ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD

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21.1. (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use the charge of one electron (−1.602 × 10−19 C) to find the number of
electrons required to produce the net charge.
EXECUTE: The number of excess electrons needed to produce net charge q is
q −3.10 × 10−9 C
= = 1.94 × 1010 electrons.
−e −1.602 × 10−19 C/electron
(b) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use the atomic mass of lead to find the number of lead atoms in
8.00 × 10−3 kg of lead. From this and the total number of excess electrons, find the number of excess
electrons per lead atom.
EXECUTE: The atomic mass of lead is 207 × 10−3 kg/mol, so the number of moles in 8.00 × 10−3 kg is
mtot 7.90 × 10−3 kg
n= = = 0.03816 mol. N A (Avogadro’s number) is the number of atoms in 1 mole,
M 207 × 10−3 kg/mol
so the number of lead atoms is N = nN A = (0.03816 mol)(6.022 × 1023 atoms / mol) = 2.298 × 1022 atoms.
1.94 × 1010 electrons
The number of excess electrons per lead atom is = 8.40 × 10−13.
2.298 × 1022 atoms
EVALUATE: Even this small net charge corresponds to a large number of excess electrons. But the
number of atoms in the sphere is much larger still, so the number of excess electrons per lead atom is very
small.
21.2. IDENTIFY: The charge that flows is the rate of charge flow times the duration of the time interval.
SET UP: The charge of one electron has magnitude e = 1.60 × 10−19 C.
EXECUTE: The rate of charge flow is 20,000 C/s and t = 100 µs = 1.00 × 10−4 s.
Q
Q = (20,000 C/s)(1.00 × 10−4 s) = 2.00 C. The number of electrons is ne = = 1.25 × 1019.
1.60 × 10−19 C
EVALUATE: This is a very large amount of charge and a large number of electrons.
21.3. IDENTIFY and SET UP: A proton has charge +e and an electron has charge − e, with e = 1.60 × 10−19 C.
| q1 q2 | e2
The force between them has magnitude F = k =k and is attractive since the charges have
2
r r2
opposite sign. A proton has mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg and an electron has mass 9.11 × 10−31 kg. The
acceleration is related to the net force F by F = ma .
e2 (1.60 × 10−19 C) 2
EXECUTE: F = k = (8.99 × 109 N ⋅ m 2 /C2 ) = 5.75 × 10−9 N.
r 2
(2.0 × 10−10 m) 2
F 5.75 × 10−9 N
proton: ap = = = 3.4 × 1018 m/s 2 .
mp 1.67 × 10−27 kg

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