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Chapter 7: Electricity
CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY
+ + + + dome
+
+ +
+ +
+
2. How are electrical charges produced by a Van de Graaff generator? And what type
of charges is usually produced on the dome of the generator?
When the motor of the Van de Graaff generator is switched on, it drives the
………………………..
This causes the rubber belt to against the …….……… and hence becomes …..
………
The charge is then carried by the moving belt up to the …………… ……….
where it is collected.
A large amount of ……………. is built up on the dome
……………………. charges are usually produced on the dome of the generator.
+ + +
+ +
3. What will happen if the charged dome + +
of the Van de Graaff is connected to the
earth via a micrometer? Explain.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Electric Current
1. Electric current consists of a flow of …………......
2. The more charges that flow through a cross
section within a given time, the ………………
is the current.
3. Electric current is defined as the
rate of flow of ………………………….
Each second, 15 coulombs of charge cross the
plane. The current is I = 15 amperes. One
4. In symbols, it is given as: ampere is one coulomb per second.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
I= where I = …………………….…
Q = …………………….…
t = ………….....................
4. If one coulomb of charge flows past in one second, then the current is ………………….
ampere.
5. 15 amperes means in ………………second, …………….. coulomb of charge through a
cross section of a conductor.
6. In a metal wire, the charges are carried by………………….
7. Each electron carries a charge of ………………………..
8. 1 C of charge is……………………………..
Electric Field
a) An electric field is a ………………. in which an……………… experiences
a…………..
b) An electric field can be represented by a number of lines indicate both
the……………. and ……………….. of the field
c) The principles involved in drawing electric field lines are :
(i) electric field lines always extend from a ……………… - charged
object to a
………………..-charged object
(ii) electric field lines never ………………….. each other,
(ii) electric field lines are ……………….. in a …………………..
electric field.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Demo: To study the electric field and the effects of an electric field.
Method
DEMO
A)
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Observation:
The polystyrene ball oscillated between the
two plates, touching one plate after
another.
Explanation:
When the polystyrene ball touches the
1. Place the polystyrene ball between the negatively charged plate, the ball
two metal plates. receives negative charges from the plate
2. Switch on the E.H.T and displace the and experiences a repulsive force.
polystyrene ball slightly so that it
touches one of the metal plates The ball will then move to the positively
charged plate.
C) Observation:
The candle flame splits into two portions in
opposite direction. The portion that is
attracted to the negative plate is very much
larger than the portion of the flame that
isExplanation:
1) Switch of the E.H.T and replace the The heat of the flame ionizes the air
polystyrene ball with a lighted candle. molecules to become positive and
2) Sketch the flame observed when the negative charges.
E.H.T. is switched on.
Conclusion
1. Electric field is a ………………………………………………………………………..
2. Like charges ………………. each other but opposite charges …………… each other.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
3. Electric field lines are ……………………in an electric field. The direction of the
field lines is from …………………….. to …………………………
Exercise 7.1
1. 5 C of charge flows through a wire in 10 s. What is the current in the wire?
2. A charge of 300 C flow through a bulb in every 2 minutes. What is the electric
current in the bulb?
3. The current in a lamp is 0.2 A. Calculate the amount of electric charge that passes
through the lamp in 1 hour.
4. If a current of 0.8 A flows in a wire, how many electrons pass through the wire in one
minute? (Given: The charge on an electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C)
An electric current of 200 mA flows through a resistor for 3 seconds, what is the
(a) electric charge
(b) the number of electrons which flow through the resistor?
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
(a) (b)
X
P Q
Pressure at point P is ……………… Gravitational potential energy at X is ……………
than the pressure at point Q
than the gravitational potential energy at Y.
Water will flow from ……to …… The apple will fall from …… to …… when the
when the valve is opened.
apple is released.
This due to the ……………….. in the This due to the …………………….. in the
pressure of water
gravitational potential energy.
(c) Similarly,
Point A is connected to…………………. terminal
Point B is connected to …………………. terminal
Electric potential at A is ……………. than the electric
potential at B. Bulb
A B
Electric current flows from A to B, passing the bulb in
the circuit and ……………….. the bulb.
This is due to the electric ………………. between the
two terminals.
As the charges flow from A to B, work is done when
electrical energy is transformed to ………….and
…………… energy.
The potential difference, V between two points in a
circuit is defined as
……………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
………………
The potential difference,V between the two points will
be given by:
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
where W is ………………………….
Work
V= Quantityofch arg e
= Q is ………………………….
W
Q
voltmeter Switch
Constantan wire //
connecting wire eureka wire
bulb
resistance
rheostat
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
1. Name the device used to measure 1. Name the device used to measure
electrical current. potential difference.
2. (a) What is the SI unit for current? 2. (a) What is the SI unit for potential
difference?
(b) What is the symbol for the unit of (b) What is the symbol for the unit of
current? potential difference?
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
(a) (b)
Figure (a) and figure (b) show two electrical circuits. Why do the ammeters show different
readings? Why do the bulbs light up with different intensity?
Referring to the figure (a) and (b) complete the following table:
(a) Inference The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference across it.
(b) Hypothesis
To determine the relationship between current and potential difference for a
(c) Aim
constantan wire.
(i) manipul
ated variable
:
(ii) respondi
(d) Variables :
ng variable
:
(iii) fixed
variable
Apparatus /
materials
Method :
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter reads the
current, I= 0.2 A.
3. Read and record the potential difference, V across the wire.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A and 0.7 A.
Tabulation of :
data Current,I/A Volt, V/V
0.2 1.0
0.3 1.5
0.4 2.0
0.5 2.5
0.6 3.0
0.7 3.5
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Conclusion : The potential difference, V across a conductor increases when the current, I passing
through it increases as long as the conductor is kept at constant temperature.
Ohm’s Law
(a)
Ohm’s law states
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
V
or = constant
I
Resistance is ………………….
proportional to the length of a
conductor
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
The cross-sectional
The ……………….….. the cross -
sectional area, the …….…………
the its resistance
Resistance is ……………...……..
proportional to the cross-sectional
area of a conductor
the conductor,
of the
True False
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
I t
2. i) Electric charge, Q = ( It / / )
t I
V Q
ii) Work done, W = (QV / Q / )
V
iii) Base on your answer in 2(i) and (ii) derive the work done, W in terms of I, V and t.
W = QV
= ItV
3. If a charge of 5.0 C flows through a wire and the amount of electrical energy converted
into heat is 2.5 J. Calculate the potential differences across the ends of the wire.
W = QV
2.5 = 5.0 (V)
V = 0.5 V
4. A light bulb is switched on for a period of time. In that period of time, 5 C of charges
passed through it and 25 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy. What
is the potential difference across the bulb?
W = QV
20 = 6 (V)
V = 3.33 V
5. The potential difference of 10 V is used to operate an electric motor. How much work is
done in moving 3 C of electric charge through the motor?
W = QV
= 3 (10)
= 30 J
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
= 3000 J
V = IR
= 0.5 (5)
2.5 V
V = IR
3.0 = 2.0 (R) = 1.5
9. What is the value of the resistor in the figure, if
the dry cells supply 2.0 V and the ammeter
reading is 0.5 A?
V = IR
2.0 = 0.5 (R)
R = 4
V = IR
3.0 = 6 (R)
R = 0.5
V = IR
= 0.5 (3)
R = 1.5
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
V = IR
12 = I (5)
I = 2.4 A
Q = It
= 2.4 (30)
= 72 C
W = QV or W = VIt
= 72 (12) = 12(2.4)(30)
= 864 C = 864 C
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
V = IR
3.0 = 0.3(R)
I = 10
Y
a) Calculate the resistance of conductor X.
From V-I graph, resistance = gradient 2
= 0 I/A
0 2
= 4
R
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V/V
Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
= 0.75 A
21. Figure shows the circuit used to investigate the relationship between potential
difference, V and current, I for a piece of constantan wire. The graph of V against I
from the experiment is as shown in the figure below.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Effective resistance, R
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
(e) (f)
(h)
(g)
(i)
(j)
Exercise 7.3
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
(b) the main current, I in the circuit (c) the potential difference across each bulb.
V = IR 2: V = IR = (0.5)(2) = 1V
2.5 =I(5) 3: V = IR = (0.5)(3) = 1.5 V
= 0.5 A
4.
The voltage supplied to the parallel is 3 V. R1 and R2
have a resistance of 5 and 20. Calculate
(c) the main current, I in the circuit (d) the current passing through each resistor
V = IR 5: V = IR 20 : V = IR
3 =I(4) 3 =I(5) 3 =I(20)
= 0.75 A I = 0.6 A I = 0.15 A
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Effective R = 6 Effective R = 4
V = IR V = IR
12 =I(6) 12 =I(4)
I=2A I=3A
(b)
7.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
8.
The electrical components in our household appliances are connected in a combination of series and
parallel circuits. The above figure shows a hair dryer which has components connected in series and
parallel. Describe how the circuit works.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
E,r
R
Current flowing
No current flow
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
f) It means, (0 J / less than 1.5 J / 1.5 J / 3.0 J) of electrical energy is required to move 1 C
charge across the cell or around a complete circuit.
2. The switch is then closed as shown in figure (b).
= VR + Vr where VR = IR and Vr = Ir
= IR + Ir
= I (R + r)
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
3.
i. Why is the potential difference across the resistor not the same as the
e.m.f. of the battery?
Since E = V + Ir
Since V = IR
1.1 = 0.5 R
R = 2.2
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Voltmeter
V
Internal resistance
+
Dry cell
-
Ammeter
Switch
Rheostat
Tabulation of :
data Current,I/A Volt, V/V
0.2 2.6
0.3 2.5
0.4 2.4
0.5 2.2
0.6 2.0
0.7 1.9
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Analysis of data :
Based on the
above data,
draw a graph of
V against I
Discussion : 1. From the graph plotted, state the relationship between the potential difference, V
across the cell and the current flow, I?
The potential difference, V across the cell decreases as the current flow increases.
2. A cell has an internal resistance, r. This is the resistance against the movement of
the charge due to the electrolyte in the cell. With the help of the figure, explain the
result obtained in this experiment.
When the current flowing through the circuit increases, the quantity of charge
flowing per unit time increased. Hence, more energy was lost in moving a larger
amount of charge across the electrolyte. Because of this, there was a bigger drop in
potential difference measured by the voltmeter.
3. By using the equation E = V + Ir
(a) write down V in terms of E, I and r.
V = -rI + E
(b) explain how can you determine the values of E and r from the graph plotted in
this experiment.
E = the vertical intercept of the V – I graph
R = the gradient of the V – I graph
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Exercise 7.4
1 A voltmeter connected directly across a battery gives a reading of 1.5 V.
The voltmeter reading drops to 1.35 V when a bulb is connected to the
battery and the ammeter reading is 0.3 A. Find the internal resistance of
the battery.
2. A circuit contains a cell of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance, r. If the external resistor has a value of 10.0
and the potential difference across it is 2.5 V, find the value of the current, I in the circuit and the internal
resistance, r.
E = 3.0 V, R = 10 , V = 2.5 V
Calculate current : V = IR
Calculate internal resistance : E = I(R + r)
r = 2.0
3 A simple circuit consisting of a 2 V dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5. When the switch is
closed, the ammeter reading is 0.4 A.
Calculate
(a) the voltmeter reading in open circuit
The voltmeter reading = e.m.f. = 2 V
(b) the resistance, R (c) the voltmeter reading in closed circuit
E = I(R + r) V = IR
2 = 0.4(R + 0.5) = 0.4 (4.5)
R = 4.5 = 1.8 V
V = IR
e.m.f. 11.4 = 0.5 (R)
R = 22.8
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
5
/V
A cell of e.m.f., E and internal resistor, r is connected to
a rheostat. The ammeter reading, I and the voltmeter
reading, V are recorded for different resistance, R of the 6
rheostat. The graph of V against I is as shown.
2
From the graph, determine
/A
2
a) the electromotive force, e.m.f., E b) the internal resistor, r of the cell
E = V + Ir r = - gradient
Rearrange :V = E - Ir = - (6 - 2)
Equivalent : y = mx + c 2
Hence, from V – I graph : E = c = intercept of V-axis =2
=6V
6 V/V
The graph V against I shown was obtained from an experiment.
1.5
a) Sketch a circuit diagram for the experiment
0.2
1/A
5
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Electrical Energy
1. Energy Conversion
2. When an electrical appliance is switched on, the flows and the .............................. energy
supplied by the source is ................................... to other forms of energy.
3. Therefore, we can define electrical energy as :
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
E = VQ P = VQ
; where Q = It
t
Hence, ; where V = IR
E = VI t P = VI
2
Hence, E = I2R ; where I = V P= I R
R t
2
P = I2 R
Hence, E= V t
R
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
1. The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given period of time can be calculated
by
Energy consumed = Power rating x Time
E = Pt where energy, E is in Joules
power, P is in watts
time, t is in seconds
2. The unit of measurement used for electrical energy consumption is the
………………………………………...
1 kWh = 1000 x 3600 J
= 3.6 x 106 J
= 1 unit
3. One kilowatt-hour is the electrical energy dissipated or transferred by a ….. kW device in
……... hour
4. Household electrical appliances that work on the heating effect of current are usually
marked with, ……………… and …………………..
5. The energy consumption of an electrical appliance depends on the ……………… and
the………………………., , E = Pt
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Cost of energy
Energy
Appliance Quantity Power / W Power / kW Time Consumed
(kWh)
Bulb 5 60 8 hours
= 16.58 kWh
= RM 4.64
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
Exercise 7.5
1. How much power dissipated in the bulb?
(a) R = 10
5V
(b) R = 10
R = 10
5V
2.
V= 15V I
R1=2 R3=4
R2=4
Calculate
(a) the current, I in the circuit (b) the energy released in R 1 in 10 s.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
2. A lamp is marked “12 V, 24 W”. How many joules of electrical energy does it consume
in an hour?
4. An electric kettle is rated 240 V 2 kW. Calculate the resistance of its heating element and
the current at normal usage.
(b) How much energy will be transferred to the water in the kettle in 2 minutes?
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
7. Table below shows the power rating and energy consumption of some electrical appliances when
connected to the 240 V mains supply.
Calculate
= 1.2 kWh
Lamp = 5 x 0.06 x 8
= 2.4 kWh
Total energy consumed = 15.2 kWh
(b) How much would it cost to operate the appliances for 1 month?
= RM 108.43
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
8. A vacuum cleaner consumes 1 kW of power but only delivers 400 J of useful work per
second. What is the efficiency of the vacuum cleaner?
9. An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height 5 m in 2.5 s. If the supply
voltage is 12 V and the flow of current in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
A. 2.5 x 10-7 C
B. 1.5 x 10-5 C
C. 6.0 x 10-5 C
D. 3.6 x 10-3 C
E. 2.2 x 10-1 C
B.
B.
C.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
D.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
B. A. Power
B. Electrical energy
C. Electromotive force
C.
D.
The figure above shows a graph of electric current against potential difference for three different conductors
X, Y and Z.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
(a) Among the three conductors, which conductor obeys Ohm’s law?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Resistance, R is given by the formula R = V/I. What is the resistance of X when the current flowing
through it is 0.4 A? Show clearly on the graph how is the answer obtained.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. The figure below shows an electric kettle connected to a 240 V power supply by a flexible cable. The
kettle is rated “240 V, 2500 W”.
The table below shows the maximum electric current that is able to flow through wires of various
diameters.
0.80 8
1.00 10
1.20 13
1.40 15
(a) What is the current flowing through the cable when the kettle is switched on?
i. What is the smallest diameter wire that can be safely used for this kettle?
_________________________________________________________
ii. Explain why it is dangerous to use a wire thinner than the one selected in b(i)
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
(c) State one precautionary measure that should be taken to ensure safe usage of the kettle.
___________________________________________________________________________________
(d) Mention one fault that might happen in the cable that will cause the fuse in the plug to melt.
___________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Referring to figure (a) and figure (b), compare the state of the switch, S, and the readings of
the voltmeter. State a reason for the observation on the readings of the voltmeter.
(c) Draw a suitable simple electric circuit and a suitable graph, briefly explain how the e.m.f. and
the quantity in your reason in (b) can be obtained.
(d)
The figure above shows a dry cell operated torchlight with metal casing
2. A group of engineers were entrusted to choose a suitable cable to be used as the transmitting cable for a
long distance electrical transmission through National Grid Network.
Four different cables and their characteristic of the cables were given. The length and diameter of all
the cables are similar.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 7: Electricity
(c) Suggest how three similar bulbs are arranged effectively in a domestic circuit. Draw a
diagram to explain your answer. Give two reasons for the arrangement.
(i) Calculate how long would it take to boil 1.5 kg of water from an initial temperature of 280 C.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 0C-1]
(ii) What is the assumption made in the calculations above?
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