Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Figure 1.1
1|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Figure 1.2
2|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Based on Figure 1.2, the curve is cut at two distinct points, and , by a vertical
line. This curve cannot be the graph of for any function ; otherwise, we
would have
and
which is impossible, since cannot assign two different values to . Thus, there is no
function whose graph is the given curve. This illustrates the following general result,
which we will call the vertical line test.
The graph of the function can be obtained by graphing the two parts of the
equation
3|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Example:
is the function defined by the table below:
Thus, the domain is the set {0, 1, 2, 3} and the range is the set {−1, 3, 4, 6}.
which states that for each input the value of is obtained by adding the values of
and .
4|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
5|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
1.2.3 Translations
1.2.4 Reflections
6|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
1.2.6 Symmetry
7|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Geometrically, the graphs of even functions are symmetric about the -axis because
replacing by in the equation yields , which is equivalent to
the original equation by . (see Figure 1.3a and Figure 1.3.b)
Figure 1.4
8|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Constants that are varied to produce families of curves are called parameters. For
example, recall that an equation of the form represents a line of slope
and -intercept . If we keep b fixed and treat as a parameter, then we obtain a family
of lines whose members all have -intercept b (Figure 1.5)
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
The first graph is the line with slope 1 that passes through the origin, and the second is a
parabola that opens up and has its vertex at the origin
9|P a ge
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
For even values of , the functions are even, so their graphs are symmetric
about the -axis.
For odd values of , the functions are odd, so their graphs are symmetric
about the origin.
10 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
For even values of , the functions are even, so their graphs are symmetric
about the -axis.
For odd values of , the functions are odd, so their graphs are symmetric
about the origin.
11 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Example:
Table below shows some experimental data.
Figure 1.6
12 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
1.3.6 Polynomials
A polynomial in is a function that is expressible as a sum of finitely many terms of the
form , where is a constant and n is a nonnegative integer.
13 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Unlike polynomials, rational functions may have numbers at which they are not defined.
Near such points, many rational functions have graphs that closely approximate a vertical
line, called a vertical asymptote.
Unlike the graphs of nonconstant polynomials, which eventually rise or fall indefinitely,
the graphs of many rational functions eventually get closer and closer to some horizontal
line, called a horizontal asymptote, as one traverses the curve in either the positive or
negative direction. The horizontal asymptotes are represented by the dashed horizontal
lines in the Figure 1.8a and Figure 1.8b. In the Figure 1.8c, the -axis is a horizontal
asymptote.
14 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Figure 1.8c
15 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
and
where , , and are nonzero constants. The graphs of such functions can be obtained
by stretching, compressing, translating, and reflecting the graphs of and
x appropriately.
To see why this is so, let us start with the case where and consider how the
graphs of the equations
and
relate to the graphs of and . If and are positive, then the effect
of the constant is to stretch or compress the graphs of and
vertically and the effect of the constant is to compress or stretch the graphs of
and horizontally.
16 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Thus, as shown in the figure, the graph of varies between −2 and 2, and
repeats every 2π/4 = π/2 units.
and
* ( )+ and * ( )+
In this form we see that the graphs of these equations can be obtained by translating the
graphs of and to the left or right, depending on the sign of
.
17 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Figure 1.9
Or can be expressed as
18 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
19 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
Figure 1.10
20 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
and is decreasing if
whenever
21 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
22 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
23 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
24 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
25 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
The constant also arises in the context of the graph of the equation
( )
26 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
It follows from this theorem that the graphs of and are reflections of
one another about the line (see figure below for the case where ).
The most important logarithms in applications are those with base . These are called
natural logarithms because the function is the inverse of the natural exponential
function . For example,
In general,
if and only if
27 | P a g e
Chapter 1:Before Calculus SMN3013
28 | P a g e