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Agenda
5. Trends in Financing
Harris Antoniou; CEO of Energy, Commodities & Transportation
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 4
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Agenda
5. Trends in Financing
Harris Antoniou; CEO of Energy, Commodities & Transportation
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 8
Oil
§ Days of ‘cheap’ oil are gone
Gas
§ Days of ‘cheap’ gas are here
80%
§ But while OECD consumption has
fallen, non-OECD consumption has
70% almost tripled to <1 litre/day.
60%
• Note: High population growth in
Non-OECD amplifies this growth
50%
§ Shrinking OECD demand v. growing
40% non-OECD demand – this is the
30%
long-term dynamic for oil
20%
10%
OECD
North American Oil Demand European Oil Demand OECD Pacific Oil Demand
§ Demand has generally fallen across all product § Transport fuels (gasoline, jet fuel, diesel)
categories. The largest percentage decline in dominating, but under pressure from legislation
residual fuel oil, mainly used for power generation – (higher fuel taxes, carbon emissions’ controls);
and the category most easily substitutable by other changes in vehicle technology; and market
fuels, e.g. gas. saturation (slower demographic growth).
Source: IEA
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 12
OECD
North American Oil Demand European Oil Demand OECD Pacific Oil Demand
§ North America sees large declines in chemical § OECD Pacific sees declines across the board but
demand and fuel oil, but modest gains in others, largest in kerosene as used for heating, and
including motor gasoline. residual fuel oil in power generation.
§ Europe sees large declines in motor gasoline on § In total, these regions see consumption decline
continuing trend of switching to diesel, but gains in by 1 million bpd on 2009.
jet and kerosene Source: IEA
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 13
Non-OECD OECD
§ Non-OECD demand had seen a continuous § If this trend continues then non-OECD demand is
increase over the past 5 years. likely to rise above 40m bpd by 2013 Source: IEA
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 14
World Oil Supply and Demand mln / bpd Long-term Supply Crunch
The long-term supply crunch will be much more
95
apparent by 2013:
Demand
§ US Energy Information Agency forecasts global
Supply
demand at almost 90m bpd by 2013
90
§ Supply will struggle to meet this on current
extraction rates – previous peak extraction rate
85
87.2m bpd in July 2008 (when price hit record of
$147/barrel)
§ Current spare capacity (defined as that which
80
can be brought on-stream within 30 days and
sustained for 90 days) ~5m bpd
§ Price rise from current levels may not evoke
75 supply-side response, as main space capacity
lies in OPEC producers and they have already
dallied with policy that the oil is worth more ‘left in
the ground for the future’
70
2000 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10 2012 Source: International Energy Agency (IEA)
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 15
South America
Asia Pacific
Africa
North America
Europe & Eurasia
Middle East
Agenda
5. Trends in Financing
Harris Antoniou; CEO of Energy, Commodities & Transportation
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 22
§ Main part of the spare capacity lies with OPEC producers, but 70
these consider oil worth more ‘left in the ground for the future’. 2000 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10 2012
Source: EIA and VM Group
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 23
§ Refers to semi-submersibles and drillships with Global Deepwater Devolopment 2003-2013 No/rigs
rated water depths >3,000 ft. mostly modern,
high specification units.
§ No attritions in the past 6 years and average Source: ODS Petrodata Ltd.
age of fleet of around 16 years. Most of the
older units have undergone substantial life-
extension work.
§ Although utilisation has remained stable, around
96%, day rates have not been as robust.
Average rates have dropped from USD 530,000
p.d. around USD 350,000 per day for new
fixtures. Av. Fixture Day Rates Deepwater Floaters USD
§ High number of newbuild scheduled deliveries
without firm contracts indicate that accumulated
availabilty can increase substantially over the
next few years.
§ The global midwater floater fleet (rigs and Global Midwater Floaters Ages 03/’10 x100 No/rigs
drillships with rated water depths of <3,000
ft) currently stands at around 100 units.
§ Utilisation rates for midwater floaters has
fallen from over 90% during 2006 to end
2008, but has recently picked up somewhat
and currently stands at 83% of total supply.
Source: ODS Petrodata Ltd.
§ The market trend over the past 12-15
months has been characterized by few
fixtures and falling rates, even though
utilisation has rebounded slightly.
Av. Fixture Day Rates Midwater Floaters USD
§ Average of the units in service is almost 30
years. Still attrition is not expected due to
substantial capital investment in upgrades
and conversions.
§ Conversion to other offshore roles such as
accomodation or production may be a
viable option for rig owners and may take
some of the overhang out of the market
Source: ODS Petrodata Ltd.
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 26
whereof 57 rigs have been taken out of Global Jackups Age 03/2010 459 units/No/rigs
the market on a semi-permanent basis
(cold-stacked)
§ Average utilisation rate has dropped
from >90% in mid-2008 to the current
level of around 74% of the total fleet.
§ Oversupply spurring oil companies to
”cherry pick”, favorising modern units
vs. older units. This is reflected in
utilisation rate differentials.
§ Rate for premium jackups has fallen from Av. Fixture Day Rates - Jackups USD
USD 225,000 p.d. at the peak of the market
to current level of USD 120-125,000 p.d.
§ Substantial newbuild deliveries combined
with roll-off from existing contracts expected
to create supply pressure in the short term...
§ ... but leading offshore brokerage houses
believe that the market has bottomed out. Source: ODS Petrodata Ltd.
Source: ODS Petrodata Ltd.
Floating
80 Production Systems Order Backlog Av. Water Depth for Floating Production System
70
1200
60
1000
50
800
40
600
30
400
20
10 200
0 0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 2005 2010 On Order
§ There has been a strong increase in order backlog § Major and recent discoveries have been in
at the peak of the cycle on the back of the oil price increasing water depth
development § This leads to a significant increase in costs for
§ Order backlog included various speculative orders the development of such fields
§ Significant number of failures with speculative § Strong dependency on very specialised
participants due to unavailability of contract awards installation equipment and deepwater rig
and consequently lack of funding availability for development throughout the field
§ FPSO contract awards slowly picking up (late ’09) lifes Source: IMA (March 2010)
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 29
§ Over the past years, we have seen a significant cost inflation per FPSO unit due to the
increase in general complexity but also the increase in costs of all major components
An example:
§ In 2003, a simple FPSO would cost about USD 100 – 150 mln, a mid range FPSO
about USD 200-350 mln and a top specification FPSO would cost over USD 500 mln
§ In 2010, a simple FPSO would cost USD 150-200 mln, a mid range FPSO about USD
400-700 mln and a top specification FPSO approximately USD 1.2 bln
§ The return on capital for FPSO lease operators has been relatively low over the last
high cycle as the general cost increase exceeded the increase in lease tariffs
§ Furthermore, there have been a significant number of budget overruns and delays in
FPSO conversion and construction projects
§ Although the pricing for equipment and construction services has generally decreased
following the slump in oil prices after July 2008, the current cost of the units (and lack of
availability of financing) may shift the subtle balance between the lease or buy decision
by oil companies and contractors
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 30
§ FPSO remains the predominant solution chosen for § FPSO will remain the preferred solution for offshore
offshore production production
• Less requirements for ancillary infrastructure § Remoteness of discoveries and very expensive
due to the availability of storage capacity access to infrastructure or inexistence of
• Faster delivery times, especially when infrastructure
conversion of old tankers § Proven track record
• Lower cost and great flexibility (large deck § Relative cost
space) § Development of natural gas production technology
• Easier redeployment
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 31
Agenda
5. Trends in Financing
Harris Antoniou; CEO of Energy, Commodities & Transportation
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 32
§ The IEA have revised their forecast for global oil § Correspondingly, expected increase in product
demand upwards for both 2009 and 2010 based tanker demand estimated at 2.6% in 2010
on higher than expected non-OECD data. measured in terms of dwt, with the highest
§ Expected increase in crude tanker demand at a expected growth in the Aframax segment.
steady 2.6% in 2010 measured in terms of dwt, § Growth in 2010 will be mainly driven by demand
with the highest expected growth in the VLCC from China and India, whilst European demand is
segment, followed by Aframax. expected to remain subdued.
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 33
§ Second-hand market activity has increased, with § Recently reported sales mainly to Chinese and
majority of buyers seeking modern, quality tonnage. Greek buyers. We may expect developing
§ Increased buying interest for both crude and economies and oil trading countries to emerge as
product tankers and prices seem to be firming in key players in second hand tanker investments.
all segments, but…spread between buyers’ and § Number of IPOs successfully launched in U.S. and
sellers’ expectations is preventing closure of sales. new transactions announced, indicating increased
equity market appetite for tanker investments.
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 36
Agenda
5. Trends in Financing
Harris Antoniou; CEO of Energy, Commodities & Transportation
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 37
Trends in Financing
Trends in Financing
§ Access to finance remains difficult and
cumbersome for some operators and borrowers
§ The lending behaviour and appetite of financial
institutions and banks that historically provided
capital to the Offshore and Shipping industries
changed considerably during the past 2 years.
§ Export Credit Agencies, such as Giek / Export
Finans and KEIC, offered great help in the
meantime but for how long?
§ Financial markets show improvements recently
but margins remain substantially higher than
pre-crisis levels. Key covenants, restrictions and
due diligence requirements remain vigorous
§ The rise of alternative funding?
Merchant Banking | Energy, Commodities & Transportation | 38
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