Body Image & Societal Roles 1

How Does The Portrayal Of The Ideal Body Image In The United States Affect The Way

That People View Themselves & Their Role In Society?

Rotem Yatziv

Global Studies and World Languages Academy

Instructor: Gregory Falls

December 08, 2017

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Abstract

Society as a whole has come to the conclusion that there is one certain way that a person should

look. There should be a certain height, a certain weight, a certain waist size, and even a certain

way that people should style their hair or clothes. From the moment that a person is born and

becomes a functioning member of society they are told these things. They are told how to act and

if they do not act this specific way then they will not be accepted in society. They are told how to

speak and how to think. It has been drilled into society that everyone should try and achieve this

“perfect” body type. Organizations such as Eating Disorder Hope (EDH) and The Body Positive

are trying to change this. They are trying to get more people to have a positive body image rather

than a distorted body image. Corporate media has been doing the opposite by publishing articles

that body shame other men and women for not looking a certain type of way. This paper

discusses the evolution of the “perfect” body image, the effects of distorted body image of a

person and how the media and Hollywood defines what the ideal is.
Body Image & Societal Roles 3

Table of Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………….3

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..4

Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………...5

Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………….6

Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………9

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….16

References……………………………………………………………………………………..…18

Appendix A………………………………………………………………………………………21

Appendix B………………………………………………………………………………………22

Appendix C………………………………………………………………………………………23

Appendix

D………………………………………………………………………………………24

Appendix

E………………………………………………………………………………………25
Body Image & Societal Roles 4

Introduction

What is “perfect?” Webster's Dictionary defines “perfect” as being “without fault or

flaws.” There are things that are often deemed perfect, such as paintings or performances, but not

bodies. Everyone has a unique body type and not one of those bodies is perfect, or ever will be.

Imperfections are common on bodies, but mass media through Hollywood tries to portray that

having things like stretch marks means that someone is less attractive or unacceptable. As a

result, American society today has set a standard on what the “perfect” body looks like for both

males and females. The portrayal of the “perfect” body has also spread globally. Areas such as

Latin America and Asia for example, have their own version of the “ideal” body, but it is still

similar to the western ideal. Because of this standard, many people in the United States compare

themselves to others, especially models. This has led to many physical and neurological diseases

such as, eating disorders and depression. The ideal body image for males and females in the

United States affects people by portraying an image that is impossible to attain, therefore it

causes people to view themselves lesser than the acceptable standard, which is anything but

standard because it is an ever changing concept or idea.

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Limitations

Personal Bias: Positive body image has been a very personal and important topic to the author.

She has struggled with bullies before due to her appearance and hence takes this topic to heart

and has very strong opinions on it. The author has also struggled with distorted body image in

the past and would like to make sure that no person should go through having a distorted body

image. Therefore it is very hard for the author to not include personal bias in the paper.

Geographical Limitations: Besides the United States, the author has chosen to include areas

such as East Asia and Latin America. Due to money and time the author cannot travel to the

countries that she is interested in for the research. Also due to time zones, the author does not

have good time to contact residents in these certain countries.

Access to data limitations: The author is a high school student, therefore, many college

resources may not be available to the author. College resources are very helpful because they go

more in depth into the research topic. If the author cannot access these resources then she is

limited to basic and sometimes vague resources.

Time restrictions: The author was given a limited time period to conduct her research and write

her paper. Therefore any research that could have been used in the research paper would have

needed to be conducted in the period of September 05 to December 08, 2017. Any information

added to sources after these dates would essentially be irrelevant to the research.

Literature Review
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Mass media through Hollywood has been setting the standard for what the “perfect” body

looks like. This standard has been breaking down men’s and women’s confidence and has led

them to compare themselves with those who are deemed “perfect”. The standard for the

“perfect” body has always been changing and the difference between the average male or female

body to what the “perfect” male or female body looks is a standard that is impossible to reach. In

order to provide an unbiased paper, the author has provided research and evidence for the

changing concept of perfection and how it leads to mental diseases.

Distorted body image is defined as an unrealistic view of how someone sees their body.

An article written by Eating Disorder Hope explains what distorted or negative body image is

and how people get to having this distorted image. Distorted body image can be caused by

several problems including pressure by the media. As explained in the article, eating disorders

and body image correlate. Distorted body image leads to restrictive eating and excessive weight

loss due to the distorted body image, one thinks that their body is too fat or too skinny which

leads them to become anorexic or bulimic.

Physical diseases such as anorexia or bulimia can also lead to mental diseases such as

depression or personality disorders. A research study by the Mayo Clinic discusses anorexia and

the symptoms of it. The research shows how being anorexic leads to behavioral problems such as

refusal to eat or denial of hunger. Other signs may be frequent checks in the mirror to look at any

flaws or imperfections that they might think they have. Repeated weighing of oneself may also

be a sign of anorexia and distorted body image. This has become a big issue because many men

and women are suffering from anorexia because they think that their bodies are not good enough.

Throughout history the acceptable standard of perfection has changed. Maria Hart, a

writer for the Greatist online magazine takes a look back 100 years at what the acceptable
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standard for a woman’s body was. 100 years ago the “perfect” body was a long neck, shaped

shoulders, small waist created by a corset, fairly flat chest and petite figure. The “perfect” body

today is seen as having a full chest and a full rear. It is also seen as having a fit, feminine figure

rather than a petite one. Although the “perfect” standard does not seem to have changed much,

for women to attain any of these standards is impossible for the average woman.

The “perfect” male body standard has also been changing throughout history. An article

by Business Insider shows how the ideal male body has changed throughout history and what

each body type means to why it was accepted. In the mid to late 1800s the ideal male body was

fat rather than fit. Being fat was considered a sign of wealth, that the man had money for food. In

the 1930s, the ideal male body has changed to “fit for the camera,” movies became very popular

in the 1930s and thus male actors had to look very fit and muscular but not extremely muscular.

This became the ideal until the 1960s when society began rejecting the ideal male body due to

the “corporate mainstream.” Long hair and skinny bodies began to be the “perfect” male body. In

the 1980s bodybuilding became a big deal and many guys caught on to the trend. Therefore, a

very muscular, gym built figure became the ideal. The ideal male body now is not fat or very

muscular. Now, 6-pack abs and no gut is the ideal. Male ideals have changed a lot over the past

200 years, and the standards that seemed attainable were still hard to achieve. Even today the

ideal body is constantly changing and reaching the ideal is impossible. (Loria, Kim 2017)

Although the ideal body is impossible to attain, there is a very big difference between the

ideal body type and the average body type. Mirror-mirror.org is a website that looks deeper into

society’s idea of the perfect body and compares the average body to the ideal model body. The

average American female body is about 5 feet 4 inches tall, weighs approximately 170 pounds

and has about a size 10-12 waist. However, the American female model is 5 feet 10 inches tall,
Body Image & Societal Roles 8

weighs approximately 120 pounds and has about a size 0-3 waist. These are the ideals that

women are trying to attain and although not physically impossible, they are mentally impossible.

Many of the women trying to attain this body type look to surgery and anorexia to help them be

120 pounds or a size 0 waist. This goes back to the physical and mental diseases that distorted

body image causes.

Mirror-mirror also looks at the difference between the average American male body and

the American male model, who sets the standard for what the ideal male body is supposed to

look like. The average American male body is 5 feet 9 inches tall, weighs 190 pounds and is not

very fit or muscular. The average American male model is 6 feet 1 inch tall, weighs

approximately 160 pounds and is very fit and slightly muscular. Much like American women,

American men also look to surgery or physical diseases to help them achieve the ideal body type.

The previous articles and websites help the author conduct further research on why body

image is a recurring problem in American society. Further research must be conducted in order

to clearly prove that distorted body image is an issue in today’s society. The author believes that

this issue needs to be changed, if it changes then many people will not suffer from the physical

and mental diseases discussed, and many people will stop comparing themselves to “perfect”

models.
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Discussion

From the moment a person is born they are told how to act, dress, speak, think and most

importantly, that if they do not look a certain way then no one will accept them as part of society.

There has always been a basis of what the ideal male and female body should look like. Over

time, this concept of the “perfect” body has changed, and the meanings behind the ideal body

have also changed because this is not a standard. The concept of standard implies that it will

never change. However, this is not the case.

What used to be the “perfect” body 200 years ago in American culture is not the same as

the “perfect” body today. The male ideal has changed drastically over the past 200 years. A body

which is now considered overweight/obese would have been considered “perfect” in the 1800s,

because it was a symbol of wealth and how the man or family had money to eat well (see

appendix A). Flash forward to the 1960s and the complete opposite body type is considered

“perfect” or acceptable. A slender body with little muscles was considered the ideal in order to

reject what was considered the “corporate mainstream.” The “corporate mainstream” is a term

that refers to the control of media and social status by large media corporations such as ABC,

NBC, and CBS. Now 60 years later, the ideal male body is portrayed as over 6 feet tall, fit and

muscular as if he works out (see appendix B). Now the goal of the male ideal body is to attract

women or to look good so that women would want to date them, rather as in the 1800s when the
Body Image & Societal Roles 10

“goal” was to show that a man had money and attract women and in the 1960s when the “goal”

was to show that corporations do not control society as well as attract women. (Loria, Kim 2017)

The ideal female body has changed over time. Throughout history a woman’s main job

has been to get married, have children and take care of the house. What was considered beautiful

to achieve that goal a hundred years ago may not be the same in today’s society. In the 1900s and

1910s the “perfect” female body was known as the “Gibson girl.” She had a slender waist by the

use of a corset, fairly flat chest, not curvy body and a petite figure with little to no makeup to

keep up with the trend of minimalist makeup that was represented in the previous 100 years.

Makeup was only worn by showgirls or prostitutes, not by the girls who were seeking

marriage. Therefore they had to look very young and feminine. (Cosmetics-Info 2016)

(Appendix C)

The 1920s were a time when jazz and speakeasies became popular. The “ideal” body in

the 1920s was known as the “Flapper Girl.” Women ditched the corset in order to obtain the

straight, skinny figure that many girls were chasing at the time. While the 1920s was a time of

dancing and parties, the 1930s were a time of depression. The Great Depression had a traumatic

effect on women’s bodies. The “ideal” was known as the “Soft Siren.” Due to lack of money for

food, many women began to lose the straightness of the “Flapper girl” and began to show a thin

waist similar to the “Gibson Girl.” The “ideal” bust size was a 34 B, because there was a lack of

food. (Hart 2015)

In the 1940s, the “perfect” body was known as the “screen queen” or the “star-spangled

girl.” This decade was the era in which women worked in the factories instead of staying home

all day. Due to World War Two, the men working in the factories had to go fight in the war,

therefore there was no one to work in the factories. The women, however, stepped up and took
Body Image & Societal Roles 11

place in the workforce. They took the men’s’ jobs in the factories and inspired the famous Rosie

the Riveter poster (Erenberg & Hirsch 1996). It was also a time in which movies were very

popular due to the growing film industry provided by Hollywood. Inspired by screen queens

such as Katharine Hepburn and by the iconic social figure Rosie the Riveter, the “perfect” body

was considered to have broad shoulders, perky breasts due to the bullet bra and a proportionally

slender waist. The bullet bra was a bra that many women wore to give the appearance of pointy

breasts. It was extremely popular among pin-up girls and a staple lingerie item (see appendix D).

The ideal body had to look good for the camera, and also show men that women were tough and

can do anything that men can. (Rebel circus 2017)

Between 1940 and 2010 the ideal female body has changed to a great extent. In the 1950s for

example, a curvy body and small waist was the norm. In the 1960s, top model Twiggy set the

standard and started the “supermodel craze” in which many women wanted to get the look of

supermodels. This also applied to the 1970s and the 1980s when narrow hips, tall bodies and flat

chests became the “ideal.” Today, what is considered acceptable in American society is curvy

figures, full chests, flat stomach and makeup that makes skin appear flawless. Women may even

go through painful regiments and procedures to make themselves “flawless” and look attractive.

The goal of today’s ideal woman is to look sexy, whereas in previous decades the goal was to

find a husband and have children, as well as look sexy (Hart 2015).

As amplified by Hollywood, if a woman does not look sexually appealing, then she has

failed in achieving society’s standard of beauty. Therefore, the concept of the “perfect” body is

ever-changing. Once a person thinks that they have achieved the “perfect” look, the ideal keeps

adapting based on what is deemed acceptable in society. (Hart 2015)

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Hollywood through western media has become the trendsetter for what is acceptable to

look like, not only in American society but in the global society. Hollywood has a large effect on

western media because of its influence over movies, music, TV shows and social media. In the

early days of Hollywood, people would get their media through radio, movies, and later on,

Television.

Whereas today, while Hollywood still maintains control over previous forms of media,

the most popular form has become social media. Social media platforms such as Facebook,

Instagram, Pinterest, Snapchat, Twitter and YouTube have become extremely popular among

teenagers and young adults. These are the people who are the main target of retailers promoting

the ideal body type. Due to the rise of social media, many makeup and fashion companies have

begun promoting their products with pictures of models whose bodies are the “ideal.” Companies

such as Victoria’s Secret and Urban Outfitters tend to sell clothes that are designed for primarily

the “perfect” body.

While Hollywood is prominent in racial and ethnic diversity, it is not very body diverse.

Rarely is there an actor or actress who is considered plus size. Most are fit and/or skinny and are

beautiful or handsome. This lack of body diversity in Hollywood influences major fashion and

makeup companies to take advantage of by promoting their products using these actors’ images.

Due to this, much of American society thinks that the whole world looks like the “ideal.”

Different countries and cultures have set their own standard on what the “perfect” body

looks like, but most have become extremely similar to the western or American ideal body. In

Latin America for example, the ideal female body has curves but a slender waist. Similar to the

ideal female body in the United States, the ideal Latin American body also has a slender waist.

However, the Latin American ideal in contrast to the US body has a great deal of curves. Curvy
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figures, primarily in the buttocks region, has become the standard of what a Latin American

body should look like.

In East Asia on the other hand, the ideal is a slender, petite body with less curves but

perky breasts. Similarly, the US ideal body is also slender, however, it is not petite. In every

culture, the idea of the “perfect” body varies. However, all of these ideals have the same “goal”

and that is to look attractive or sexually attractive to the other gender. (Yamamiya 2005)

The media has a consensus on what is deemed beautiful and ugly. Beautiful is defined by

the media as the “perfect” body, flawless skin and “perfect” makeup. However, ugly is defined

as the complete opposite. Blemishes, pimples, stretch marks and big waists are considered ugly

because these are “flaws” in a person. These definitions of ugly and beautiful have caused many

men and women to compare themselves to actors/actresses and especially models.

The average female wears a size 12 to 14, is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs

approximately 170 pounds. The average male is not very fit or muscular, is 5 feet 9 inches tall

and weighs 190 pounds. What is considered the “perfect” body is being defined not by the

average, but by the bodies of models. The “perfect” female model body wears a size 0 to 3, is 5

feet 10 inches tall and weighs 120 pounds. The “perfect” male model body is very fit and

muscular, is 6 foot 1 inch tall and weighs about 160 pounds. The difference between the average

American body and what the ideal body is portrayed as is significantly different. (Mirror-Mirror

2017)

As more men and women begin to realize the difference between their bodies and

models’ bodies, they begin to contrast how they look. The media has not done much to prevent

people from over thinking their bodies or their place in society. Advertisements for dieting pills,

weight loss surgery, or plastic surgery have become exceedingly popular since social media have
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come into play. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), in 2016 more

than 20% of Americans have had elective plastic surgery to make their bodies or appearance

look better. Over 2 million men and women have gotten plastic surgery in the last year in the US

(ASPS 2016). Social media apps such as Twitter and Instagram help the rise in beauty

modification by placing advertisements about “The perfect body” or “getting beach body ready.”

(Appendix E)

Social media apps and websites are not the only form of media that makes people

question their concept of beauty. Magazines and television commercials have also been

producing advertisements about the “perfect” look. Magazines such as Cosmopolitan or Vogue,

who are extremely heavy on fashion, makeup and overall “perfection,” have been writing articles

justifying why it is okay to let young girls and boys think that there is only one way that a person

should look. Many of the magazines and advertisements such as these cause people to have a

distorted body image. (Shape 2017) (Victoria’s Secret “The perfect body campaign 2016)

A distorted body image is defined as “an unrealistic view of how someone sees their

body.” While a person with a healthy body image may feel confident in their body, a person with

a distorted body image sees every little imperfection and it makes them question their place in

society. Distorted body image can occur through several ways. It can be that someone close to a

person keeps making remarks or comments about that person's weight, size or flaws. For

example, a father telling his daughter that she is too fat in a dress, or a coach telling a player that

he is not muscular enough to play. It can also be caused by social media, for example a post or

video on the Internet about “looking your best” or covering up imperfections articles that cause

the person reading or watching them to question how they look. Articles such as “eat this and
Body Image & Societal Roles 15

never diet again” or “this one pill can help you get skinny” are the main problems as to why

people have distorted body image. (EDH 2016)

People who have distorted body image also tend to have physical and/or neurological

diseases. A study by MayoClinic.org showed that oftentimes, people who have anorexia, bulimia

or other eating disorders also have distorted body images. If a person whose distorted body

image leads them to believe that they are too “fat” for society, they might develop an eating

disorder to try and become a size 2 or a size 0 waist. On the other hand, a person who is deemed

too “skinny” may start to eat unhealthy food to try and gain some weight. In both of these

scenarios, achieving the “perfect” waist size is impossible because once a person starts eating too

much or too little it is hard for them to stop. They become even more displeased with their look

because they have gone above or below the “perfect” standard. (Mayo clinic 2017)

Signs that a person might have a distorted body image may include: obsessive self-

scrutiny in mirrors, frequent comparison of one's body to other bodies, and envy of a friend’s or

a celebrity's body. Obsessive self-scrutiny would be described as frequent looks in the mirror in

order to find one’s flaws and imperfections or criticize one’s self. Comparing one’s body to

others makes that person self-conscious of their own body, making them think that everyone is

judging them for how they look. Envying someone else’s body could make that person want to

look like the person they are admiring. Instead of trying to reach the ideal body type, they might

try and achieve the look of the friend or celebrity that they are admiring. All of these signs stray

further away from body positivity and steer closer to negative body image. (EDH 2016)

Positive body image, as defined by the National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA) is

a true perception of one’s body. Instead of looking at all the flaws of their body, people who

have a positive body image see their body for what it really looks like. They do not try and find
Body Image & Societal Roles 16

imperfections but rather appreciate the natural shape of their body. People with positive body

image tend to have a healthier lifestyle and less eating disorders because they are not overly

worried about whether or not society will accept them.

Conclusion

“I think there's so much emphasis on body image and results and outcome, but really

what you should be after is to be healthy and to feel good about yourself.” -Abby Wambach, 2

time women’s soccer Olympic champion, FIFA world cup champion and coach.

American society has been wired to focus on what a person looks like rather than a

person’s personality. Teenagers especially have been taught that what is on the outside matters

more than what is on the inside. Although now many people are trying to teach something

different, it still has not made a significant impact on today’s society. Throughout history this

mindset of what is on the outside mattering more than what is on the inside has been the norm,

however, what was considered the “ideal” has constantly been changing.

The “perfect” male body in the United States since the 1900s has gone from obese to tall

and muscular. While the female “ideal” body has gone from corseted waist and chest, to a

curvier figure with full chests and skinny waists. Due to this portrayal of the “ideal” body by the

media, many men and women have begun to compare themselves to models and celebrities. This

has led to a rise in distorted body image. Those suffering from this do not feel comfortable in

their own bodies and tend to criticize themselves often. As a result, many suffer from depression.

This can lead to eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia. The “ideal” body has spread

globally to areas such as, Latin America and East Asia. In both of these areas, their version of the
Body Image & Societal Roles 17

“ideal” body, although similar to the western ideal, has many differences in how it looks. There

are many organizations and movements to try and encourage body positivity. The Body Positive,

for example is an organization that is trying to “create a world in which people are liberated from

self-hatred, value their beauty and identity, and use their energy and intellect to make positive

changes in their own lives and in their communities.” as stated on the official Body Positive

website. As legendary French writer and political activist Simone de Beauvoir once said, “To

lose confidence in one’s body is to lose confidence in oneself.”

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really-looks-men-women-t83731

Ambrose, S. E. (1999). Americans at war. New York: Berkley.

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Crazy!). Retrieved December 04, 2017, from https://greatist.com/grow/100-years-womens-body-

image

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8528.1994.tb00637.x/pdf
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Kim, K. L. (2017, July 02). How the 'perfect body' for men went from chubby to skinny to muscular

over the last 150 years. Retrieved December 04, 2017, from

http://www.businessinsider.com/how-perfect-male-body-changed-2017/?scrlybrkr=d48fbbc5#

Life, fitness, and body image coach for women; blogger and speaker about self-acceptance. (n.d.).

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Appendix A
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Appendix B
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Appendix C
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Appendix D
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Appendix E
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