ABSTRACT

There is a need for charging electric vehicles (EVs) wirelessly since it

provides a more convenient, reliable, and safer charging option for EV customers.

A wireless charging system using a double-sided LCC compensation topology is

proven to be highly efficient; however, the large volume induced by the

compensation coils is a drawback. In order to make the system more compact, this

paper proposes a new method to integrate the compensated coil into the main coil

structure. With the proposed method, not only is the system more compact, but

also the extra coupling effects resulting from the integration are either eliminated

or minimized to a negligible level. Three-dimensional finite element analysis

(FEA) tool ANSYS MAXWELL is employed to optimize the integrated coils; and

detailed design procedures on improving system efficiency are also given in this

paper. The wireless charging system with the proposed integration method is able

to transfer 3.0 kW with 95.5% efficiency (overall DC to DC) at an air gap of 150

mm.
 ssCHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

For centuries, engineers are seeking to transfer power wirelessly. Nowadays

wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is widely used in powering biomedical
implants, tooth brush, cell phones, laptops, and even plugin hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). The power level ranges from several
milliwatts to tens of kilowatts [6-16, 18-21]. The inductive based wireless charging
for PHEVs and EVs is highly acknowledged since it provides a more convenient,
reliable, and safer charging option compared to conductive charging. The research
in this field is of a greatvariety, such as coil design, power electronics converters
and control method, compensation topologies, foreign object detection, and safety
issues. Among them, coil design and compensation topologies are two main
research areas. Coils are the essence of an inductive based wireless charging
system. They determine the power transfer capability and transfer efficiency. One
important property of the coils is the geometry as it closely relates to the coupling
coefficient of the coil structure and the quality factor of each coil. Reference gives
the design and optimization procedures for circular coils and demonstrates a 2 kW
700-mm-diameter pad. Reference presents a flux-pipe coil structure and claims that
a charging system can transfer 3.0 kW power with 90% efficiency at an air gap of
200mm. However, the flux-pipe coil conducts double-sided flux paths and one of
the flux paths is wasted. In order to solve this problem, a bipolar coil structure is
developed in. The bipolar coil structure offers high efficiency and good
misalignment tolerance. An 8 kW wireless charging system is built and tested in .
With the optimized bipolar coil structure, the charger can transfer power with
95.66% efficiency when fully aligned and 95.39% efficiency with a 300 mm
horizontal misalignment.
 CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE SURVEY

3.1 J. Garnica, R. A. Chinga, and J. Lin, “Wireless power transmission: from

far field to near field,” Proceedings of the IEEE., vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1321-
1331, Apr. 2013.

Wireless power has been a topic of interest from the early 20th century until
today. This paper traces the history of wireless power transmission starting with
Nikola Tesla, continuing on to experiments with beaming power using
microwaves. Examining the difference between near-field and far-field techniques,
this paper continues into modern times explaining why near-field technique is
more suitable for consumer electronic devices and exploring the near-field
transmission of power via the magnetic field. Examples of short-range and
midrange wireless power systems are explored.

3.2 R. Wu, W. Li, H. Luo, J. K. O. Sin, and C.P. Yue, “Design and
characterization of wireless power links for brain-machine interface
applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 5462-5471,
Jan. 2014.

In this paper, the design of an inductive power link (IPL) for wireless power
transfer (WPT) in brain-machine interface (BMI) applications is thoroughly
studied. The constraints and requirements of BMI applications are analyzed. By
theoretical derivations, the relationships between the IPL performances and its
electrical parameters are determined. The design guidelines for the IPL physical
parameters are then obtained through experimental characterizations. Experimental
results show that with proper IPL design, the efficiency can be improved from the
previously reported values of 29.9% and 4.3% to 33.1% and 9.2% for BMI WPT
distances of 5 and 12.5 mm, respectively.

3.3 D. Ahn and P.P. Mercier, “Wireless power transfer with concurrent 200
kHz and 6.78 MHz operation in a single transmitter device,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1-13, Sep. 2015.

This paper proposes a wireless power transfer (WPT) transmitter that can
concurrently operate at 200 kHz and 6.78 MHz in order to simultaneously power
two receivers operating with different frequency standards. Unlike a dual-resonant
single-coil design, the use of two separate coils decouples the design for one
frequency from the other, enabling independent selection of inductance and Q-
factor to simultaneously maximize efficiency at both frequencies. The two coils
then support separate coil drivers, enabling concurrent multistandard operation.
Dual-band operation is achieved in the same area as an equivalent single-band
design by placing a low-frequency coil within the geometry of a high-frequency
coil, where the outer diameter of inner coil is sacrificed only by 1.2 cm in a 12.5 ×
8.9-cm2 design. Circuit analysis is presented to identify the eddy current between
the two Tx coils and its associated loss, after which an eddy-current filter design is
proposed. To validate the proposed design, a dual-mode transmitter, along with
two receivers designed at 6.78 MHz and 200 kHz, respectively, have been
fabricated. At 25-mm separation, the system is able to simultaneously deliver 9 and
7.4 W with efficiencies of 78% and 70.6% at 6.78 MHz and 200 kHz, respectively.
3.4 M. Budhia, G. A. Covic, and J.T. Boys, “Design and optimization of
circular magnetic structures for lumped inductive power transfer systems,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 3096-3018, Apr. 2011.

A solution that enables safe, efficient, and convenient overnight recharging

of electric vehicles is needed. Inductive power transfer (IPT) is capable of meeting
these needs, however, the main limiting factor is the performance of the magnetic
structures (termed power pads) that help transfer power efficiently. These should
transfer 2-5 kW with a large air gap and have good tolerance to misalignment.
Durability, low weight, and cost efficiency are also critical. 3-D finite-element
analysis modeling is used to optimize circular power pads. This technique is
viable, since measured and simulated results differ by 10% at most. A sample of
power pads was considered in this work, and key design parameters were
investigated to determine their influence on coupled power and operation. A final 2
kW 700-mm-diameter pad was constructed and tested having a horizontal radial
tolerance of 130 mm (equivalent to a circular charging zone of diameter 260 mm)
with a 200 mm air gap. The leakage magnetic flux of a charging system was
investigated via simulation and measurement. The proposed pads meet human
exposure regulations with measurement techniques specific by the Australian
Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) which uses the
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
guidelines as a foundation.
3.5 M. Budhia, J.T. Boys, G. A. Covic, and C. Huang, “Development of a
single-sided flux magnetic coupler for electric vehicle IPT charging systems,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 318-328, Sep. 2011.

Inductive power transfer is a practical method for recharging electric

vehicles because it is safe, convenient, and reliable. The performance of the
magnetic couplers that transfer power determines the overall feasibility of a
complete system. Circular couplers are the most common topology in the
literature; however, they have fundamentally limited coupling. Their flux patterns
necessarily limit the operational air gap as well as tolerance to horizontal
misalignment. A new polarized coupler topology [referred to as a double D (DD)]
is presented, which overcomes these difficulties. DDs provide a charge zone five
times larger than that possible with circular pads for a similar material cost and are
smaller. A 0.31-m2 DD enables 2 kW of power transfer over an oval area
measuring 540 mm × 800 mm with a 200-mm air gap. Leakage magnetic fields
have been investigated and show that circular and DD couplers operating under
similar power transfer conditions produce similar levels. Both topologies can be
designed and operated to ensure compliance with international guidelines.
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 EXISTING METHOD

For electric vehicles (EVs), the high flexibility makes it not easy to get
power in a similar way. Instead, a high power and large capacity battery pack is
usually equipped as an energy storage unit to make an EV to operate for a
satisfactory distance. The problem for an electric vehicle is nothing else but the
electricity storage technology, which requires a battery which is the bottleneck
today due to its unsatisfactory energy density, limited life time and high cost. In an
EV, the battery is not so easy to design because of the following requirements:
high energy density, high power density, affordable cost, long cycle life time, good
safety, and reliability, should be met simultaneously. Besides the cost issue, the
long charging time of EV batteries also makes the EV not acceptable to many
drivers. For a single charge, it takes about one half-hour to several hours depending
on the power level of the attached charger, which is many times longer than the
gasoline refueling process. The EVs cannot get ready immediately if they have run
out of battery energy.

4.2 PROPOSED METHOD

Nowadays wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is widely used in
powering biomedical implants, tooth brush, cell phones, laptops, and even plugin
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). Proposes a new
method to integrate the compensated coil into the main coil structure. With the
proposed method, not only is the system more compact, but also the extra coupling
effects resulting from the integration are either eliminated or minimized to a
negligible level. Coils are the essence of an inductive based wireless charging
system. They determine the power transfer capability and transfer efficiency. One
important property of the coils is the geometry as it closely relates to the coupling
coefficient of the coil structure and the quality factor of each coil.

4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

4.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 5

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

5.1 PIC 16F72

 PIC (usually pronounced as "pick") is a family of microcontrollers made
by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed
by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially
referred to Peripheral Interface Controller. The first parts of the family were
available in 1976; by 2013 the company had shipped more than twelve billion
individual parts, used in a wide variety of embedded systems.
Early models of PIC had read-only memory (ROM) or field-programmable
EPROM for program storage, some with provision for erasing memory. All current
models use flash memory for program storage, and newer models allow the PIC to
reprogram itself. Program memory and data memory are separated. Data memory
is 8-bit, 16-bit, and, in latest models, 32-bit wide. Program instructions vary in bit-
count by family of PIC, and may be 12, 14, 16, or 24 bits long. The instruction set
also varies by model, with more powerful chips adding instructions for digital
signal processing functions.
The hardware capabilities of PIC devices range from 6-pin SMD, 8-
pin DIP chips up to 144-pin SMD chips, with discrete I/O
pins, ADC and DAC modules, and communications ports such as UART, I2C, CAN,
and even USB. Low-power and high-speed variations exist for many types.
The manufacturer supplies computer software for development known as MPLAB X,
assemblers and C/C++ compilers, and programmer/debugger hardware under
the MPLAB and PIC Kit series. Third party and some open-source tools are also
available. Some parts have in-circuit programming capability; low-cost
development programmers are available as well as high-production programmers.
PIC devices are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists due to their
low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application
notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, serial programming, and
re-programmable Flash-memory capability.

5.1.1 High Performance RISC CPU:

• Only 35 single word instructions to learn

• All single cycle instructions except for program

branches, which are two-cycle

• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input

DC - 200 ns instruction cycle

• 2K x 14 words of Program Memory,

128 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)

• Pinout compatible to PIC16C72/72A and

PIC16F872

• Interrupt capability

• Eight-level deep hardware stack

• Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes

5.1.2 Peripheral Features:

• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA

• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler,

can be incremented during SLEEP via external

crystal/clock

• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period

register, prescaler and postscaler

• Capture, Compare, PWM (CCP) module

- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns

- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns

- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit

• 8-bit, 5-channel analog-to-digital converter

• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with

SPI™ (Master/Slave) and I2C™ (Slave)

• Brown-out detection circuitry for

Brown-out Reset (BOR)

5.1.3 CMOS Technology:

• Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH technology

• Fully static design

• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V

• Industrial temperature range

• Low power consumption:

- < 0.6 mA typical @ 3V, 4 MHz

- 20 μA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz

- < 1 μA typical standby current

5.1.4 Special Microcontroller Features:

• 1,000 erase/write cycle FLASH program memory

typical

• Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT)

and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip

RC oscillator for reliable operation

• Programmable code protection

• Power saving SLEEP mode

• Selectable oscillator options

• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via 2 pins

• Processor read access to program memory

Device programmers
Devices called "programmers" are traditionally used to get program code into the
target PIC. Most PICs that Microchip currently sells feature ICSP (In Circuit Serial
Programming) and/or LVP (Low Voltage Programming) capabilities, allowing the
PIC to be programmed while it is sitting in the target circuit.
Microchip offers programmers/debuggers under the MPLAB and PICKit series.
MPLAB ICD4 and MPLAB REAL ICE are the current programmers and
debuggers for professional engineering, while PICKit 3 is a low-cost programmer /
debugger line for hobbyists and students.
5.1.5 Bootloading
Many of the higher end flash based PICs can also self-program (write to their own
program memory), a process known as bootloading. Demo boards are available
with a small bootloader factory programmed that can be used to load user
programs over an interface such as RS-232 or USB, thus obviating the need for a
programmer device.
Alternatively there is bootloader firmware available that the user can load onto the
PIC using ICSP. After programming the bootloader onto the PIC, the user can then
reprogram the device using RS232 or USB, in conjunction with specialized
computer software.
The advantages of a bootloader over ICSP is faster programming speeds,
immediate program execution following programming, and the ability to both
debug and program using the same cable.
5.1.6 Third party
There are many programmers for PIC microcontrollers, ranging from the extremely
simple designs which rely on ICSP to allow direct download of code from a host
computer, to intelligent programmers that can verify the device at several supply
voltages. Many of these complex programmers use a pre-programmed PIC
themselves to send the programming commands to the PIC that is to be
programmed. The intelligent type of programmer is needed to program earlier PIC
models (mostly EPROM type) which do not support in-circuit programming.
Third party programmers range from plans to build your own, to self-assembly kits
and fully tested ready-to-go units. Some are simple designs which require a PC to
do the low-level programming signalling (these typically connect to
the serial or parallel port and consist of a few simple components), while others
have the programming logic built into them (these typically use a serial or USB
connection, are usually faster, and are often built using PICs themselves for
control).

5.1.7 READING PROGRAM MEMORY

The FLASH Program Memory is readable during normal operation over the entire
VDD range. It is indirectly addressed through Special Function Registers (SFR).
Up to 14-bit wide numbers can be stored in memory for use as calibration
parameters, serial numbers, packed 7-bit ASCII, etc. Executing a program memory
location containing data that forms an invalid instruction results in a NOP.
There are five SFRs used to read the program and memory:
• PMCON1
• PMDATL
• PMDATH
• PMADRL
• PMADRH
The program memory allows word reads. Program memory access allows for
checksum calculation and reading calibration tables. When interfacing to the
program memory block, the PMDATH:PMDATL registers form a two-byte word,
which holds the 14-bit data for reads. The PMADRH:PMADRL registers form a
two-byte word, which holds the 13-bit address of the FLASH location being
accessed. This device has up to 2K words of program FLASH, with an address
range from 0h to 07FFh. The unused upper bits PMDATH<7:6> and
PMADRH<7:5> are not implemented and read as zeros.
5.1.8 Advantages

 Small instruction set to learn

 RISC architecture
  Built-in oscillator with selectable speeds

 Easy entry level, in-circuit programming plus in-circuit debugging PIC

kit units available for less than $50

 Inexpensive microcontrollers

 Wide range of interfaces including I²C, SPI, USB, USART, A/D, programmable
comparators, PWM, LIN, CAN, PSP, and Ethernet

 Availability of processors in DIL package make them easy to handle for

hobby use.

5.2 POWER SUPPLY

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A RPS
(Regulated Power Supply) is the Power Supply with Rectification, Filtering and
Regulation being done on the AC mains to get a Regulated power supply for
Microcontroller and for the other devices being interfaced to it.
A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which
performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output
voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known
as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”
For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:
5.2.1 Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert
electrical power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains
electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down
transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down
transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by
an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The
two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers
waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that
as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns
on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-
down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is
connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

An Electrical Transformer
Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS
Power Out= Power In
VS X IS=VP X IP
Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current

5.2.2 RECTIFIER:

A circuit which is used to convert ac to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The

process of conversion ac to dc is called “rectification”
 TYPES OF RECTIFIERS:
 Half wave Rectifier
 Full wave rectifier
1. Centre tap full wave rectifier.
2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Type of Rectifier
Parameter Half wave Full wave Bridge
Number of diodes
1 2 4
PIV of diodes
Vm 2Vm Vm

D.C output voltage Vm/ 2Vm/ 2Vm/

Vdc,at 0.318Vm 0.636Vm 0.636Vm

no-load

Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482

Ripple
frequency f 2f 2f
Rectification
efficiency 0.406 0.812 0.812
Transformer
Utilization 0.287 0.693 0.812
Factor(TUF)
RMS voltage Vrms Vm/2 Vm/√2 Vm/√2

Full-wave Rectifier:
From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as
more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full
wave bridge rectifier circuit.
Bridge Rectifier: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge
arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration,
both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges
where the diode bridge is wired internally.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown

in fig (a) to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration,
both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges
where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig (A)
Operation:
During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward
biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current
flow direction is shown in the fig (b) with dotted arrows.

Fig (B)
During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in
forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The
current flow direction is shown in the fig (c) with dotted arrows.

Fig(C)
5.2.3 Filter:

A Filter is a device which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows
the d.c component to reach the load

Capacitor Filter:
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is
121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high
percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be
removed by one of the following methods of filtering.
(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples
voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the D.C. to
appear at the load.
(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current
(due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low
resistance to d.c)
(c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter
section filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties
mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half
wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.

Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the

DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying
DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the
peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
Filtering significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value
(1.4 × RMS value).
To calculate the value of capacitor(C),
C = ¼*√3*f*r*Rl
Where,
f = supply frequency,
r = ripple factor,
Rl = load resistance
Note: In our circuit we are using 1000µF hence large value of capacitor is placed
to reduce ripples and to improve the DC component.

5.2.4 Regulator:

Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative
voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators
include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection')
and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulators ICs
have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator
shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive
lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to
the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you
turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.
Fig 6.1.6 A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator
78XX:
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three
terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in
wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination
replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance
improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX
is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,
Features:
• Output Current of 1.5A
• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal Short-Circuit Limited
• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V.

5.3 Inverter.
An inverter is used to produce an un-interrupted 220V AC or 110V AC (depending
on the line voltage of the particular country) supply to the device connected as the
load at the output socket.The inverter gives constant AC voltage at its output
socket when the AC mains power supply is not available.
Lets look how the inverter makes this possible.To grasp the functioning of an
inverter,we
should consider in the following situations.
 When the AC mains power supply is available.
 when the AC mains power supply is not available.
5.3.1 When the AC mains power supply is available.
When the AC mains supply is available,the AC mains sensor senses it and the
supply goes to the Relay and battery charging section of the inverter.AC main
sensor activates a relay and this relay will directly pass the AC mains supply to the
output socket.The load will by driven by the line voltage in this situation.Also the
line voltage is given to the battery charging section where the line voltage is
converted to a DC voltage(12V DC or 24V DC usually),then regulated and battery
is charged using it.There are special circuits for sensing the battery voltage and
when the battery is fully charged the charging is stopped.In some inverters there
will be a trickle charging circuit which keeps the battery constantly at full charge.
5.3.2 When the AC mains power supply is not available.
When the AC mains power supply is not available,an oscillator circuit inside the
inverter produces a 50Hz MOS drive signal.This MOS drive signal will be
amplified by the driver section and sent to the output section.MOSFETs or
Transistors are used for the switching operation.These MOSFETs or Transistors
are connected to the primary winding of the inverter transformer.When these
switching devices receive the MOS drive signal from the driver circuit,they start
switching between ON & OFF states at a rate of 50 Hz.This switching action of the
MOSFETs or Transistors cause a 50Hz current to the primary of the inverter
transformer.This results in a 220V AC or 110V AC (depending on the winding
ratio of the inverter transformer) at the secondary or the inverter
transformer.Thissecondary voltage is made available at the output socket of the
inverter by a changeover relay.
5.3.3 Automation in an Inverter.
Inverter contains various circuits to automatically sense and tackle various
situations that may occur when the inverter is running or in standby.This
automaton section looks after conditions such as overload,overheat,lowbattery,over
charge etc.Respective of the situation, the automation section may switch the
battery to charging mode or switch OFF.The various conditions will be indicated to
the operator by means of glowing LEDs or sounding alarms.In advanced inverters
LCD screens are used to visually indicate the conditions.Inverter is a key system
element that is used for power conditioning. Almost any solar systems of any scale
include inverter of some type to allow the power to be used on site for AC-
powered appliances or on grid. Different types of inverters are shown in Figure
11.1 as examples. The available inverter models are now very efficient (over 95%
power conversion efficiency), reliable, and economical. On the utility scale, the
main challenges are related to system configuration in order to achieve safe
operation and to reduce conversion losses to a minimum.

Figure 11.1. Inverters: small-scale inverter box for residential use (left) and
Satcon utility-scale inverters (right)
The three most common types of inverters made for powering AC loads include:
(1) pure sine wave inverter (for general applications), (2) modified square wave
inverter (for resistive, capacitive, and inductive loads), and (3) square wave
inverter (for some resistive loads) (MPP Solar, 2015). Those wave types were
briefly introduced in Lesson 6 (Figure 11.2). Here, we will take a closer look at the
physical principles used by inverters to produce those signals.

Figure 11.2. Different types of AC signal produced by inverters.

The process of conversion of the DC current into AC current is based on the
phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction is generation
of electric potential difference in a conductor when it is exposed to varying
magnetic field. For example, if you place a coil (spool of wire) near a rotating
magnet, electric current will be induced in the coil (Figure 11.3).

Figure 11.3. Schematic illustration of electromagnetic induction

Next, if we consider a system with two coils (Figure 11.4) and pass DC current
through one of them (primary coil), that coil with DC current can act analogously
to the magnet (since electric current produces magnetic field). If the direction of
the current is reversed frequently (e.g., via a switch device), the alternating
magnetic field will induce AC current in the secondary coil.

Figure 11.4. Inverter cycles. During the 1st half cycle (top), DC current from a
DC source - solar module or battery - is switched on through the top part of
the primary coil. During the 2nd half cycle (bottom), the DC current is
switched on through the bottom part of the coil.
The simple two-cycle scheme shown in Figure 11.4 produces a square wave AC
signal. This is the simplest case, and if the inverter performs only this step, it is a
square-wave inverter. This type of output is not very efficient and can be even
detrimental to some loads. So, the square wave can be modified further using more
sophisticated inverters to produce a modified square wave or sine wave (Dunlop,
2010).
To produce a modified square wave output, such as one shown in the center of
Figure 11.2, low frequency waveform control can be used in the inverter. This
feature allows adjusting the duration of the alternating square pulses. Also,
transformers are used here to vary the output voltage. Combination of pulses of
different length and voltage results in multi-stepped modified square wave, which
closely matches the sine wave shape. The low frequency inverters typically operate
at ~60 Hz frequency.
To produce a sine wave output, high-frequency inverters are used. These inverters
use the pulse-width modification method: switching currents at high frequency,
and for variable periods of time. For example, very narrow (short) pulses simulate
a low voltage situation, and wide (long pulses) simulate high voltage. Also, this
method allows spacing the pulses to be varied: spacing narrow pulses farther apart
models low voltage (Figure 11.5).

Figure 11.5. Pulse-width modulation to approximate the true sine wave by

high frequency inverter.
In the image above, the blue line shows the square wave varied by the length of the
pulse and timing between pulses; the red curve shows how those alternating signals
are modeled by a sine wave. Using very high frequency helps create very gradual
changes in pulse width and thus models a true sine signal. The pulse-width
modulation method and novel digital controllers have resulted in very efficient
inverters.

The power inverter has 4 switches, S1, S2, S3 and S4 and a split capacitor. The
two phases „a‟ and „b‟ are connected to the two legs of the inverter, while the
third phase „c‟ is connected to the centre point of dc link capacitors, C1 and C2
The value of the capacitances C1 and C2 are equal. Vc1 and Vc2 are the voltage
across the DC link capacitors (Vc1=Vc2). „Vdc‟ is the voltage across the capacitor
C1 and C2 (Vdc =Vc1+Vc2).
PWM signals are generated from the Spartan-3 processor by writing VHDL
program to control these 4 switches The phase voltage is determined by the duty
cycle of the PWM signals. The switching signal parameters namely switching
frequency, the duty ratio and the number of pulses are easily controlled via VHDL
programming language. The timing of PWM pulses are generated by using
equations A small dead-time is given between switching off the upper switch and
switching on the lower switch and vice versa.

5.4 RECTIFIER:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC),

which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only
one direction. The process is known as rectification.
 Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes,
mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes,
silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.
Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been
used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire
pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or
"crystal detector". Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as
components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power
transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct
current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as
rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a
flame. Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of
rectification alone produces a DC current that, though unidirectional, consists of
pulses of current. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio,
television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC current (as would
be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is
smoothed by an electronic filter (usually a capacitor) to produce a steady current.
 Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum
tube thermionic diodes and copper oxide- or selenium-based metal rectifier stacks
were used.[1] With the introduction of semiconductor electronics, vacuum tube
rectifiers became obsolete, except for some enthusiasts of vacuum tube audio
equipment. For power rectification from very low to very high current,
semiconductor diodes of various types (junction diodes, Schottky diodes, etc.) are
widely used. Other devices that have control electrodes as well as acting as
unidirectional current valves are used where more than simple rectification is
required—e.g., where variable output voltage is needed. High-power rectifiers,
such as those used in high-voltage direct current power transmission, employ
silicon semiconductor devices of various types. These are thyristors or other
controlled switching solid-state switches, which effectively function as diodes to
pass current in only one direction.

5.4.1 RECTIFIER CIRCUITS:

Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase (three being the most

common number of phases). Most low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are
single-phase, but three-phase rectification is very important for industrial
applications and for the transmission of energy as DC (HVDC).

5.4.2 SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIERS:

Half-wave rectification:

In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or

negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because
only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower.
Half-wave rectification requires a single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in
athree-phase supply. Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current;
half-wave rectifiers produce far more ripple than full-wave rectifiers, and much
more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the AC frequency from the
output.

Half-wave rectifier

The no-load output DC voltage of an ideal half wave rectifier for a

sinusoidal input voltage is:[2]

Where:

Vdc, Vav – the DC or average output voltage,

Vpeak, the peak value of the phase input voltages,
Vrms, the root-mean-square value of output voltage

5.4.3 Full-wave rectification:

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of

constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification
converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and
yields a higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center
tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source
(including a transformer without center tap), are needed. Single semiconductor
diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and four-diode
bridges, are manufactured as single components.

Graetz bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes.

For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes

back-to-back (cathode-to-cathode or anode-to-anode, depending upon output
polarity required) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many turns are required
on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge
rectifier, but the power rating is unchanged.

Full-wave rectifier using a center tap transformer and 2 diodes.

Full-wave rectifier, with vacuum tube having two anodes.

 The average and root-mean-square no-load output voltages of an ideal
single-phase full-wave rectifier are:

Very common double-diode rectifier vacuum tubes contained a single

common cathode and two anodes inside a single envelope, achieving full-wave
rectification with positive output. The 5U4 and 5Y3 were popular examples of this
configuration.

5.4.4 THREE-PHASE RECTIFIERS:

3-phase AC input, half and full-wave rectified DC output waveforms

Single-phase rectifiers are commonly used for power supplies for domestic
equipment. However, for most industrial and high-power applications, three-
phase rectifier circuits are the norm. As with single-phase rectifiers, three-phase
rectifiers can take the form of a half-wave circuit, a full-wave circuit using a
center-tapped transformer, or a full-wave bridge circuit.
 Thyristors are commonly used in place of diodes to create a circuit that can
regulate the output voltage. Many devices that provide direct current
actually generate three-phase AC. For example, an automobile alternator contains
six diodes, which function as a full-wave rectifier for battery charging.

Three-phase, half-wave circuit:

An uncontrolled three-phase, half-wave circuit requires three diodes, one

connected to each phase. This is the simplest type of three-phase rectifier but
suffers from relatively high harmonic distortion on both the AC and DC
connections. This type of rectifier is said to have a pulse-number of three, since the
output voltage on the DC side contains three distinct pulses per cycle of the grid
frequency.

Three-phase, full-wave circuit using center-tapped transformer:

If the AC supply is fed via a transformer with a center tap, a rectifier circuit
with improved harmonic performance can be obtained. This rectifier now requires
six diodes, one connected to each end of each transformer secondary winding. This
circuit has a pulse-number of six, and in effect, can be thought of as a six-phase,
half-wave circuit.

Before solid state devices became available, the half-wave circuit, and the
full-wave circuit using a center-tapped transformer, was very commonly used in
industrial rectifiers using mercury-arc valves. This was because the three or six AC
supply inputs could be fed to a corresponding number of anode electrodes on a
single tank, sharing a common cathode.

With the advent of diodes and thyristors, these circuits have become less popular
and the three-phase bridge circuit has become the most common circuit.
5.5 DOUBLE SIDE LCC COMPENSATION TOPOLOGY
The double-sided LCC compensation topology is proven to be highly
efficient for WPT applications in electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles.

In order to make the system more compact, we

propose to integrate the compensated coils into the main coil system. Once they are
integrated, extra couplings appear. WPT relies on the main coupling to transmit
power wirelessly between the transmitting side and the receiving side; therefore,
the main coupling between L1 and L2 is of great significance and the other five
couplings are redundant. The goal is to maximize the main coupling and eliminate
the five extra couplings or minimize their coupling effects to a negligible level.
 CHAPTER 6
6.1SIMULATION MODEL

6.1SIMULATION OUTPUT
 CHAPTER 7

7 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The microcontroller can understand a program written in assembly language,

it must be compiled into a language of zeros and ones. Assembly language and
Assembler do not have the same meaning. The first one refers to the set of rules
used for writing program for the microcontroller, while the later refers to a
program on a personal computer used to translate assembly language statements
into the language of zeros and ones. A compiled program is also called Machine
Code.

In machine code, the same command is represented by a 14-bit array of

zeros and ones understandable by the microcontroller. All assembly language
commands are similarly compiled into the corresponding array of zeros and ones.
A data file used for storing compiled program is called an "executive file", i.e.
"HEX data file". The name comes from the hexadecimal presentation of a data file
and has a suffix of "hex" as well, for example "probe.hex".

After has been generated, the data file is loaded into the microcontroller
using a programmer. Assembly language programs may be written in any program
for text processing (editor) able to create ASCII data files on a hard disc or in a
specialized work environment such as MPLAB described later.

7.1 Embedded C

Looking around, we find ourselves to be surrounded by various types

of embedded system. Be it a digital camera or a mobile phone or a washing
machine, all of them has some kind of processor functioning inside it. Associated
with each processor is the embedded software. If hardware forms the body of an
embedded system, embedded processor acts as the brain, and embedded software
forms its soul. It is the embedded software which primarily governs the functioning
of embedded systems.

During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs were

developed using assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no
mechanism to find what the program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used to
check correct execution of the program. Some ‘very fortunate’ developers had In-
circuit Simulators (ICEs), but they were too costly and were not quite reliable as
well.

Embedded C requires compilers to create files to be downloaded to the

microcontrollers/microprocessors where it needs to run. Embedded compilers give
access to all resources which is not provided in compilers for desktop computer
applications.

7.1.1 Embedded systems are programmed using different type of languages:

1. Machine Code
2. Low level language, i.e., assembly
3. High level language like C, C++, Java, Ada, etc.
4. Application level language like Visual Basic, scripts, Access, etc.
Advantage
 It is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and debug.

 C Compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and
there is a large pool of experienced C programmers.

 Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not

specific to any particular microprocessor/ microcontroller or any system.

 This makes it convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on
most of the systems.

7.2 PROTEUS

Proteus (PROcessor for TExt Easy to USe) is a fully functional, procedural

programming language created in 1998 by Simone Zanella. Proteus incorporates
many functions derived from several other
languages: C, BASIC, Assembly, Clipper/dBase; it is especially versatile in
dealing with strings, having hundreds of dedicated functions; this makes it one of
the richest languages for text manipulation.

Proteus owes its name to a Greek god of the sea (Proteus), who took care of
Neptune's crowd and gave responses; he was renowned for being able to transform
himself, assuming different shapes. Transforming data from one form to another is
the main usage of this language.

Proteus was initially created as a multiplatform (DOS, Windows, Unix) system

utility, to manipulate text and binary files and to create CGI scripts. The language
was later focused on Windows, by adding hundreds of specialized functions for:
network and serial communication, database interrogation, system service creation,
console applications, keyboard emulation, ISAPI scripting (for IIS). Most of these
additional functions are only available in the Windows flavour of the interpreter,
even though a Linux version is still available.

Proteus was designed to be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete), readable and
consistent.

Its strongest points are:

 powerful string manipulation;

 comprehensibility of Proteus scripts;
 availability of advanced data structures: arrays, queues (single or
double), stacks, bit maps, sets, AVL trees.

The language can be extended by adding user functions written in Proteus

or DLLs created in C/C++.
 Proteus is design software developed by Lab center Electronics for
electronic circuit simulation, schematic capture and PCB design. Its simplicity and
user friendly design made it popular among electronics hobbyists. Proteus is
commonly used for digital simulations such as microcontrollers and
microprocessors. It can simulate LED, LDR, and USB Communication etc...

At first sight, Proteus may appear similar to Basic because of its straight syntax,
but similarities are limited to the surface:

 Proteus has a fully functional, procedural approach;

 variables are un typed, do not need to be declared, can be local or public and
can be passed by value or by reference;
 all the typical control structures are available (if-then-else; for-next; while-loop;
repeat-until; switch-case);
 new functions can be defined and used as native functions.
Data types supported by Proteus are only three: integer numbers, floating point
numbers and strings. Access to advanced data structures (files, arrays, queues,
stacks, AVL trees, sets and so on) takes place by using handles, i.e. integer
numbers returned by item creation functions.

Type declaration is unnecessary: variable type is determined by the function

applied – Proteus converts on the fly every variable when needed and holds
previous data renderings, to avoid performance degradation caused by repeated
conversions.

There is no need to add parenthesis in expressions to determine the evaluation

order, because the language is fully functional (there are no operators).

Proteus includes hundreds of functions for:

 accessing file system;

 sorting data;
 manipulating dates and strings;
 interacting with the user (console functions)
 calculating logical and mathematical expressions.

Proteus supports associative arrays (called sets) and AVL trees, which are very
useful and powerful to quickly sort and lookup values.

Two types of regular expressions are supported:

 extended (Unix like);

 basic (Dos like, having just the wildcards "?" and "*").

Both types of expressions can be used to parse and compare data.

The functional approach and the extensive library of built-in functions allow to
write very short but powerful scripts; to keep them comprehensible, medium-
length keywords were adopted.

The user, besides writing new high-level functions in Proteus, can add new
functions in C/C++ by following the guidelines and using the templates available
in the software development kit; the new functions can be invoked exactly the
same way as the predefined ones, passing expressions by value or variables by
reference.

Proteus is an interpreted language: programs are loaded into memory, pre-

compiled and run; since the number of built-in functions is large, execution speed
is usually very good and often comparable to that of compiled programs.

One of the most interesting features of Proteus is the possibility of running scripts
as services or ISAPI scripts.

Running a Proteus script as a service, started as soon as the operating system has
finished loading, gives many advantages:

 no user needs to login to start the script;

 a service can be run with different privileges so that it cannot be stopped by a
user.

This is very useful to protect critical processes in industrial environments (data

collection, device monitoring), or to avoid that the operator inadvertently closes a
utility (keyboard emulation). The ISAPI version of Proteus can be used to create
scripts run through Internet Information Services and is equipped with specific
functions to cooperate with the web server.

For intellectual property protection Proteus provides:

 script encryption;
 digital signature of the scripts, by using the development key (which is unique);
 The option to enable or disable the execution of a script (or part of it) by using
the key of the customer.

Proteus is appreciated because it is relatively easy to write short, powerful and

comprehensible scripts; the large number of built-in functions, together with the
examples in the manual, keeps low the learning curve.

7.3 MPLAB

MPLAB IDE is an integrated development environment that provides

development engineers with the flexibility to develop and debug firmware for
various Microchip devices

MPLAB IDE is a Windows-based Integrated Development

Environment for the Microchip Technology Incorporated PICmicrocontroller
(MCU) and dsPIC digital signal controller (DSC) families. In the MPLAB IDE,
you can:

 Create source code using the built-in editor.

 Assemble, compile and link source code using various language tools. An
assembler, linker and librarian come with MPLAB IDE. C compilers are
available from Microchip and other third party vendors.
 Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with a simulator,
such as MPLAB SIM, or in real time with an emulator, such as MPLAB
ICE. Third party emulators that work with MPLAB IDE are also available.
 Make timing measurements.
  View variables in Watch windows.
 Program firmware into devices with programmers such as PICSTART Plus
or PRO MATE II.
 Find quick answers to questions from the MPLAB IDE on-line Help.

7.3.1 MPLAB SIMULATOR

MPLAB SIM is a discrete-event simulator for the PIC microcontroller

(MCU) families. It is integrated into MPLAB IDE integrated development
environment.

The MPLAB SIM debugging tool is designed to model operation of

Microchip Technology's PIC microcontrollers to assist users in debugging software
for these devices.

7.4 MATLAB

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical

computing environment and fourth-generation programming language.
A proprietary programming language developed by Math Works, MATLAB
allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation
of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in
other languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, Fortran and Python.
Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional
toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic
computing abilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain
simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems.
7.4.1 Variables

Variables are defined using the assignment operator, = . MATLAB is

a weaklytyped programming language because types are implicitly converted. It is
an inferred typed language because variables can be assigned without declaring
their type, except if they are to be treated as symbolic objects, and that their type
can change. Values can come from constants, from computation involving values
of other variables, or from the output of a function. For example:
7.4.2 Interfacing with other languages]

MATLAB can call functions and subroutines written in the programming

languages C or Fortran.[26] A wrapper function is created allowing MATLAB data
types to be passed and returned. The dynamically loadable object files created by
compiling such functions are termed "MEX-files"
(for MATLAB executable).[27][28] Since 2014 increasing two-way interfacing
with Python is being added.[29][30]
Libraries written in Perl, Java, ActiveX or .NET can be directly called from
MATLAB,[31][32] and many MATLAB libraries (for
example XML or SQL support) are implemented as wrappers around Java or
ActiveX libraries. Calling MATLAB from Java is more complicated, but can be
done with a MATLAB toolbox[33] which is sold separately by MathWorks, or using
an undocumented mechanism called JMI (Java-to-MATLAB
Interface),[34][35] (which should not be confused with the unrelated Java Metadata
Interface that is also called JMI). Official MATLAB API for Java was added in
2016.[36]
As alternatives to the MuPAD based Symbolic Math Toolbox available from
MathWorks, MATLAB can be connected to Maple or Mathematica.[37][38]
Libraries also exist to import and export MathML.[39]
The name MATLAB stands for MATrixLABoratory. MATLAB was written
originally to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK
(linear system package) and EISPACK (Eigen system package) projects.MATLAB
[1] is a high-performance language for technical computing. It
integratescomputation, visualization, and programming environment. Furthermore,
MATLAB is a modern programming language environment: it has sophisticated
data structures, contains built-in editing and debugging tools, and supports object-
oriented programming. These factors make MATLAB an excellent tool for
teaching and research.
MATLAB has many advantages compared to conventional computer
languages (e.g.,C, FORTRAN) for solving technical problems. MATLAB is an
interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. The software package has been commercially available since 1984
and is now considered as a standard tool at most universities and industries
worldwide.
7.4.3 Starting MATLAB
After logging into your account, you can enter MATLAB by double-clicking
on the MATLABshortcut icon (MATLAB 7.0.4) on your Windows desktop. When
you start MATLAB, aspecial window called the MATLAB desktop appears. The
desktop is a window that containsother windows. The major tools within or
accessible from the desktop are:
² The Command Window
² The Command History
² The Workspace
² The Current Directory
² The Help Browser
² The Start button

Controlling the appearance of °oating point numberMATLAB by default

displays only 4 decimals in the result of the calculations, for example¡163:6667, as
shown in above examples. However, MATLAB does numerical calculationsin
double precision, which is 15 digits. The command format controls how the results
ofcomputations are displayed. Here are some examples of the divergent formats
together withthe resulting outputs.
>>format short
>> x=-163.6667
If we want to see all 15 digits, we use the command format long
>>format long
>> x= -1.636666666666667e+002
To return to the standard format, enter format short, or simply format.
There are several other formats. For more details, see the MATLAB
documentation,
or type help format.
Note - Up to now, we have let MATLAB repeat everything that we enter at the
prompt (>>). Sometimes this is not quite useful, in particular when the output is
pages en
length. To prevent MATLAB from echoing what we type, simply enter a
semicolon (;) at
the end of the command. For example,
>> x=-163.6667;
and then ask about the value of x by typing,
>>x
x=
-163.6667

7.4.4 Mathematical functions

MATLAB o®ers many prede¯ned mathematical functions for technical
computing which
contains a large set of mathematical functions.
Typing help elfun and help specfun calls up full lists of elementary and special
functions respectively.
There is a long list of mathematical functions that are built into MATLAB. These
functions are called built-ins. Many standard mathematical functions, such as
sin(x), cos(x),
tan(x), ex, ln(x), are evaluated by the functions sin, cos, tan, exp, and log
respectively in
MATLAB.
Table 2.1 lists some commonly used functions, where variables x and y can be
numbers,vectors, or matrices.
 Simulink is a simulation and model-based design environment for dynamic
and embedded systems, integrated with MATLAB. Simulink, also developed by
MathWorks, is a data flow graphical programming language tool for modelling,
simulating and analyzing multi-domain dynamic systems. It is basically a graphical
block diagramming tool with customizable set of block libraries.
It allows you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models as well as export the
simulation results into MATLAB for further analysis.
Simulink supports −
 system-level design
 simulation
 automatic code generation
 testing and verification of embedded systems
There are several other add-on products provided by MathWorks and third-party
hardware and software products that are available for use with Simulink.
The following list gives brief description of some of them −
 Stateflow allows developing state machines and flow charts.
 Simulink Coder allows the generation of C source code for real-time
implementation of systems automatically.
 xPC Target together with x86-based real-time systems provide an
environment to simulate and test Simulink and Stateflow models in real-time on
the physical system.
 Embedded Coder supports specific embedded targets.
 HDL Coder allows to automatically generate synthesizable VHDL and
Verilog.
 SimEvents provides a library of graphical building blocks for modelling
queuing systems.
Simulink is capable of systematic verification and validation of models through
modelling style checking, requirements traceability and model coverage analysis.
Simulink Design Verifier allows you to identify design errors and to generate test
case scenarios for model checking.
7.4.5 Building Models

To create a new model, click the New button on the Library Browser's
toolbar. This opens a new untitled model window.
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

This project gives a new integrated method of a wireless charging system

using double-sided LCC compensation topology. With the compensated coils
integrated into the main coil structure, the system becomes much more compact.
The proposed compensated coil design further eliminate or minimize the extra
coupling effects to a negligible level, making it more straightforward to design a
wireless charging system using the double-sided LCC compensation topology. The
detailed design procedures to improve system efficiency are also introduced. Both
the 3D FEA simulation results and the experimental results verify the proposed
idea. The compact and highly efficient wireless charging system is able to deliver
3.0 kW at a DC-DC efficiency of 95.5% with an air gap of 150 mm when fully
aligned. Our future work is to install the designed wireless charger on a vehicle. In
order to achieve that, we will not only analyze the additional power loss resulted
from ambient objects, such as the EV chassis and the steels buried in the ground,
but alsooptimize the ferrite plates so that minimum ferrite bars are employed to
deliver the same amount of power with competitive efficiency.

CHAPTER 9

REFERENCE

[1] J H. Hertz, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. VI. New York: Scribner,
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[2] N. Tesla, “Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy,” U.S. Patent 1 119
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[3] W. C. Brown, “The history of power transmission by radio waves,” IEEE
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[4] J. Garnica, R. A. Chinga, and J. Lin, “Wireless power transmission: from far
field to near field,” Proceedings of the IEEE., vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1321-1331, Apr.
2013.

[5] A. Kurs et al. “Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic
resonances,” Science, vol. 317, no. 5834, pp. 83-86, Jul. 2007.

[6] R. Wu, W. Li, H. Luo, J. K. O. Sin, and C.P. Yue, “Design and
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[7] D. Ahn and P.P. Mercier, “Wireless power transfer with concurrent 200 kHz
and 6.78 MHz operation in a single transmitter device,” IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1-13, Sep. 2015.

[8] M. Budhia, G. A. Covic, and J.T. Boys, “Design and optimization of circular
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[9] H. Takanashi, Y. Sato, Y. Kaneko, S. Abe, and T. Yasuda, “A large air gap 3
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[10] M. Budhia, J.T. Boys, G. A. Covic, and C. Huang, “Development of a single-

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