DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR JUDUL....................................................................................................i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN.................................................................................ii
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................iii
DAFTAR ISI...........................................................................................................iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR..............................................................................................vi
DAFTAR SIMBOL...............................................................................................vii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN........................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang........................................................................................1
1.2 Tujuan.....................................................................................................2
1.3 Rumusan Masalah...................................................................................2
1.4 Hipotesa..................................................................................................2
1.5 Landasan Teori.......................................................................................2
A. Esterifikasi..........................................................................................2
B. Jenis Destilasi.....................................................................................8
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA............................................................................13
2.1. Tinjauan Bahan Baku.........................................................................13
A. Gliserol............................................................................................13
B. Aseton.............................................................................................16
C. Solketal............................................................................................17
2.2. Bahan Katalis.....................................................................................18
A. Asam Klorida..................................................................................18
B. Zeolit Alam.....................................................................................19
BAB III PELAKSANAAN PENELITIAN...........................................................21
3.1. Bahan Baku........................................................................................21
3.2. Alat Utama.........................................................................................21
3.3. Gambar Rangkaian Alat.....................................................................22
A. Alat Esterifikasi..............................................................................22
B. Alat Destilasi..................................................................................22
3.4. Variabel Penelitian.............................................................................22

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 A. Variabel Berubah...........................................................................22
B. Variabel Tetap...............................................................................22
3.5 Cara Kerja .........................................................................................23
3.6 Diagram Alir.......................................................................................24
BAB IV HASIL PERCOBAAN DAN PEMBAHASAN.......................................25
4.1 Karakteristik FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) Solketal.............25
4.2 Hasil Percobaan Pada Berbagai Kondisi............................................28
A. Pengaruh Waktu Operasi Terhadap Konversi Reaksi...................30
4.3 Menentukan Waktu Optimal Pada Reaksi Pembentukan Senyawa
Solketal...............................................................................................31
BAB IV PENUTUP.............................................................................................33
5.1 Kesimpulan.........................................................................................33
5.2 Saran...................................................................................................33
DAFTAR PUSTAKA...........................................................................................34
LAMPIRAN

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1 Reaksi adisi dan reaksi penataan ulang eliminasi............................... 3

Gambar 2 Reaksi antara asam karboksilat dan tionil klorida menjadi asil 3
Klorida................................................................................................. 3
Gambar 3 Contoh reaksi-reaksi untuk menghasilkan ester.................................. 4
Gambar 4 Reaksi antara asam karboksilat dan alkohol menjadi ester................. 4
Gambar 5 Reaksi antara asam karboksilat dan olefin menjadi ester.................... 5
Gambar 6 Reaksi antara eter dan karbon monoksida menjadi ester.................... 5
Gambar 7 Gugus 𝛼-Sulfo Metil Ester.................................................................. 6
Gambar 8 Gugus dioktil pthalat........................................................................... 7
Gambar 9 Reaksi sintesis glycerol menjadi solketal dengan katalis asam.......... 7
Gambar 10 Destilasi Sederhana........................................................................... 9
Gambar 11 Destilasi Bertingkat........................................................................... 9
Gambar 12 Destilasi Azeotrop............................................................................. 9
Gambar 13 Destilasi Uap..................................................................................... 9
Gambar 14 Destilasi Vakum................................................................................ 11
Gambar 15 Corong Pemisah (Dekanter).............................................................. 12
Gambar 16 Rumus Bangun Gliserol.................................................................... 15
Gambar 17 Alat Esterifikasi................................................................................. 22
Gambar 18 Alat Destilasi..................................................................................... 22
Gambar 19 Diagram alir penelitian pembuatan solketal dari gliserol dan
aseton................................................................................................ 24
Gambar 20 Senyawa Solketal.............................................................................. 25
Gambar 21 Karakteristik FTIR untuk Solketal pada Kondisi Optimum.............. 26
Gambar 22 Pengaruh Waktu Operasi pada Berbagai katalis dengan rasio mol
1:6..................................................................................................... 30

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 DAFTAR SIMBOL

ν : koefisien stoikiometri suatu komponen dalam suatu reaksi

ρ : densitas suatu senyawa (g/ml)
m : massa suatu senyawa (gram)
n : mol suatu senyawa (mol)
BM : berat molekul suatu senyawa (g/mol)
T : Suhu absolut (K)
R : konstanta gas umum (cal/gmol ºK)
Ea : energi aktivasi (cal/gmol)
A : faktor tumbukan
k, k1, k2 : konstanta kecepatan reaksi
K, K1, K2 : konstanta kesetimbangan reaksi terhadap suhu reaksi
r : laju reaksi
Δt : perubahan waktu (jam)
ΔT : kenaikan suhu (K)
Gf0 : perubahan energy bebas Gibbs standar reaksi pembentukan,
umumnya pada suhu 250C (kjoule/mol)
Hf0 : perubahan entalpi reaksi pembentukan standar (kjoule/mol)
R : konstanta atau tetapan gas ideal

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