Genki Chapter 20 Grammar

1. Extra modest expressions

In the last lesson, we learned the special expressions to be used

when we want to show respect to another person.

Here we will learn how to speak modestly of our own actions.

Use the verbs below when we want to sound modest and respectful in our speech:

Having one of these verbs is like ending a sentence with 'Sir/Ma'am'

?? ???? (??)

?? ????? (??)
??

?? ????? (??)
?? ????? (???)

??? ?????? (????)

??

?? ????? (???)

~??? ~????? (~???)

~?? ~?????? (~????)

These verbs can be used in very formal situations such as at a job interview.
Normally used with more suited first-person word ???? (?)) rather than ??? (?)
Can also use when talking modestly about own family, or company you work for.
Used by people in business when talking to customers.

????????????? c.f. ??
My mother is a doctor.

???????? c.f. ???

The train is pulling in.

?????????????? c.f. ??
The bathroom is on the second floor.

Because the effect of the extra-modest expression is to put subject in modest

light,
you cannot use it to describe actions performed by person you are speaking to, or
by
somebody who is not in your group. Therefore it is wrong to say:

x ??????????????
Are you coming to school tomorrow, Professor?

2. Humble expressions
When you do something out of respect for somebody, you can
describe your action using a verb in the humble pattern, "? + verb stem + ??"
* Not all verbs used this one, so may want to only use those you've heard used
You can speak of humbly meeting, lending, borrowing from someone etc..
? + stem + ?? I (humbly) do

???????????????
I (humbly) met my professor yesterday.

??????????????????
I intend to (humbly) lend my professor a book.

????????????????
I borrowed a dictionary from my professor (and feel very obliged)

* ?? compound verbs do not follow this pattern, instead they simply have prefix ?
or ??
such as ?????? ?????? ?????? and ??????

??? and ??? have special replacements.

??? -> ???? ?????????????????

I (humbly) receive this book from my professor

???????????????????
I (humbly) had my professor teach me kanji.

??? -> ????? ?????????????????

I will (humbly) give my teacher a gift.

* Difference between extra-modest expression and humble expression is:

Former shows respect to listeners you are talking to, while latter shows respect
tosomeone that appears in the event
you are describing. But also can be the case that you humbly perform an action for
the person you are talking to:

(??????) ?????????? I will (humbly) walk you to the station.

Summary of "respect language" :

The up or down arrow indicate the person whose profile is raised or lowered.

1. Honorific expressions exalt the subject of the sentence.

??? ? ?????????/??????????

My professor has (graciously) arrived/left.

2. Extra modest expressions talk modesly of what you do.

?? ? ????.?????????

My name is Mary Hart.

3. Humble expressions demote the subject and raise the profile of another person.
?? ? ??? ? ??????????

I (humbly) returned the book to my professor.

3. ???

When you do something without doing something else, the missed action can be
mentioned
using ~?? (short form negative present) + ?? The present tense form ~?? is used for
both present and past actions.

verb + ??? without doing x

???? ????? ???????

Last night, I studied without getting any sleep.

????????? ????????
I read a newspaper without using dictionaries.

4. Questions within larger sentences

You can include a question as part of a larger sentence.

(1) the clause ends with question particle ? when contains question word such as ??
or ??
(2) it ends with ???? when does not contain such a question word.

????????????????????????
Professor Yamashita does not remember what he ate yesterday.

???????????????????????????
Do you know where Mary lives?

?????????????????????

I do not know whether I will go to school tomorrow.

Question-word question ?
???????????????
Yes/no question ????

Present tense short form ? which i used with a ?-adjective or a noun at the end of
a clause is usually dropped.

We often use particle ? on the subject within a quoted sentence where ? is

expected.

???????? ? ???????
I do not know who is the best.

Thus, corresponding to the direct question: ?????????????, we say:

????????????????????

I do not know what Takeshi ate.

5. name ??? sentence

When you want to talk about a person or a thing that goes by a certain name
but if you believe the person you are talking with is not familiar with it,
you can use the following pattern:

(name) ??? (item)

item called "name".

?????? (????????) (I used to have) a dog called "Pochi"

??? ???? (???????) (She sang) a song called "Hana"

6. ~???/~???

Describe something as 'easy to do' using ~???

Describe something as 'hard to do' using ~???

A verb stem + ??? conjugates like an ?-adjective

Sometimes the subject of ~???/~??? sentence is a place (where it is easy or

difficult to do something),
a tool (easy/difficult to do something with) and so forth.

???????????????
This town is quite liveable.

??????????????
This glass is hard to drink from.

Focuses on psychological ease or difficulty of doing something.

It is therefore odd to use it when difficulty is defined in terms of physical or
statistical success rate.

Thus compare:

???????????

This chair is hard to sit on (= uncomfortable)

?????????????

It is hard to sit on this chair (= too many people vying for one chair)

?????????? (= you are unwilling)

It is embarassing to buy this magazine

????????????? (= small circulation; hard to come by)

This magazine is hard to buy

Textbook Exercises

Practice ??
Change the following words into extra modest expressions

Example: ?? -> ????

1. ??? -> ??????

2. ?? -> ?????
3. ?? -> ?????
4. ?? -> ?????
5. ?? -> ????
6. ?? -> ?????
7. ?? -> ??????
8. ???? -> ?????????

B. Match the following sentences with the pictures Put answers in the ( )
http://prntscr.com/j11vya

(1) c
(2) b
(3) e
(4) a
(5) f
(6) d

a. ??????? ???????????
b. ????????
c. ???????? ?????????????
d. ????????????
e. ???????
f. ???????????????

D. Below on the left is Mr.Brown's speech of self introduction at an informal

party.
Rephrase the speech for a very formal reception by filling in the blanks with extra
modest expressions.

http://prntscr.com/j11y1s

II. ??????

A. Change the verb into humble expressions.

Example: ?? -> ?????

1. ??? -> ?????

2. ?? -> ?????
3. ?? -> ?????
4. ?? -> ?????
5. ?? -> ?????
6. ?? -> ????
7. ?? -> ?????
8. ?? -> ?????
9. ??? -> ????
10. ??? -> ?????

B. Look at the pictures and politely offer your help.

Example: ??????????

http://prntscr.com/j11ysg

http://prntscr.com/j11yu2

D. Change the underlined parts into honorific, humble, or extra-modest expressions.

1. ???: ?????????????
??: ???
???: ???? ???????????

2. ???: ??????????????????
??: ??? ?????
???:?????????????? ??????????

3. ???: ????????????? ???????

??: ??????
???: ?????????????
??: ????????
???: ?????????????

4. ???:??????????????????
????????????????
??:???????? ????????????????????
???:????????????????
??:???????????????
???:???????????????????????

III. ????????????????

A. Describe the pictures using ~???.

Example: ????????????????????????
Ex. shaving beard [x]

1. ???????????????
walking to university
eat breakfast x
??????????????????????????

wash face x
???????????????????????

brush teeth x
???????????????????????

2. ????????????

sleeping
eat breakfast x
???????????????????????

do homework x
????????????????????

take a bath x
???????????????
3. ?????????????
left home to go out
watch tv x
??????????????????????

brought wallet x
??????????????????????

locked door x
??????????????????????

B. Complete the following sentences.

1. ??????? ?????????????????
2. ????????? ???????????????????
3. ???????????????????????????
Bucho no otaku ni ukagatte shimaimashita
4. ???????? ??????? ???? ?????
5. ???????? ??????? ????????????
6. ??????????? ???????????????

IV. ????????????????

A. You have been involved in a car accident and have lost all your memory. (For
some reason you can speak Japanese.) You are at the hospital and your doctor will
ask you the questions below. Answer them using ~?(???)???????

Notes:
You can include a question as part of a larger sentence.
(1) the clause ends with question particle ? when contains question word such as ??
or ??
(2) it ends with ???? when does not contain such a question word.

Example:
Q: ?????????????
A: ??????????????????

1. ???????????
????????????????????
2. ?????
???????????????
3. ?????????
????????????????????
4. ????????
????????????????
5. ??????????
???????????????????
6. ????????
???????????????
7. ??????
????????????
8. ????????????
?????????????????
9. ???????????
????????????????
10. ???????????
???????????????
11. ??????????
?????????????
12. ??????????????
????????????????????

B. You are interested in Hayashi, a friend of your friend. Ask your friend about
Hayashi.
Example: Do you know if Hayashi likes tennis?
-> ????????????????????????

Do you know ..
1. if Hayashi is good at singing
??????????????????????
* Why no need desu here?
2. if Hayashi can speak German
??????????????????????????
3. if Hayashi is interested in politics
?????????????????????????
4. where Hayashi lives
??????????????????????????
5. what kind of music Hayashi likes
???????????????????????
6. what Hayashi will do this weekend
?????????????????????
7. what time Hayashi goes to bed
????????????????????
8. what Hayashi's hobby is
???????????????????

V. ???????????
A. Describe the pictures using ~???
Example: ???????????

Ex: convenience store open 24 hrs

Notes:

(name) ??? (item)

item called "name".

?????? (????????) (I used to have) a dog called "Pochi"

1. marui co. building

????????
2. ??? restaurant
???????????
3. Welcome to our town Akashi
???????
4. Dog with tag ??
??????
5. best selling novel
?????????
6. ??? drink
?????????
VI. ???????
A. Make sentences using ??? and ???
Example: ???????????????????????????????

http://prntscr.com/j1gmx4
http://prntscr.com/j1gn10

Ex. ???

1. ???
??????????????????
????????????

2. ??
????????????????
????????????????

3.??
??????????????????
???????????????

4. ???
????????????????
???????????????

5. ??
??????????????
????????????????

6. ????
?????????????
????????????

7.??
??????????????
??????????????