practice the system and assign more than one
person to each role when possible.
• If the school is earthquake-resistant, identify and • Ask disabled people what type of assistance they
mark seismic protection locations. Students should may need and how to effectively assist them.
get underneath their desks if they are made of
strong materials (i.e., materials that can withstand • Familiarize yourself with and practice your compre-
non-structural elements) and are located away from hensive school safety plan. It is important to conduct
windows. If they cannot get under the desks, drills regularly in order to prepare the school commu-
students can crouch next to them. nity and implement a procedure based on the struc-
tural quality of the school.
• In a school that is not earthquake-resistant, identi-
fy an outdoor safety area, as the building may collap-
se. The safety area should be located away from
buildings, posts, cables or other elements that could
fall.
• If you are in a place such as a mall, theater, cinema, stadium, etc., identify safe locations and evacuation
routes and agree on a meeting point in case of emergency.
Stay calm.
Move to a seismic protection location if you are in an earthquake-resistant structure.
Move to an outdoor safety area if you are in a non-earthquake-resistant structure.
Protect yourself from falling objects or elements.
Stay calm. People panic when they are not sure If you are in an adobe or informal structure, as
what to do. Follow the plan that you prepared with soon as you feel the earthquake evacuate to a
your family, at work or at school. safety area outside, due to the risk of building
collapsing. During the evacuation, evaluate your
surroundings.
• If you are in an earthquake-resistant building, go to • Do not stand in a doorway. This is not a safe place
a seismic protection location. Stay away from glass, because it acts as a dissipater of the force of the
windows and any element that could fall. Protect earthquake. It works as a relief device and may
yourself and get underneath a solid element (woo- suffer structural damage or collapse.
den table or chair). If this is not possible, place
yourself next to such an element and alongside a • If you are in a wheelchair, try to get to a seismic
structural wall. protection location. If this is not possible, engage
the brakes and protect your head and neck with
• Do not use elevators or stairs. Stay inside the your arms.
building if it is earthquake-resistant. Do not evacua-
te. If you evacuate, do not use the staircase or a
vertical safety area because the latter is appropriate
only for evacuation in case of a fire.
3.2 IF YOU ARE AT HOME
• When the earthquake begins, open the front door • If you are in bed, get up and go to the seismic
and bedroom doors if possible as these can become protection location. If you are unable to reach the
jammed during an earthquake and you could be protection location, stay in bed and protect your
trapped inside. By opening the doors you will be able head with your arms.
to exit your home if necessary. Wear shoes to
protect yourself from broken glass and sharp objects
that may be on the floor.
• If you are driving in an urban area, reduce your • If you are driving through a tunnel, reduce your
speed and carefully stop in a safe place as pedes- speed but try to not stop inside the tunnel. Stay in
trians may be using the road as a safety location. your vehicle until the earthquake is over. Try to exit
Park your vehicle in a safe place away from electrici- the tunnel and park your vehicle in a safe place.
ty posts, wires, trees and signs and stay in your Reduce your speed gradually and avoid any sudden
vehicle with the hazard lights switched on. braking. If you are unable to control your vehicle and
you need to stop, switch on your hazard lights. Pay
attention to instructions from tunnel security staff.
On exiting the tunnel, drive slowly.
• If you are driving along an urban highway, reduce
your speed but try not to stop and be aware of
other drivers and traffic conditions. Signal and head
towards the nearest exit or, on rural highways, use
the shoulder and stop in a safe place with your
hazard lights switched on. If there are no exits, stay
in your lane. Look for warnings on the variable
message signs along the highway and follow the
instructions as the highway concession companies
will provide information on road conditions. After
the earthquake, continue driving carefully at a low
speed (average 25 mph) to avoid other vehicles or
obstacles on the highway.
• If you are driving across a bridge, reduce your speed but try not to stop. Stay in your vehicle until the earthquake
is over. It is best to leave the bridge and park your vehicle in a safe place. Reduce your speed gradually and avoid
any sudden braking. If necessary, stop on the berm once you have exited the bridge with your hazard lights
switched on. If you need to get out of your vehicle, use only the passenger door on the same side as the shoulder.
Do not walk along the road and do not try to stop another vehicle.
Check yourself, your family and people around you To find out how to administer basic first aid, visit
for physical injuries. If anyone is injured, administer the web site of the Cruz Roja Chilena (Chilean Red
first aid and only call or visit the emergency Cross):
services if necessary.
http://www.primerosauxilioschile.cl/
Do not use candles, matches or any ignition
sources such as light switches or sockets, or
anything that may cause a fire or explosion in the
event of a gas leak. If you smell gas, open doors and
windows and evacuate immediately to the safety
area outside the building. Inform the gas company
and firefighters.
Shut off the gas and electricity using the main gas
valve and the central fuse box or switch. This will
avoid situations such as current surges, short
circuits, electrocutions, fires or explosions. Then go
to the safety area outside the building.
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When evacuating a building, proceed with caution Check that the building is safe before returning. If
down the stairways or the vertical safety area, you detect any damage, it is best to stay somewhe-
checking for any damage that may pose a risk to re else until an expert evaluation has been carried
people. If your emergency exit route is damaged or out.
blocked, call emergency services and do not use the
elevators.
4.
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4.2. IF YOU ARE TRAPPED INSIDE A BUILDING
• Stay calm, call for help and wait for the rescuers to arrive.
• Do not improvise evacuation routes as these may pose a greater danger.
• Stay calm.
• Try not to move, avoid kicking up dust.
• Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or an item of clothing.
• If you are bleeding apply pressure directly to the wound.
• Avoid shouting as you may inhale dangerous amounts of dust.
• Alert others of your presence, for example, by tapping on a pipe or a wall with a heavy object so that
rescuers can hear you.
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ESCALA MERCALLI FLOWCHART OF RECOMMENDED ACTIONS DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
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Seismic protection location: In an earthquake-resis- Seismic activity: Process whereby energy is released
tant building, this is a place that is protected from in waves that travel through the earth’s crust to the
any falling or flying objects or furniture items (light surface and are felt by people to varying degrees of
fixtures, false ceilings, air conditioning ducts, etc.). If intensity.
you are in a place with these characteristics (office,
workplace etc.), you can avoid injuries during an Earthquake: In Chile, high-intensity seismic activity
earthquake. Seismic protection locations must be in a particular location that causes damage to infras-
clearly indicated and occupants of the building must tructure and/or loss of human life is referred to as an
be made aware of these locations during the prepa- earthquake.
6.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Araya, Guillermo A. Por qué no es recomendable aplicar en Chile la indicación “Agáchate, Cúbrete y Afírmate” en
caso de Sismos y Terremotos. Santiago, 2012. 7 p.
CONASET. Nota técnica informativa de accidentabilidad de tránsito asociada al terremoto del 27 de Febrero 2010.
Santiago: Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones, 2013. 8 p.
Lastra T, Jorge et al. Características epidemiológicas de los fallecidos durante el terremoto y maremoto de Chile
2010. Rev. méd. Chile [online]. 2012, vol.140, n.6, pp. 732-739 . Disponible en: <http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?s-
cript=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-98872012000600006&lng=es&nrm=iso> . ISSN 0034-9887. Consultado el: 20 de
Febrero 2013 .
7.
Lopez, Rocky. American Red Cross response to “Triangle of Life” by Doug Copp.2004. Disponible en:
<http://www2.bpaonline.org/Emergencyprep/arc-on-doug-copp.html>. Consultado el: 25 de Marzo 2013.
NDEC (National Disaster Education Coalition). Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages, Eartquakes.
Estados Unidos: NDEC, Julio 2004. Disponible en: <http://www.disastereducation.org/guide.html>. Consultado el:
22 Febrero 2013.
Noji, Eric K., ed. Impacto de los desastres en la salud pública. Impacto de los desastres en la salud pública
Bogotá, Colombia: Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2000. p. 484. ISBN 92 75 32332 1. Disponible en:
<http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Jwho71s/>. Consultado el: 20 Febrero 2013.
Ramirez, Marizen; Peek-Assa, Corinne . Epidemiology of Traumatic Injuries from Earthquakes. Epidemiology
Review. 2005, vol.27, pp. 47-55. Disponible en: <http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/1/47.short>. Consul-
tado el: 15 de Abril 2013.
Shoaf, K. I., Sareen, H. R., Nguyen, L. H. and Bourque, L. B. Injuries as a Result of California Earthquakes in the Past
Decade. Disasters. 1998, vol.22, pp. 218–235.
SCEC (Southern California Earthquake Center y otros). Echando raíces en tierra de terremotos. Primavera 2007.
Disponible en: <http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots-es/RootsSoCal_2007Spanish.pdf>. Consultado el: 05 de
Mayo 2013.
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SEISMIC ACTIVITY
Low Intensity Medium Intensity High Intensity
MERCALLI SCALE
INTENSITY II
Felt only by a few people at rest, especially
on the upper floors of buildings.
INTENSITY VI INTENSITY VIII
Felt by everyone. Walking feels unsafe. Difficult and dangerous to drive a vehicle.
Windows, dishes and fragile objects Considerable damage and partial
broken. Furniture moved and overturned.
8.
INTENSITY IX
INTENSITY IV General panic. Standard well-built
Hanging objects visibly swing. Felt by masonry structures are damaged and may
everyone inside buildings and houses. The collapse totally.Wooden structures shifted
sensation is similar to a passing heavy off their foundations. Underground pipes
vehicle. Only felt by some people outside. burst.
INTENSITY X
Almost all types of masonry structures
destroyed. Some well-built wooden
structures, including bridges, are
destroyed. Major damage to reservoirs,
dams and harbor walls. Rail tracks are
slightly bent
INTENSITY XI
Very few masonry structures remain
standing. Rail tracks are heavily bent. Pipes
are entirely out of service.
INTENSITY XII
Almost total destruction. Large rock
masses are moved. Objects thrown into
the air. Lines of sight are distorted.
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SENADIS
Ministerio de
Desarrollo Social
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