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INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
High blood disease known as hypertension is a disease that gets attention from
all circles of society, considering its impact both short and long term and thus require
long-term response that fully. Hypertension cause morbidity (illness) and mortality
(death) is high.
Hypertension is a disease resulting from the interaction of various risk factors
a person has. Various studies have linked between the various risk factors on the
incidence of hypertension.
Based on the research that has been conducted poorer prevalence (incidence)
of hypertension increases with age.From various epidemiological studies conducted
in Indonesia showed 1.8 to 28.6% of the population aged over 20 years are
hypertensive.
Hypertension, currently there is a trend that more urban than rural communities
suffer from hypertension. This is partly attributed to the urban lifestyle associated with the
risk of hypertension such as stress, obesity (overweight), lack of exercise, smoking,
alcohol, and eating foods high in fat content.
Along with age, almost everyone has experienced an increase in blood
pressure, systolic blood pressure continues to increase until the age of 80 years and
diastolic pressures continue to increase until the age of 55-60 years, then decrease
slowly or even decreased dramatically.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definitions
Hypertension or high blood pressure, is increased blood pressure or force of
blood pressing on the walls of the cavity where the blood was. High Blood Pressure
(hypertension) is an increase in blood pressure in the arteries. (Hiper means
Overrated, tension means pressure / t egangan; j adi, hipertensi is p system
disorders that cause blood eredaran rise in blood pressure above the normal value.
Blood pressure in a person's life varies naturally. Infants and children
normally have a blood pressure that is much lower than adults. Blood pressure is also
affected by physical activity, which will be higher at the time of the activity and
lower when resting. Blood pressure is also different in one day, the highest in the
morning and most re ndah during nighttime sleep.
2.4. Anatomy
a. Heart
Measuring about one fist and is located within the chest, the limit on the right is
right and apeksnya sternum in the fifth intercostalis space midclavicular left
linea.
Relation of heart is:
Above: large blood vessels
Bottom: diaphragm
Each side: lung - lung
Rear: the descending aorta, esophagus, vertebral Columna
b. Arteries
Is the tube through which the blood flow in tissues and organs.Consists of
layers of the arteries: a slippery layer, the middle layer of elastin tissue / muscle: the
aorta and major branches have laposan center consisting of a network of elastin (to
deliver blood to the organs), smaller arteries have a muscular middle layer (regulating
the amount of Blood delivered to an organ).
c. Arterioles
Are the blood vessels with smooth muscle wall is relatively thick. Arteriolar
wall muscles to contract. Contractions caused kontriksi diameter blood vessels. When
kontriksi localized, blood supply to the tissues/organs is reduced. If there kontriksi
general, blood pressure will increase.
d. Major blood vessels and capillaries
The main blood vessels are thin-walled vessels that run directly from
arterioles to venul. Capillaries are the network of small blood vessels open major
blood vessels.
e. Sinusoids
There are spleen, liver, bone marrow, and endocrine glands.Sinusoids three to
four times greater than in capillaries and partially coated with reticulo-endothelial
system cells. In places the sinusoid, having direct contact with the blood cells and the
exchange does not take place through the network space.
f. Vena and venul
Venul is a combination of small veins formed capillaries. Veins formed by the
combined venul. Veins have three walls that are not adjacent to each other perfectly.
(Gibson, John. Issue 2 2002, p 110)
2.5. Physiology
The heart has the function as a pump oxygenated blood in the arterial system,
which was brought into the cell and the entire body to collect blood deoxygenation
(blood oxygen levels less) of the vein system are delivered to the lungs for
reoksigenasi (Black, 1997)
Primary Prevention:
· Adequate sleep, between 6-8 hours per day.
· Reduce high cholesterol foods and multiply physical activity to lose weight.
· Reduce alcohol consumption.
· Consumption of fish oil.
· The supply of calcium, although only slightly lower blood pressure but calcium is also
quite helpful.
Secondary Prevention
· Pattern whice food healthy.
· Reduce salt and sodium in your diet.
· Physical active.
· Reduce intake Alcohol.
· Stop smoking.
Tertiary Prevention
· Control of blood on a regular basis.
· Sports regularly and adjusted to body condition.
How to set up a diet for people with hypertension is to improve the taste by
adding sugar fresh red / white onion (red / white), ginger, and other spices kencur are
not salted or salt contains less sodium.Food can be sauteed to improve the taste. Put
salt at the table above can be taken to avoid excessive use of salt. It is recommended
to always use iodized salt and salt use no more than 1 teaspoon per day.
Increasing potassium intake (4.5 grams or 120-175 mEq / day) can give the
effect of a mild decrease in blood pressure. In addition, administration of potassium
also helps to replace lost sodium and low potassium result. Can generally used
medium size (50 grams) of apples (159 mg potassium), orange (250 mg potassium),
tomato (366 mg potassium), banana (451 mg potassium) baked potato (503 mg
potassium) and 1 cup skim milk (406 mg potassium). Adequacy of calcium is
important to prevent and treat hypertension: 2-3 glasses of skim milk or 40 mg / day,
115 grams of low-sodium cheese to meet the needs of calcium 250 mg / day. While
the needs of the average daily calcium 808 mg.
In pregnant women food enough protein, calories, calcium and sodium are
associated with a lower incidence of hypertension of pregnancy. However, pregnant
women are especially hypertension accompanied by swelling and urinary protein
(pre-eclampsia), other than medicines recommended to reduce salt intake and
increase food sources of Mg (vegetables and fruits).
b. SUPPLEMENTATION anti oxidant
Despite antioxidant supplementation still require further research, but today
many supplements are sold and consumed by the public. As medical personnel should
be careful giving advice supplement drink to avoid overdose.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Hypertension or high blood pressure, is increased blood pressure or force of
blood pressing on the walls of the cavity where the blood was.
Blood pressure in a person's life varies naturally. Infants and children
normally have a blood pressure that is much lower than adults. Blood pressure is also
affected by physical activity, which will be higher at the time of the activity and
lower when resting. Blood pressure is also different in one day, the highest in the
morning and lowest at night during sleep.
3.2. Suggestion
How to set up a diet for people with hypertension is to improve the taste by
adding sugar fresh red / white onion (red / white), ginger, and other spices kencur are
not salted or salt contains less sodium. Food can be sauteed to improve the taste. Put
salt at the table above can be taken to avoid excessive use of salt. It is recommended
to always use iodized salt and salt use no more than 1 teaspoon per day.