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DRAFT –
DESIGNS AND TECHNICAL
GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY
INFRASTRUCTURE
August 2011
Table of contents:
Page
Sr. Description no.
1 Streets/roads 3
2 drains 13
3 Dug well 16
4 Water tank 22
5 Water pound 30
6 Water channel 31
7 Aqua duct 35
8 Culvert 40
9 Causeway 50
10 Foot bridge 57
11 Suspension bridge 58
12 Retaining wall 64
13 Gabion wall 69
14 Protection bund 71
15 Bioengineering Measures for slope & streams stabilization 72
16 Washing pad 77
17 Wetland 80
18 Micro hydral plant 84
19 Annexure A 85
20 Annexure B 87
General Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Rural Community Basic Infrastructure
21 94
2
1.STREETS :
• Brick Pavement
• P.C.C Pavements
1.a.BRICK PAVEMENTS
Specifications:
• Preparation of sub grade of designed width, grade and camber including compaction to achieve
95% Modified AASHTO density.
• Lying of 3’’ thick coarse sand including compaction.
• Laying first class burnt bricks on edge.
• Filling of joints with sand.
• Provision of side drains according to the given specification.
• Another option if not sand filling, use the mortar of PCC(1:4) instead of sand filling
Dos:
• Use herring bone bond for heavy load.
3
Dry Brick Street Pavement
Length = 100', Width = 8'
Sand Crush Bricks Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Preparation of Sub Grade Sft 3008 4.25
2 Compaction of Earth Cft 2158 2 12.444
3 Sand Filling 2" Cft 136 136 0.8296
4 Brick Pavement 8' Cft 375 30 5062.5 4.125 14.55625
Total 93.75 0 5062.5 6.125 32.07985
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 409.5521 2343.8 25312.5 3675 9623.955
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 404.8646 1875 25312.5 3675 9623.955
3 Cost in KPK PKR 630.434 1875 34425 4287.5 22455.895
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 480.8021 1875 32906.25 3675 9623.955
4
Use of dry brick pavement:
This kind of pavemnet can be used in area where sand is available easily and less rainfall occurs,as the technique used is of sand filling with in bricks
whree in areas where rain fall is more then average then instead of using sand filling use PCC(1:4). Flexible brick pavements are most suitable in
areas where sub grade soil is clayey i.e. Sindh, Punjab and some parts of Baluchistan. Clayey soil experiences more expansion and contraction upon
water intrusions and in regularly flooded areas it may cause differential settlement in cement concrete pavements causing these rigid pavements to
crack and settle down. It may not always be possible to provide gravel as base and attain maximum compaction so it is better to use flexible brick
pavement not only to reduce cost but it also minimizes the chances of cracking caused by settlement due to its flexible nature.
Similarly in hilly areas like KP and upper parts of the country due to steep slopes cement concrete pavements can perform better under flash flooding
conditions and other wear and tear effects.
Patterns for brick pavement:
5
6
Dry Brick Street Pavement With Side Drain
(Street Length = 100', Width = 8') ( Drain Size = 1.75'x1.25')
Cement Sand Crush Bricks Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 687.5 7.8
2 Preparation of Sub Grade Sft 800 0.7808
3 Sand Filling 2" Cft 128 128 2 12
4 Brick Pavement 8' Cft 271.875 1.19 1.33
5 P.C.C (1:3:6) Cft 37.3 4.595 17.228 34.465 1.268 1.417
Total 4.595 145.228 34.465 0 4.4582 23.3282
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 144.07 2044.775 3630.7 1102.88 0.00 2674.92 6998.46
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 136.46 1975.85 2904.56 1068.415 0.00 2674.92 6998.46
3 Cost in KPK PKR 231.48 1975.85 2904.56 792.695 0.00 3120.74 16329.74
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 138.88 2113.7 2904.56 1309.67 0.00 2674.92 6998.46
1.b. PCC STREET:
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Preparation of sub grade of designed width, grade and camber including compaction to
achieve 95% modified AASHTO density.
• PCC 1:4:8 using ¾’’ to 1.5’’ gauge (1000PSI) as base course 4’’ thick.
• PCC 1:2:4 using ¾’’ to down gauge (2250psi at 28 days) in panels.
• provision of side drains according to the given specification
Dos:
• Pour the concrete in panels leaving ½’’ expansion joint.
• Fill the joints with sand
• Maintain the slope of the drain.
7
• This option is used in area which have hard strata and does not undergo expansion and contraction and have very less chances of differential
settlement.this kind of starta is present in KPK and some area of Baluchistan.
8
P.C.C Street Pavement With Side Drain
(Street Length = 100', Width = 8') ( Drain Size = 1.75'x1.25')
Cement Sand Crush Bricks Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 687.5 8.9375
2 Preparation of Sub Grade Sft 800 4
3 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 264 25.019077 62.547692 156.3692 0.66 10.032
4 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 264 46.464 232.32 580.8 0.66 10.032
5 P.C.C (1:3:6) Cft 37.3 4.59536 17.2326 43.0815 0 1.3 1.4
Total 76.078437 312.10029 780.2507 0 2.5882 34.4189
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 586.3683103 32713.728 4681.5044 9363.009 0 1552.92 10325.7
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 673.1692088 28909.806 4681.5044 21847.02 0 1552.92 10325.7
3 Cost in KPK PKR 912.5296404 38039.218 4681.5044 22627.27 0 1811.74 24093.2
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 765.8259784 32713.728 4681.5044 27308.78 0 1552.92 10325.7
9
1.c.Roads:
Specifications:
• Subbase of screened bajri of approved grade of size 19mm to 4.8mm,
• Surface dressing in two coats with bitumen blinded 80/100 or anyother approved grade using 25 lb
or bitumen blended with 6cft of of ½” standard size bajri %sft (1.22kg of bitumen binded with 0.018
cm of 13mm standard size bajri per sq.m( 219 kg of bitumen with 001 cm of 6.4 mm satnadard size
of baj per sq.m)in second coast of road surfce with rolling on the surface.
• The hot mix asphalt layer It is also known as blacktop or bitumen, and sometimes just hot mix. Hot
mix pavements are classified mainly as dense-graded mixes, stone matrix mixes and open-graded
hot mix asphalt.
o Hot Mix Asphalt: DenseGraded Mixes: this type of asphalt is ideally for all traffic conditions,
and has great performance under structural conditions, friction, and for surfacing and repairing needs
o Hot Mix Asphalt: Stone Matrix Asphalt: Due to its high costs, it is recommended to be used
on high volume interstate highways to get benefits from its durability and endurance. It will
also increase driver’s safety due to the impressive friction capabilities with tires; it will also
reduce tire noise and will reduce reflective cracking.
o Opengraded friction course‐ Air voids minimum requirement is 15%, and no maximum air
void percentage is specified. This mix is only used for surface courses. It has a smoother
surface finish than the dense-graded. It’s low cost of placement counteracts the high cost of
producing it. Caution: Clogging or sealing the pores will dramatically reduce and will
degrade asphalt performance and stability.
o Asphlt treated permeable bases - It is used only under dense-graded, stone mix or
Portland cement concrete for drainage. It is used for drainage purposes below dense-
graded, stone mix, or Portland cement concrete.
10
11
Bitumen Road
(Assumed Length = 100', Width(topping) = 12')
Cement Sand Crush Stones Stones Bitumen Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) 6" (Cft) 4‐1/2" (cft) Kg Skill Un Skill
1 Preparation of Sub grade Sft 1200 9.6
2 Compaction of Earth Cft 200 2
3 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 129 12.23 61.13 122.25 0.3225 4.902
4 Stone Soiling 6" Cft 600 600 4.5
5 Stone Soiling 4‐1/2" Cft 450 450 3.375
6 Bitumen Sft 1200 1200 8.04
Total 12.22523 61.13 122.25 0.00 1050 1200 0.3225 32.417
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 1220.491 5440.228 1528.1538 3912.073846 0.000 5250 96000 193.5 9725.1
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 1217.003 5256.849 1222.5231 3789.821538 0.000 5512.5 96000 193.5 9725.1
3 Cost in KPK PKR 1345.088 5256.849 1222.5231 2811.803077 0.000 6300 96000 225.75 22691.9
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 1237.103 5623.606 1222.5231 4645.587692 0.000 6300 96000 193.5 9725.1
12
2.Drains:
Types of Drains:
• Stone Masonary
• Brick Masonary
• P.C.C
• Precast Sections
2. a. STONE MASONARY:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal including
dressing of the soil to acquire designed slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 using 1.5 -2’’ inch gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 4’’ thick.
• Coursed rubble stone masonry with 1:4 C/S mortar.
• PCC 1:2:4 using ¾’’ and down gauge in water way 3’’ thick.
2. b. BRICK MASONARY:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and dispose it safely, including dressing of the soil to acquire designed slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation using brick or stone ballast 1.5 -2 inch gauge in bed 4’’ thick.
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 cements sand mortar.
2. c. P.C.C Drains:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and dispose it safely, including dressing of the soil to acquire designed slop.
• PCC 1:4:8 using brick or stone ballast 1.5 -2 inch gauge in bed 4’’ thick.
• PCC 1:2:4 using ¾’’ and down gauge (2250PSI)
2.d.PRECAST SECTIONS:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal, including dressing of the soil to acquire designed slope.
• Laying of sand to acquire designed slope.
• Precast section of RC 1:1.5:3 of required shape and size.
Dos:.
• Maintain the longitudinal slope of the drain.
• Use stones at 4ft horizontal and 2ft vertical Joint should not be wider than 3/8inch.
13
• Drain with circular center and square center depend upon the effulent kind as circular concrete linning drain is for the sludge low in volume
whereas the one with just PCC in the base is good for main drain around the community and the one where all the sludge whether green or
brown sludge goes in the one drain.
14
Rectangular Drain Brick Masonry
Size = (100'x1'x1.25')
Cement Sand Crush Bricks Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 525 6.825
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 115.5 10.94585 54.72923 109.4585 0.28875 4.389
3 P.C.C (1:3:6) Cft 20 2.464 9.24 18.48 0.05 0.76
4 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 175.5 7.13232 35.6616 2369.25 4.914 7.8975
5 Plaster Work (1:4) Sft 350 2.8448 14.224 3.01 8.05
Total 23.38697 113.8548 127.9385 2369.25 8.26275 27.9215
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 425.2795 10407.2 2846.371 4094.031 11846.25 4957.65 8376.45
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 414.7993 10056.4 2277.097 3966.092 11846.25 4957.65 8376.45
3 Cost in KPK PKR 567.1595 10056.4 2277.097 2942.585 16110.9 5783.925 19545.05
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 466.3099 10758 2277.097 4861.662 15400.125 4957.65 8376.45
15
Circular Drain P.C.C Base
Size = (100' x 1.5' x 7")
Cement Sand Crush Bricks Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 324 4.212
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 75 7.107692 35.53846 71.07692 0.1875 2.85
3 P.C.C (1:3:6) Cft 46.92 5.780544 21.67704 43.35408 0.1823 2.77096
4 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 126 5.12064 25.6032 1701 3.528 5.67
5 Plaster Work (1:4) Sft 218 1.365504 6.82752 0.585812 3.85012
Total 19.37438 89.64622 114.431 1701 4.483612 19.35308
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 315.2564 8621.599 2241.156 3661.792 8505 2690.1672 5805.924
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 306.7236 8330.984 1792.924 3547.361 8505 2690.1672 5805.924
3 Cost in KPK PKR 410.0831 8330.984 1792.924 2631.913 11566.8 3138.5284 13547.16
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 346.0611 8912.215 1792.924 4348.378 11056.5 2690.1672 5805.924
16
3. DUG WELLS:
• Brick Lining
• Precast Rings
3.a.Brick Lining
SPECIFICATION:
• Digging of the well to achieve required dia and depth in all type of soils including lifting and
removal of soils to safe place.
• PCC 1:4:8 in bottom.
• Providing 1st class brick lining according to the given design and wall thickness.
• Providing MS bar ladders embedded in lining with PCC for accessibility.
• PCC 1:2:4 for platform.
• Fixing stout and pulley.
3.b.PRECAST RINGS:
Specifications:
• Providing precast RCC (1:1:2) rings of specified dia.
• Providing MS bar ladders embedded in lining with PCC for accessibility.
• Caulking of the joints with 1:2 CS mortar.
• Fixing of stout and pulley
STOUT TYPES:
a. Wood lowering supports b. windlass:
Dos:
17
18
19
20
• Dug well with brick masonry does not go beyond the depth of 50’as it becomes difficult mostly for the construction and widstanding of brick wall
in depth, whereas the rings of precast rings is good enough for the depth of more than 50’ and soil conditions are loose or ad that doesn’t
matter the ring type of construction.
Dug Well (Brick Masonry)
50' Depth and 4' internal dia
S.N Cement Sand Crush Bricks Bamboo Wood Steel rings Labour (MD)
Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Rft) (Rft) (Nos)
o (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 886 11.518
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 24.255 2.2986277 11.493138 22.98628 0.0606 0.9217
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 6.04 1.063 2.6576 5.3152 0.19186 0.24527
4 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 270.06 6.43 32.16 3645.81 7.224 11.61
5 Bamboo for Rope Rft 5.125 5.12
6 Wooden Posts Rft 6.125 6.125 0.25
7 Steel ring for steps Nos 33 33 1 0
Total 9.7916277 46.310738 28.30148 3645.81 5.12 6.125 33 8.4764975 24.54496
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 854.49373 4357.2743 1157.7685 905.6473 18229.05 81.92 593.64 4950 5085.8985 7363.488
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 846.56394 4210.3999 926.21477 877.3458 18229.05 92.16 593.64 4950 5085.8985 7363.488
3 Cost in KPK PKR 1186.8023 4210.3999 926.21477 650.934 24791.508 102.4 593.64 4950 5933.54825 17181.47
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 965.87782 4504.1487 926.21477 1075.456 23697.765 97.28 593.64 4950 5085.8985 7363.488
21
Dug Well (Reinforced ring)
50' depth and 4' internal dia
Reinforce Cost iron Steel
Cement Sand Crush Bamboo Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity Ring Post rings
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) (Rft) (Rft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 886 11.518
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 24.255 2.2986277 11.493138 22.98628 0.0606 0.9217
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 2.25 0.396 0.99 1.98 2.0606 4.9217
Reinforce Ring 4'
4 Internal dia Nos 61
5 Bamboo for Rope Rft 5.125 61 5.125 6.12 30
6 Wooden Posts Rft 7.5 0.2500
Steel ring for
7 steps Nos 30 1
Total 2.6946277 12.483138 24.96628 61 5.125 6.12 30 3.121275 17.61138
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 197.06575 1199.1093 312.07846 798.9209 305 82 0 0 1872.765 5283.414
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 296.89253 1158.6899 249.66277 773.9546 320.25 92.25 593.64 4500 1872.765 5283.414
3 Cost in KPK PKR 441.15151 1158.6899 249.66277 574.2244 366 102.5 593.64 4500 2184.8925 12327.97
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 303.02208 1239.5287 249.66277 948.7185 366 97.375 593.64 4500 1872.765 5283.414
22
4.WATER TANKS:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation and floors.8’’ thick
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar in foundation, plinth and superstructure.
Or
First class brick masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar in foundation, plinth and super structure.
• Installation of GI wash out pipe, overflow and out let pipe.
• RCC1:2:4 for slab.
• Mild steel deformed bars 40ksi.
• MS open able cover 1.5ftx1.5ft minimum.
• cement plaster with 1:3 cement sand plaster at inner side of ¾ inch thick for stone and 1/2inch
thick. for brick work,
• cement plaster with 1:6 cement sand plaster at outer side of ¾ inch thick for stone and 1/2inch thick for brick work,
• PCC 1:2:4 flooring 4’’ thick.
Dos:
• Provide easy accessibility for cleaning.
• Thick walls reduce the temperature affects.
• Make sure corners are strong
RULE FOR THE CALCULATING CAPACITY OF WATER TANK
23
24
25
Water Tank
6'x6'x4.5'
Steel
Cement Sand Crush Bricks Steel Pipes Form Work Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity Cover
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) (Kg) (Rft) (Sft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 67.5 0.878
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 13.5 1.3 6.4 12.8 0.034 0.513
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 27.2 4.8 12.0 24.0 0.068 1.035
4 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 167.1 6.8 169.7 2255.3 3.341 13.532
5 Plaster Sft 253.2 2.1 10.3 2.178 5.824
6 Pipes Rft 5.5 5.5 0.250 0.500
7 Mild Steel G‐40 Kg 47 47 0.094 0.188
8 Form Work Sft 51 51 0.500 1.000
9 Manhole Cover Nos 1 1
10 Back Filling Cft 29.51 0.180011
Total 14.9408 198.4037 36.7562 2255.3438 47 5.5 51 1 6.4646 23.6490
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/cft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 253.40 6648.6623 4960.0918 1176.1999 11276.7188 3619 220 1377 800 3878.761 7094.703
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 244.36 6424.5501 3968.0734 1139.4436 11276.7188 3407.5 220 1377 800 3878.761 7094.703
3 Cost in KPK PKR 331.30 6424.5501 3968.0734 845.39366 15336.3375 3619 220 1377 800 4525.221 16554.306
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 271.78 6872.7745 3968.0734 1396.7374 14659.7344 3760 220 1377 800 3878.761 7094.703
26
Option #2 for capacity of 5000 gallons:
27
Option #1 for construction:
28
Option #2:
29
OPTION #3 FOR WATER TANK:
The above mentioned are options for the water tank construction as the seismic band is present in the third option which is applicable for the seismic
zones only.
30
5. Water pounds;
Specifications:
• It generally is constructed with a area having pitched stones at the slope.
• This water is generally collected of the rain and its mostly in the region where water availability
for the cattles, humans and irrigation is a problem.
water ponds is a storage reservoir used to harvest rainwater. In few parts of the country, irrigation
water is also stored in ponds for future use. This water is used for drinking purpose as well without any
treatment. Small ponds are made in northern parts where frequency of rains is more and rainwater
supplements other sources while in the areas where frequency is less and major source of water is
either rainwater or irrigation water, ponds are constructed very large.
31
6.WATER CHANNEL:
• Brick Masonry
• Stone masonry
• Cement Concrete
• Brick Linning
• Precast Segments
6.a.BRICK MASONARY:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 in bed.
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 cements sand mortar.
• PCC 1:2:4 in water way bed.
• Fixing of modules of specified diameter at specific location.
• Plaster the channel internally
6.b. STONE MASONARY:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 in bed.
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar.
• PCC 1:2:4 using 3/4 ‘’ and down gauge in water way bed.
• Fixing of modules of specified dia. at specific location.
6.c. CEMENT CONCRETE:
Specifiations:
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 in bed.
• PCC 1:2:4 complete in all respect.
• Fixing of modules of specified diameter at specific location.
6.d.BRICK LINNING:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope including compaction.
• Brick lining with flat bricks lay with 1:4 CS mortar.
• Reshaping and dressing of the berms including compaction.
6.e.PERCAST SEGMENTS:
32
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope, including removal of soil from site and safe disposal, including dressing of the soil.
• Laying of sand for cushion.
• Lying of precast section of RC 1:1.5:3 of required shape and size.
Dos:
• Consult with the users for the location and size of modules.
• Fix module properly.
• Cut the slopes in required design.
• Compact the ground.
Slope ratio in channels:
Material Side slope
rock
Nearly vertical
Stiff clay ½:1 to 1:1
Firm soil 1:1
Loose 2:1
sandy soil
33
34
Water Channel Trapezoidal (P.C.C Lining)
L = 100', W = 4', H = 1.25'
Cement Sand Crush Stone Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 553 6.083
2 Stone Dressing Cft 250 250 7.75 14
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 172.26 30 76 152 5.85684 6.54588
Total 30 76 152 250 14 27
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 457.66768 13350 1900 4864 9500 8164.104 7988.664
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 442.84768 12900 1520 4712 9000 8164.104 7988.664
3 Cost in KPK PKR 430.10896 12900 1520 3496 6250 9524.788 9320.108
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 447.48768 13800 1520 5776 7500 8164.104 7988.664
Water Channel Rectangular (Bricks Lining)
L = 100', W = 2', H = 1.25'
S.No Description Unit Quantity Cement Sand Crush Stone Bricks Labour (MD)
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 658 7.238
2 Stone Dressing Cft 350 350 10.85 19.6
3 Brick Lining Cft 374.25 14.97 74.85 0 5052.375 10.479 16.84125
Total 14.97 74.85 0 350 5052.375 21.329 43.67925
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 729.9595 6661.65 1871.25 13300 25261.88 12797.4 13103.775
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 716.9715 6437.1 1497 12600 25261.88 12797.4 13103.775
3 Cost in KPK PKR 812.582875 6437.1 1497 8750 34356.15 14930.3 15287.738
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 775.236375 6886.2 1497 10500 32840.44 12600 13200
35
Water Channel Rectangular (Stone Lining)
L = 100', W = 1.5', H = 1.25'
Cement Sand Crush Stone Bricks Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 800 8.8
2 Stone Lining (1:4) Cft 812.5 45.5 227.5 0 812.5 8.125 16.25
Total 45.5 227.5 0 812.5 0 8.125 25.05
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 692 20247.5 5687.5 30875 0 4875 7515
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 657.55 19565 4550 29250 0 4875 7515
3 Cost in KPK PKR 676.5 19565 4550 20313 0 5687.5 17535
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 547.3 20930 4550 24375 0 4875 0
36
7.AQUADUCT:
• R.C.C Aquaduct
• Masonary Aquaduct
7.a.R.C.C Aquaduct
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Excavation in foundation to required depth, including compaction.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation.
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 CS mortar.
• RCC 1:2:4 3000 PSI
• Mild steel deformed bars grade 40, according to the specified dia.
7.b.MASONRY AQUADUCT:
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Excavation in foundation according to design, including compaction.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation.
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 CS mortar.
• RCC 1:2:4 3000 PSI
• Mild steel deformed bars grade 40 according to the specified diameter.
Dos:
• Consult engineer for design.
• Consider for earthquake load in earthquake prone areas.
• Siphon can be option.
• All the Dos and Don’ts of RCC Masonry.
• Construct arches’ to true radius or rigid centering.
Don’t:
• Don’t restrict water course.
• For masonry aquaduct, don’t adopt this type of construction unless skill of arch masonry is good.
37
TABLE FOR THE AQUADUCT REINFORCEMENT DETAILS & SECTION:
Velocity non-silting and non-scouring= 3ft/sec Q = AV clear span=10 ft
Use of Aquaduct:
This is mainly use for the delivery of water for mostly irrigation purposes, delivery of water for the areas where water feasibility is kind of
difficult.sometimes these are used for the hydral power production.
38
39
40
Aqua Duct
Length = 10', Width = 2', Height = 1.25'
Cement Sand Crush Bricks Steel Form Work Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) (Kg) (Sft) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 82.88 1.08
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 18.23 1.73 8.64 17.28 0.05 0.69
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 194.65 34.26 171.29 342.58 6.62 7.40
4 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 262.81 16.02 80.11 3547.97 7.36 11.83
5 Mild Steel G‐40 Kg 226.04 226.04 0.44 22.32
6 Form Work Sft 96.23 96.23 1.00 2.00
Total 52.01 260.04 359.86 3547.97 226.04 96.23 15.46 45.32
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 10254.59 23143.262 6500.916 11515.61 17739.844 17404.81204 3368.05 9278.70 13594.71
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 9908.86 22363.152 5200.733 11155.747 17739.844 16387.6477 3368.05 9278.70 13594.71
3 Cost in KPK PKR 12328.59 22363.152 5200.733 8276.8444 24126.188 17404.81204 3368.05 10825.15 31720.98
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 11018.51 23923.372 5200.733 13674.786 23061.797 18082.9216 3368.05 9278.70 13594.71
41
.
8 CULVERTS:
• Slab Culvert
• Box Culvert
• Pipe Culvert
best option for the culverts:
slab culvert is used where water level is low and diversion is easy and this kind of culvert is box kind but
in box is precast and parts are assembled at the site where in slab culvert all construction is assembled
.slab culvert construction takes time where as box culvert takes time.
8 a. SLAB CULVERT
SPECIFICATIONS:
Option1: Stone abutment:
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 using brick or stone ballast 2 – 3’’ gauge in foundation 9’’ thick.
• PCC 1:2:4 (2250Psi). (water way and bed plate)
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (toe wall and abutments)
• CR stone masonry with 1:6 C/S mortar (wing walls and parapets)
Option 2: Brick masonry:
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (abutment and Toe wall).
• First class brick masonry with 1:6 cement sand mortar (wing walls, and parapet)
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified diameter free form rust and mill scaling (billet steel, 40ksi)
• RCC 1:2:4 for slabs (2250psi).
• Back filling beyond abutments and wing walls including compaction.
Option 3: Reinforced cement concrete:
• RCC (1:2:4) abutments
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified diameter free form rust and mill scaling (billet steel, 40ksi)
• Parapet walls ,wing walls should be made of RCC(!:2:4)
Do’s:
• Use the salvage bricks/stones.
• Keep the height of the abutments above the highest flood level.
• Reuse the salvage material except concrete and steel.
• Use stones at 2ft vertical and 4ft horizontal.
• Provide the weep holes at every 4ft interval in both directions.
• Deepen the foundation to the scouring depth or Keep the foundation on hard stratum.
42
Don’ts:
• Don’t restrict the natural water course.
8. b. BOX CULVERT:
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• Providing and laying PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3 inch gauge in foundation 4’’ thick.
• RCC 1:2:4 (2250psi).
• Mild steel deformed bars 40Ksi, free from rust and mill scaling.
• Re handling of the soil including compaction.
• Stone pitching grouted with 1:4 CS mortar for apron.
OPTIONS FOR REINFORCEMENT IN THE TOP SLAB CULVERT*
BOX CULVERT REINFORCEMENT
Clear slab option #1 of alternate option #2 of no bent up reinforcement
span thickness bent up reinforcement
top bars bottom bars
main distribution main distribution main distribution bars
bars bars bars bars bars
3' 7.7” #4@3"c/c #4@8"c/c #4@11" #4@11" #4@3"c/c #4@8"c/c
4' 8" #4@3"c/c #4@8"c/c #4@11" #4@11" #4@3"c/c #4@8"c/c
5' 9" #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c #4@11" #4@11" #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c
6' 9" #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c #4@11" #4@11" #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c
7' 9.5" #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c #4@11" #4@11" #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c
8' 10.6" #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c #4@11" #4@11" #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c
9' 11" #5@3"c/c #4@8"c/c #4@11" #4@11" #5@3"c/c #4@8"c/c
10' 11.6" no bent up option #4@11" #4@11" #6@5"c/c #4@7"c/c
12' 12.5" no bent up option #4@11" #4@11" #6@5"c/c #4@7"c/c
*not applicable for box culvert
43
44
45
46
6 feet Span Culvert with Brick Masonry Abutments
Span = 6' , Slab Size = ( Length = 12', Width = 9')
Cement Sand Crush Stone Bricks Steel Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) (Kg) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 255.25 3.31825
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 179.25 16.9874 84.9369 169.8738 0.448125 6.8115
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 148.2895 26.099 130.495 260.9895 5.042 5.635
4 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 736.5 29.9314 149.657 9942.75 20.622 33.1425
5 Plaster (1:4) Sft 67.5 0.05486 0.27432 0.16875 2.565
6 Mild Steel G‐40 Kg 224.11 224.105 0.448 0.896
Total 73.0726 365.363 430.8634 0 9942.75 224.105 26.72893 52.368671
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 154156.7804 32517.3 9134.07 13787.63 0 49713.75 17256.085 16037.36 15710.601
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 149794.5421 31421.2 7307.26 13356.76 0 49713.75 16247.6125 16037.36 15710.601
3 Cost in KPK PKR 188873.4188 31421.2 7307.26 9909.857 0 67610.7 17256.085 18710.25 36658.07
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 171597.675 33613.4 7307.26 16372.81 0 64627.875 17928.4 16037.36 15710.601
Note: Excavation and Back filling work quantities depends on site condition , it will be desided as per site condition or as directed be the Engineer.
47
6 feet Span Culvert with Stone Masonry Abutments
Span = 6' , Slab Size = ( Length = 9', Width = 12')
Cement Sand Crush Stone Bricks Steel Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) (Kg) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 241.25 0.039
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 173.625 16.45 82.27 164.54 0.434063 6.59775
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 139.3765 24.53 53.41 122.65 4.491 5.296
4 Stone Maosnry in Abutments (1:4) Cft 632.344 29.0322 145.161 19.60266 35.411264
5 Brick Work (1:4) for parapet wall Cft 33.75 2.0574 10.287 1.04625 1.89
6 Plaster (1:4) Sft 67.5 0.003048 0.01524 632.34 455.625 224.11 0.009375 0.1425
7 Mild Steel G‐40 Kg 224.11 0.448 0.896
Total 72.07722 291.14 287.194 632.34 455.625 224.105 26.0313 50.273241
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Sft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 1516.137392 32074.36 7278.51 9190.22 24029 2278.125 17256.1 15618.78 15081.972
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 117709.9133 30993.2 5822.81 8903.03 22764 2278.125 16247.6 15618.78 15081.972
3 Cost in KPK PKR 1641.945655 30993.2 5822.81 6605.47 15809 3098.25 17256.1 18221.91 35191.269
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 1487.071009 33155.52 5822.81 10913.4 18970 2961.5625 17928.4 15618.78 15081.972
Note: Excavation and Back filling work quantities depends on site condition , it will be desided as per site condition or as directed be the Engineer.
48
8. c. PIPE CULVERT:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• Providing and laying PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’ gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 9’’ thick in
required slope.
• Providing and laying RCC pipe1:1.5:3 of required dia, confirming the ASTM.
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 CS mortar for toe wall, catch pit and parapet.
• PCC 1:2:4 (2250psi) around pipes.
• Re handling of excavated soil
Do’s:
• Join the pipes to each other.
• Maintain the slope of the pipes.
• Provide concrete around pipes.
Don’ts:
• Don’t use pipe without cushion.
SEPARATION BETWEEN ADJACENT PIPES IN CULVERT:
• D N D
•
•
PIPE DIAMETER INCHES (D) SEPARATION INCHES (N)
15”24” 12”
30”96” Half diameter of the pipe
102”120” 48”
49
This type is used for the drainage for upstream and downstream part,in pipe culvert we know the exact amount of flow passing under road or pathways.
Pipe culvert is more easily constructed and its feasibility ,durability is more then the slab culvert/box culvert.
50
Pipe Culvert
( Length = 10', Width = 3') ( H = 3.5' it is assuming)
Cement Sand Crush Stone Pipes Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) Nos Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 105 1.365
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 15 1.4215385 7.1076923 14.215385 0.0375 0.57
3 P.C.C (1:3:6) Cft 37.6 4.63232 17.3712 34.7424 0.094 1.4288
4 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 9.9 1.7424 8.712 17.424 0.337 0.376
5 Back Filling Cft 70 2.000
6 Reinforce Concrete Pipes Rft 10 2 0.250 3.000
Total 7.7962585 33.190892 66.381785 0 2 0.7181 8.74
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Sft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 582.539481 3469.335 829.77231 2124.2171 0 8000 430.86 2622
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 17126.90431 3352.3911 663.81785 2057.8353 0 8000 430.86 2622
3 Cost in KPK PKR 672.122001 3352.3911 663.81785 1526.781 0 8000 502.67 6118
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 594.1821518 3586.2789 663.81785 2522.5078 0 8000 430.86 2622
Note: Excavation and Back filling work quantities depends on site condition , it will be desided as per site condition or as directed be the Engineer.
9.CAUSEWAYS:
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 or using 2-3’’gauge brick or stone ballast/gravel in foundation 8-9’’ thick.
• PCC 1:4:8 above the gravel 8” thick
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (drop wall and toe wall )
• PCC 1:2:4 (2250Psi).
• Slope 1:12 longitudinal and transverse slope (maximum).
• Temperature reinforcement should be added in the area where temperature is extreme.
Do’s:
• Provide the gauge stick for flood level.
51
• Build on hard strata whereas provide apron on D/S whereas built on loose strata
• Divide the concrete into panels not more than 10’x10’ leaving expansion joint of ½”.
1. a. CAUSEWAYPCC (1:2:4):
52
This type of PCC causeway is used on the areas/nullahs where the water flow is less then usual that keeps the traffic flow smooth. this is low cost
and it is constructed more quickly.
53
Cause Way P.C.C Topping
( Length = 20', Span = 14') (14' is width of road)
Cement Sand Crush Gravels Bricks Steel Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) (Kg) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 1393.403 18.114233
2 Gravels for Sub base Cft 210 210 1.575
3 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 291.25 27.601538 138.0077 276.0154 0.728125 11.0675
4 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 187.6 33.0176 82.544 165.088 6.378 7.129
5 Back Filling Cft 312.5 0 1.159
6 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 600 36.576 182.88 8100 16.8 27
Total 97.195138 403.4317 441.1034 210 8100 0 23.90653 66.044533
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 484.9139296 41793.91 6051.475 5293.241 7980 40500 0 14343.92 19813.36
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 498.4957054 36934.153 6051.475 12350.89 7560 42525 0 14343.92 19813.36
3 Cost in KPK PKR 658.0599394 48597.569 6051.475 12792 5250 48600 0 16734.57 46231.173
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 544.0759933 41793.91 6051.475 15438.62 6300 48600 0 14343.92 19813.36
54
9. b.CAUSEWAYRCC PIPE CULVERT:
55
This type of causeway is used for the nullahs which have continuous flow of water.its expensive in construction and more time is consumed in its
construction as compared to PCC causeway.
56
57
Pipe Cause Way
( Length = 20', Span = 14') (14' is road width)
Cement Sand Crush Stone Bricks Pipes Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Nos Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 1202.46 15.63198
3 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 332.625 31.522615 157.6131 315.2262 2.086313 31.71195
P.C.C (1:3:6) Cft 365.4 45.01728 168.8148 337.6296 0.8925 13.566
4 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 140 24.64 61.6 123.2 12.138 13.566
5 Back Filling Cft 312.5 1.159
6 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 605.256 36.896406 184.482 8170.956 16.94717 27.23652
Reinforce Concrete Pipes No 6 8 0.748
Total 138.0763 572.5099 776.0558 0 8170.956 8 32.06398 103.61945
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 799.1767467 61443.954 14312.75 24833.78 0 40854.78 32000 19238.39 31085.835
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 778.7847831 59372.809 11450.2 24057.73 0 40854.78 32000 19238.39 31085.835
3 Cost in KPK PKR 968.6185432 59372.809 11450.2 17849.28 0 55562.5008 32000 22444.79 72533.615
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 856.753045 63515.099 11450.2 29490.12 0 53111.214 32000 19238.39 31085.835
58
10.FOOT BRIDGE/ WALKWAYS:
• R.C.C Deck
• Suspension Foot Bridge
10. a. R.C.C DECK
Sub structure:
Specifications:
Option 1 Stone Masonry
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 9’’ thick.
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (abutments)
• CR stone masonry with 1:6 C/S mortar (wing walls and approach steps)
• PCC 1:2:4 (2250Psi). (bedplate and bands)
Option 2 Brick Masonry
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (abutment).
• First class brick masonry with 1:6 cement sand mortar (wing walls and approach steps)
• PCC 1:2:4 for bed plate and bands.
Option 3 Plum concrete
• Plum concrete using 60% PCC 1:3:6 and 40% stones.
Decking:
Specifications:
Option 1 RCC Slab:
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified dia free form rust and mill scaling ( 40ksi)
• RCC 1:2:4 for slabs (2250Psi).
• Back filling beyond abutments and wing walls including compaction.
• Railing of approved design made of either RCC, GI pipe of wood which ever material is
appropriate to climate.
Option 2 Wooden Structure:
• Fixing of steel anchor bolts of specified dia and length.
• Wooden beam of specified size of deodar/kail wood or any other hard wood like shesum, keeker etc.
• Wooden runners of specified size of soft wood kail/deodar.
• Wooden planks 2’’ thick.
• Wooden railing. 2-6’’ high
59
11.b.SUSPENSION FOOT BRIDGE:
SUB STRUCTURE:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation including compaction.
• PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 9’’ thick.
• Plum concrete using 40 % stones and 60% PCC 1:3:6. (abutments, WG anchor, main anchor)
SUPER STRUCTURE & DECKING:
Specifications:
• RCC 1:2:4 (3000 Psi) for towers.
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified dia. and shape (grade60).
• Steel eye bar anchored in concrete.
• CR stone masonry 1:6 CS mortar for wing walls.
• Steel wire ropes made up of cable and strands as following
o ½ steel wire ropes with breaking strength not less than 9.18 ton and weight per meter is0.569 kg.
o ¾’’ steel wire roped with breaking strength not less than 21.18 and weight per meter is 1.31 kg.
o 1’’ steel wire roped with breaking strength not less than 36.6 to and weight per meter is 2.28 kg.
• ‘U’ clamps of specified strength and size.
• Gusset plate of specified size and strength.
• Steel hooks of specified size and strength.
• Saddles of specified size and thickness.
• Wooden load carrying members (transom and runners) of specified soft wood without knots and checks. (Hard wood that are difficult to
receive nails are not recommended.)
• Wooden planks 10 wide of deodar or kail wood 2’’ thick.
• Fixing of wooden railing according to the design.
Dos:
• Take earthquake load in to account in earthquake prone areas.
• Design for cyclone resistant in coastal areas.
• Keep the height of the deck above the highest flood level.
• Provide the weep holes at every 4ft interval in both directions.
60
DON’T:
• Don’t restrict the natural water course
11. SUSPENSION BRIDGE (JEEP ABLE):
SUB STRUCTURE:
Specifications:
• Excavation in foundation including compaction
• PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 9’’ thick.
• Plum concrete using 40 % stones and 60% PCC 1:3:6. (Abutments, WG anchor, main anchor.)
SUPER STRUCTURE:
Specifications:
• RCC 1:2:4 (3000 Psi) for towers.
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified dia and shape (grade60).
• Steel eye bar anchored in concrete.
• CR stone masonry 1:6 CS mortar for wing walls.
DECKING:
Specifications
• Steel wire ropes made up of cable and strands as following confirming AISC.
o ½ steel wire ropes with breaking strength not less than 9.18 ton and weight per meter is 0.569 kg.
o ¾’’ steel wire ropes with breaking strength not less than 21.18 and weight per meter is 1.31 kg.
o 1’’ steel wire ropes with breaking strength not less than 36.6 to and weight per meter is 2.28 kg.
• ‘U’ clamps of specified strength and size.
• Gusset plate of specified size and strength.
• Steel eye bar anchored in concrete.
• ‘U’ bolts of specified dia.
• Steel hooks of specified size and strength.
• Saddles of specified size and thickness.
• Steel girders 8’’ web and 3’’ flange for transom and 5’’ for runners 2’’ flange 2/8’’ thick.
• Wooden planks 10 wide of deodar or kail wood 3’’ thick.
• Fixing of deodar wooden planks’’ 3 ‘thick.
61
62
63
64
*source: PWD office (Muzzafarabad)
65
12.RETAINING WALL:
• Stone Masonary
• Plum Concrete
12.a.STONE MASONARY:
Specifications:
• Excavation of foundation according to design including compaction and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’ gauge stone or brick ballast or gehra in foundation.
• CR stone masonry with 1:6 CS mortar.
• CR stone masonry dry masonry.
• PCC 1:2:4 Topping.
• Back filling hand packed.
12. b. PLUM CONCRETE:
Specifications:
• Excavation of foundation according to design including compaction and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:6:12 in foundation.
• Plum concrete using 40% stones of size not more than 6’’ and 60% concrete 1:3:6
Dos:
• Provide weep holes at 4ft interval along both directions.
• Lay stone in header and stretcher fashion.
• Area where water is scarce, do dry stone masonry with concrete band at 4ft.
• Make through stone by overlapping long stones.
• Drain the water away from walls.
• Seek the advice of geotechnical engineer for unstable land.
• Leave sufficient space between stones for concrete.
• Use sand stone or lime stone.
Use:
The retaining wall major concept is on the protection of the house and areas from land sliding or protection from stone falling down etc .stone
masonry and brick retaining wall depends upon the material presence and the height restriction as stone masonry wall can’t be made more than 8 ft
height.
66
Table for the gravity retaining wall design
Height base width minimum top
width
12 6 3
14 7 3.5
slope
16 8 4 (1:2)H:V
18 9 4.5
20 10 5
24 12 5.5
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68
Step Retaining Wall Brick Masonry Type.
Size is (L = 20', W = 4.5', D/H = 3')
Cement Pvc
S.No Description Unit Quantity Sand Crush Bricks pipe Labour (MD)
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) (Rft) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 360 4.68
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 39.6 3.75286 18.76431 37.528615 0.099 1.5048
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 85.694 11.8448 29.612 59.224 2.91360 3.256372
4 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 1063.05 28.6776 143.3881 14351.175 29.7654 47.83725
5 PVC Pipe 2" dia Rft 72 72 0.5
Total 44.2753 191.7644 96.752615 14351.175 72 32.778 57.778422
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 6853.445 19702.5 4794.11 3096.0837 71755.875 720 19666.8 17333.5266
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 6767.459 19038.4 3835.288 2999.3311 71755.875 720 19666.8 17333.5266
3 Cost in KPK PKR 9339.822 19038.4 3835.288 2225.3102 97587.99 720 22944.6 40444.8954
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 7944.074 20366.6 3835.288 3676.5994 93282.6375 720 19666.8 17333.5266
Note: Filling work will be done at site as per specifictions or as directed by the Engineer.
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Slope Retaining Wall Stone Masonry Type.
Size is (L = 20', W = 2'‐4", D/H = 3')
Cement Pvc
S.No Description Unit Quantity Sand Crush Stones pipe Labour (MD)
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Cft) (Rft) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 360 4.68
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 39.6 1.45736 7.286806 14.573612 0.099 1.5048
3 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 51.25 9.21712 23.0428 46.0856 1.7425 1.9475
4 Stone Masonry (1:4) Cft 824.525 28.3139 141.5694 824.525 23.0867 37.103625
5 PVC Pipe 2" dia Rft 72 72 ‐ 0.5
Total 38.9884 171.899 60.659212 824.525 72 24.9282 45.735925
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Rft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 3973.035 17349.8 4297.476 1941.0948 26474.6 720 14956.92 13720.7775
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 3828.116 16765 3437.981 1880.4356 25081.2 720 14956.92 13720.7775
3 Cost in KPK PKR 4460.026 16765 3437.981 1395.1619 17417.5 720 17449.74 32015.1475
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 3698.819 17934.6 3437.981 2305.0501 20901 720 14956.92 13720.7775
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13.GABION WALLS:
Specifications:
• Excavation of foundation according to design including compaction and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation.
• Fabricating GI wire crate with 10 Nos wire triple knot, mesh not exceeding 6’’ in each side.
• Filling of wire crates with closely hand packed stone of size 8’’ to 12’’.
Dos:
• Sew the crates tightly.
• Pack the stones tightly.
• Plant shrubs around gabions.
• Drain the storm water away safely.
Don’t:
• Don’t use the stone smaller than mesh size.
• Don’t fill earth in crates.
• Don’t leave gap between adjacent crates.
Use:
Gabion wall is useful for the areas where stone is available in abundance as it can be used for the
protection around the rivers,streams etc for the flood case if any.
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14.PROTECTION BUND:
Specifications:
• Protection bund can be of earthen fill whole or earthen fill with stones layer over the
earthen at the downstream and upstream side.
• Another options is to grow vegetation at the upstream side for the protection of erosion
and stabilizng the slope.
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15.Bio engineering Measure for slopes and streams stabilization:
• Vegetative soft gabion retaining walls
• Live brushwood retaining wall
• Brushwood mattress
• Brushwood and hedges layering
• Brush wattles fascines
15.a.Vegetative soft gabion retaining wall:
Specifications:
• Construction by empty gunny bags of moderate size of usually 50kg capacity filled with the available landslide rubble as building blocks and
brush wood and placed across the slope with mouth open touching the slope.
• Dimensions of the design is:
o Length : according to the width of the land slide
o Height: should be more than 1.5 meter.
o Width : according to the length of the gunny bags (0.6-0.8 meter)
• Giving step of 20cm and place another layer of bags but not more than 1.5m of height
Front Elevation & cross-sectional views Soft gabion retaining wall with fencing
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15.b.live brushwood retaining wall:
Specifications:
• Poles of fast growing tree species like poplar, willow and mulberry of 1.5m to 2m in length and 8-15cm diameter of keeping the space between
poles of 0.6m
Front Elevation & cross-sectional views
Brush wood retaining wall at numli maira
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15.c.Brush Wattles Fascines:
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15.d. Brushwood and Hedge Layering
Cross‐sectional view of brushwood layering Three dimensional view of brushwood layering
15.e. Brush Wood Mattress:
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16.WASHING PADS:
Specifications:
• Surface dressing and excavation for bed.
• Excavation of soak away
• PCC 1:6:12 in bed.
• PCC 1:2:4 for pad and drain
• PVC pipe 3’’ dia.
• Disposal of water on some distance with sump or soak away.
Dos:
• Plant tree around washing pad
• Drain out water from hand pump or in soak way properly
Use:
Its use for the washing of clothes for women in areas where womens have to go far away for washing .if parda systm is required then walls around
the washing pad can be build.
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Washing Pad
(11.75' X 5.5')
Brick
Cement Sand Crush Bricks Compaction Steel Cover Labour (MD)
S.No Description Unit Quantity Ballast
(bags) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) (Cft) (Cft) (Nos) Skill Un Skill
1 Excavation Cft 44.0625 0.572813
2 Compaction Cft 88.125 88.125 3.34875
3 Brick Ballast Cft 88.125 88.125 0.25
4 P.C.C (1:4:8) Cft 88.125 1.653 8.264 9.448 0.2203 3.3488
5 P.C.C (1:2:4) Cft 101 1.764 4.409 25.976 0.2525 3.8380
6 Brick Work (1:4) Cft 2 0.08128 0.4064 27 0.04 0.162
Total 3.49828 13.0794 35.424 27 88.125 88.125 0 0.5128125 11.52031
Cost
S.No Provinces Toal Cost/Sft
1 Cost in Punjab PKR 89.754863 1556.73 326.985 1133.6 135 440.625 0 307.6875 3456.094
2 Cost in Sindh PKR 88.535585 1504.26 261.588 1098.1 135 462.65625 0 307.6875 3456.094
3 Cost in KPK PKR 158.029673 1504.26 261.588 814.75 183.6 528.75 0 358.96875 8064.219
4 Cost in Balochistan PKR 93.6815227 1609.21 261.588 1346.1 175.5 506.71875 0 307.6875 3456.094
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17. Constructed wetland:
Specification:
• There are two procedures for the treatment of contaminated sludge, primary is the anaerobic
baffle reactor and secondary is the macrophytes growth of plants and the absorption of
dangerous/hazardous contaminants in it.
• The sludge comes from the grit chamber to the distribution chamber to the wetland
constructed in such a way that it had 3”thick PCC (1:4:8) over compacted earth then plastic
membrane layer below the gravel 40-80mm.
• The vegetation generally growing are of two types: aquatic macrophytes and emergent
macrophytes.
• After the wetland cleaning n standing time it goes out via the 6”dia perforated pipe to the
outlet of 5x5 and later from outlet to the fields or pond.
• Distribution chamber includes baffle walls in which sludge goes from one chamber to other
chamber.
• Having fence around the wetland for the safety of animals and children.
Use:
Wetland are provided for environmental protection for the areas where waste water is
treated and water can be further used for cattles ,irrigation purpose etc.
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18.Micro hydral plant:
Specifications:
• The Microhydral plant in which it is a water channel (60 feet) and having atleast 1GF flow of water
with 20-30ft gravity.
• The plant have a four bay water tank with trash racks having size of 5x5x6but size may vary that
depend on the production of the eclectricity and area topography.
• The capacity of the micrihydral plant of the given sizes etc is around about 10-30kw and maximum
500 KW.
• The penstock pipe size ,cross flow turbine ,generator, panel board, gate wall, four core cable,trash
rack ,earthern set band,distribution of electricity,four bay water tank, sand ,gravel,
boulder,brick,steel,door windows.
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ANNEXUREA:
GENERAL DO’S :
• Grout masonry to fill all the joints.
• Use strong form work and scaffolding.
• Compact the concrete manually or use vibrator.
• Cure the slab up 14 days.
• Use clean sand, aggregate and water in concrete and mortar.
• Use Bach box for measuring the ingredients’ quantity.
• Provide shadow on pouring place and Bach mixing area if temperature is higher than 35C*.
• Use Bach box (1’x1’x1.25’) for measuring the ingredients’ quantity.
• Compact the surface.
• Cure the cement work.
• Use the mortar/mix within 30 minutes after adding water.
• Mix the concrete with mixer.
• Cure the work for 7 days minimum.
• Cure the cement work.
• Use the mortar/mix within 30 minutes after adding water.
• Use 30liter of water per bag of cement.
• Use Bach box for measuring the ingredients’ quantity
• Reuse the salvaged bricks.
• Maintain the camber in case of roads.
• Cure the cement work.
• Use the mortar/mix within 30 minutes after adding water.
• Break the vertical joint
• Reuse the salvage stones
• Soak the brick before use.
• Break the masonry joints.
• Bricks joints should not be more than 3/8’’
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General Don’ts:
• Don’t use the under burnt bricks.
• Don’t use substandard brick.
• Don’t leave wider joints in bricks.
• Use salt resisting cement in the areas prone to salinity.
• Don’t use cement which does not give powdery form.
• Don’t reuse the steel in slab as main bars.
• Don’t use the round stone.
• Don’t use water more than 30 liter per bag of cement.
• Don’t use gap graded aggregate.
• Don’t leave joints in shuttering.
• Don’t leave the concrete cover less than ¾ inch in any case, in areas prone to salinity cover should not be less than 1.5’’.
• Don’t remove the formwork of slabs earlier than 16 days for spans>14ft and 10 days for span<14ft.
• Slump should not be more than 4’’.
• Don’t exe cute substructure’s work during rainy days.
• Don’t drop concrete freely from >3ft height. Don’t use cement whose manufacturing date is older than two months.
• Don’t use cement which gives gritty feel while rubbing between fingers.
• Don’t use cement which manufacturing date is older than two months.
• Don’t use round stones.
• Don’t pin the stones.
• Inter lock the stones.
• Don’t use the silt/clayey sand.
• Don’t use excessive water.
ANNEX B:
Specifications for Civil Works
1.SITE CLEARANCE:
The whole site area needs to be grubbed and clean to remove all the vegetation and other loose material from the surface. It includes clear of
obstructions, cutting of trees and bushes, grubbing off plantation roots. Later the earth surface is properly dressed, consolidated and
compacted. The cleared material should be disposed off and is not recommended for anything.
2.EXCAVATION & BACK FILLING:
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Excavation for foundation trenches and drains in all kinds of soil shall be done according to the sizes given in drawings. Excavated material
should be carefully disposed off or otherwise shall be used as back fill in foundation, plinth or under floor including breaking clods. Back filled
material is properly placed, water and then consolidated by ramming in layers not exceeding 9” in thickness. Back filling should be done in
pace with masonry work in such a manner that no back filling is done when the masonry is green.
3.EARTH FILLING (FROM BORROW PITS):
The fill material must be free from all vegetables, alkali and other deleterious matter. Earth which contains greater than 0.5% of salt and greater
than 0.15% of sulfate is not recommended for any kind of fill purpose. Filling from borrow pits shall be in 6” layers each being well watered and
rammed.
4.CONCRETE WORK:
a.P.C.C (1:4:8):
Measurement and mixing of ingredients (Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water) shall be carefully done (material specifications will be
provided separately). Screened and graded coarse aggregate of size 1 ¼”and down gauge shall be used. Concrete shall be prepared on a dry,
water tight plate form. Cement, sand and coarse aggregates shall be thoroughly mixed in dry state before addition of water to it. Prepared
concrete shall be used within 30 minutes after adding water in it. (1:4:8) concrete shall have a minimum compressive cylinder strength of
1000psi.
b. P.C.C (1:3:6):
Measurement of ingredients by volume shall be done carefully and thorough mixing shall be ensured on a dry and water tight plate form.
Aggregate size shall not exceed ¾”. Concrete should have a slump not more than 3 inches and minimum compressive cylinder strength of
1200psi.
c. P.C.C (1:2:4):
All ingredients should be thoroughly mixed in required proportion in dry state before addition of water. Screened and graded aggregates of ¾”
and down gauge shall be used. For mass concrete, machine mixture is recommended and mixing time should not be less than 2 minutes. For
hand mixing, water cement ratio shall be 0.55 to 0.6 (provided that aggregates are immersed in water before use). For machine mix water
cement ratio shall not exceed 0.5. (Slump should not exceed 3”). Concrete should be compacted properly. A minimum curing period
recommended is 7days. Concrete should have minimum compressive cylinder strength of 2250psi after 28 days. Under normal circumstances
(where temperature is above 20 degree Celsius) form work can be removed after;
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All deformed reinforcing bars shall have minimum yield strength of 40 KSI. Reinforcement shall be free from all loose flaky rust and mill scale or
coating that may reduce or destroy the bond. Reduced section steel reinforcement shall not be used. Bars shall be stacked and stored in racks
or platforms above the surface of ground and should be protected from scaling, rusting, damage and structural defects prior to placement in
works. Fabrication should be done according to drawings and designs. The cutting tolerance of all bars shall be 1 inch + or -. Reinforcement
shall not be bent or straightened in a manner that will injure the material. No bars shall be bent twice in the same place, nor shall they be
straightened after bending. Reinforcement is to be accurately placed as shown in drawings and secured against displacement by using high
tension steel wires (binding wires). Concrete clear cover for reinforcing steel shall be as follows:
o Concrete component permanently exposed to earth = 3”
o Slabs = ¾”
o Beams and columns = 1 ½”
o Lap length shall be equal to 48xdia of bar (minimum)
5.BRICK MASONARY:
All burnt bricks to be thoroughly soaked in water before being laid in cement mortar. Burnt bricks build in mud mortar will only be dipped in
water before use. The joints of bricks work shall not exceed 3/8” in thickness. Unless otherwise specified the bond shall be English and no half
bricks or brick blasts shall be used than those necessary to complete the bond and joins should be staggered. Each course of brick shall be laid
quite level and perfect in bond with frog on top, that every brick is well bedded and flushed solid in mortar. All horizontal and vertical joints shall
be filled up completely. Brick masonry walls shall not be constructed more than 4ft high in a day. Brick masonry in cement sand mortar should
be constantly kept wet for a 7 day period.
6.STONE MASONARY:
Course rubble masonry shall be laid in horizontal courses not less than 6 inches in the height. All stones shall be set full in specified mortar in
beds and joints. Through stones shall be provided after every 4ft in horizontal and 2ft in vertical courses. All side joints shall be vertical and
beds horizontal. No joints shall be more than 3/8” in thickness. All stones shall be soaked in water for two hours before being laid in cement
mortar and should be cured for 7 days minimum after laying.
a.BLOCK MASONARY:
Hollow blocks used should have a net area compressive strength of 800psi. Only well dried blocks should be used in construction. Mortar used
shall not be stronger than the concrete mix for the manufacture of blocks. Succeeding courses of blocks are laid in such a manner so as to
break the verticality of joints. Thickness of joints should be 3/8” to ½”. Block masonry should not be done more than 3ft high in one day. When
the difference in height of two adjacent walls is more e.g. when a main wall meets a compound wall, the two walls should be separated by a
joint.
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SUB GRADE PREPARATION
Preparation of sub grade over top of already compacted embankment up to at least 95% modified AASHTO, maximum dry density with
required dressing including cutting to required grade, camber (1:48) and side slopes (1:2 or above) and disposal of surplus earth to suitable
sites.
7. BRICK PAVEMENT:
Brunt bricks shall be laid on edge (4.5” thick) over compacted sand layer of 2 to 3 inches thick. Brick shall be laid using herring bone pattern
with joint thickness not more than ½”. Sand should be filled in joints and edge restraints (berms/compacted earth fill) shall be provided to
restrict lateral displacement of brick during vehicular movements. Water shall be sprinkled after completing the brick pavement to remove
surplus sand from the top and set the sand in joints.
8. CEMENT SAND PLASTER:
The cement sand plaster shall be of cement sand in proportions specified in the item of work. Mixing of mortar shall be carried out on properly
cleaned water tight platform. Cement and sand shall be mixed dry to a uniform color. The water will then be added to get the desired
consistency. The whole mix will then be shoveled a number of times to ensure proper mixing of the material. Masonry wall on which plaster is
to be applied directly shall be clean and dry, but before applying the rendering coat surface must be damped evenly to control suction. The
rendering coat shall be trowelled on hard and tight being forced into, surface depressions to obtain a permanent bond. The rendering coat will
be allowed to set for two days before the second coat is applied. Before applying the second coat, the surface of rendering coat shall be
dumped evenly. It shall be brought to true even surface by treating it with a wooden float. Surface should be kept wet for at least 7 days.
9. CEMENT SAND MORTAR:
Measurement and mixing of ingredients (Cement, sand and water) shall be carefully done. Cement and sand shall be thoroughly mixed in dry
state before adding water to it. Water shall be sprinkled slowly on dry mix to make the mortar workable. Only such quantity of mortar shall be
prepared as can be used before initial setting time. A mortar which is not used within 45 minutes of addition of water to it shall be discarded.
Mortar shall be off ready workable consistency having a slump of 2.75”.
10. Demolition & Dismantling:
No damage or injury should be done to the part of work which is to be retained. Separate and stack the material which can be reused. Dispose
the surplus material and debris safely with consultation of community and engineer and clean the site. Dismantle the work carefully so that
maximum material could be reused. Use safety goggles, helmet and gloves while dismantling. Before dismantling sewage containing
structures, remove the foul fluids first, stop inflow and then commence the dismantling work. Burry the foul and septic material in ground.
Provide diversion before dismantling of the culverts and pavements. Use barricade or any sign to inform users about work in progress
especially for the culverts.
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MATERIAL PRICES IN FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS ACCORDING TO OCTOBER’2011
All prices in PKR
KPK SINDH PUNJAB Balochistan
ITEM DESCRIPTION
SR# QTY UNITS PRICE PRICE PRICE PRICE
1 1 No. 6.8 5 5 6.5
Fired Bricks
1 No. 8 ‐ 7 7.5
2 Sun Dried Bricks(Adobe Bricks) 1 No. 1 ‐ 1.5 1.5
3 Solid Concrete Blocks 1 No. 48 22 47 47
4 1 No. ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Hollow Concrete Blocks 1 No. 41 0 43 45
1 No. 46 ‐
5 40 Kg 3080 2920 3080 3200
40 Kg 3080 2920 3080 3200
Deformed Steel Bars (40,000 Psi)
40 Kg 3080 2920 3080 3200
40 Kg 3080 2920 3080 3200
6 Sand 1 cft 20 20.0 25.0 30.0
7 Crush (Gravel) 1 cft 23 31 32 38
8 Portland Cement (Best Way) 1 bag 415 430 445 460
9 Lime(20 KG) 1 bag 200 240 240 240
10 1 No. 1584 1650 1520 1488
1 No. 2376 1650 2280 2232
Steel Girders 4"x8" approx. 16 ft long
1 No. 3168 3200 3040 2976
1 No. 4752 3600 4560 4464
14 Door (Wood) 1 No. 3200 3000 2800 4200
Door (Steel) 1 No. 4500 4000 4200 5000
16 Window (Wood) 1 No. 2500 2200 2200 2800
Window (Steel) 1 No. 3500 3000 3000 3500
19 1 Kg 115 120 120 120
Nails
1 Kg 115 120 115 115
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General Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Rural Community Basic Infrastructure
(CBI) ‐ DRAFT 1
Participatory Approach in Project Identification, Design and Implementation, Monitoring & Evaluation.
The planning and implementation of the rural CBI must be built upon the consultation with the local population and must be democratic in nature. At
the same time, there should be no compromise on the objective and professional approach to identifying maintenance interventions and the definition
of priorities of CBI.
Consultations with the local stakeholders must begin during the preparatory and identification phases. The consultations must bring in the direct
beneficiaries of the planned works and also must organize collective meetings bringing together the technical services, local communities (both men
and women) and the representatives of the civil society.
The local relevant line department(s) must be taken on-board. The Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) of handing-over must be carried out.
Resettlement
The rehabilitation of CBI must avoid land acquisition or relocation of houses since rehabilitation will be within the right of way.
The provision of small amounts of land for the rehabilitation of CBI will be based mainly on voluntary rather than involuntary basis.
Gender
• There should be a system in place to address the cross cutting issues of gender and protection through the inclusion of as many female workers as
possible. At the same time it is important that attention should be paid the general cultural, religious and social sensitivities. The projects may seek
1 Rural Infrastructure Support to the PNPM Mandiri II Project, ADB, 2009 and CR Cluster Working Group Meetings on CBI Standards.
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to engage women in at least 15% of livelihood infrastructure works and promote more effective representation of women in decision making and
consultation process
• The projects will emphasize gender parity and contribute in correcting the existing gender imbalance. Project may adapt either Task work / Piece
work payment scheme for community workers to encourage women participation. This will also allow some flexibility that will take into
consideration communities’ sensitivities to organize how they want to participate in this project (some women may want to work in the mornings or
in the afternoon to be able to care for children or do their house work, etc).
Environment
Due to a small scale of expected CBI rehabilitation works, the negative environmental impacts include increased dust, noise, wastes and soil erosion.
These environmental impacts are short term and temporary and following mitigation measures can helpful in minimizing the impacts.
• The project activities must involve locally available and environmentally safe materials.
• Construction activities will be avoided during the rainy season as much as possible.
• Close coordination with the local government units in charge of environment should be sought to monitor any illegal excavation activities in the river
or embankment areas. Permission from the district government (environment) must be taken to excavate sand from streams.
• All road cuttings and embankment fills will incorporate soil and slope stabilization measures, vegetation on the shoulders and adequate drainage
provisions; construction and major earthworks during the rainy season will be avoided.
• To avoid any potential contamination of drinking water sources a site for a drinking water supply system will keep at least 10 meters distance to
septic tanks and leach fields.
• Prior to construction of the well or pipe water supply system, water quality sampling will be conducted to test the quality at the lab in the local
department of health and ensure that the groundwater or surface drinking water will meet the drinking water quality standards.
• For a deep well, a permit will be obtained from the local relevant department prior to construction.
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• Gradient of stream may be material can be extracted from the river and stream beds
changed and thus may change the where it is accumulated by floods and hinders the
morphology of a stream and river; freshwater flow;
• Extraction of material (stones, • While extracting material avoid use of environment
gravel and sand) from an unfriendly ways such as use of dynamites, dust making
ecologically important area and machines etc.
through environment unfriendly • Give ample space for free movement of freshwater down the
techniques (use of excessive stream; do not obstruct water flow;
dynamites, dust making machines • Do not give too much gradient to the river or stream beds so
etc.) that movement of the aquatic fauna is obstructed;
• To avoid excessive stream cutting and erosion treat the
upstream and downstream portions with check dams
(gabion combined with trees and in case the flow is less
even brushwood check dams and live spurs;
4 Culverts • High risk of water obstruction and • Select proper site and design to allow free movement of
hence restricted movement of freshwater and aquatic fauna;
aquatic fauna; • Encourage reuse of salvage material including such as
• Extraction of material (stones, steel, stones etc.
gravel and sand) from an • Extract material (stones, sand, gravel) from safe areas;
ecologically important area and material can be extracted from the river and stream beds
through environment unfriendly where it is accumulated by floods and hinders the
techniques (use of excessive freshwater flow;
dynamites, dust making machines • While extracting material avoid use of environment
etc.) unfriendly ways such as use of dynamites, dust making
machines etc.
• To avoid excessive stream cutting and erosion treat the
upstream and downstream portions with check dams
(gabion combined with trees and in case the flow is less
even brushwood check dams and live spurs;
5 Water channels, Water • Cutting of slopes, which may lead • Avoid realignment in slope and mountainous areas; If
mills, Micro-hydal power to soil disturbance and landslides; unavoidable then avoid areas where trees are needed to be
units • Improper disposal of debris, may cleared and use sound equipment that result in minimum
lead to water contamination; slopes disturbance;
• Identify proper debris dumping site away from streams and
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• Improper techniques may lead to • Extract material (stones, sand, gravel) from safe areas;
excessive land and soil material can be extracted from the river and stream beds
disturbance, which may lead to soil where it is accumulated by floods and hinders the
erosion; freshwater flow;
• Ponds on steep slopes have the • While extracting material avoid use of environment
risk of breach and thus may result unfriendly ways such as use of dynamites, dust making
in flash floods; machines etc.
9 Flood protection • Improper structures may obstruct • Proper designs should be adopted to ensure that water
Embankments/ Bunds water flows downstream; flows are not obstructed but only the banks are protected;
• To many flood protection walls and avoid unnecessary changes in rivers’ and streams’ sinuosity
spurs at inappropriate sites may as it is highly important from ecological and flood protection
reduce the nutrient zones along the point of view; Where there is no or very less need do not
banks for the aquatic life; construct flood protection walls;
• Construction of flood protection • Encourage live spurs which use plants and biological
spurs only on one side may material and are hence environment friendly; they also
redirect to water flow to the other provide shelter and food to aquatic life;
side and thus may lead to banks • Try to use salvage material in case engineering structures
cutting on the opposite side of the are unavoidable;
rivers and streams;
• Extraction of material (stones,
gravel and sand) from an
ecologically important area and
through environment unfriendly
techniques (use of excessive
dynamites, dust making machines
etc.)
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Disaster Risk Management
• The identified interventions must not enhance the exposure of disaster risk and/or add to the existing vulnerabilities.
• Adaptation measures to reduce the risk of disasters must be mandatory part of the process.
• In order to set the design criteria for a risk reduction project, the hazards, the current risk and level of risk that is socially acceptable must be
identified. A multi-hazard appraisal should be carried out at an early stage to identify the types of hazards, their likely severity and recurrence
• An evaluation of the current risk includes identifying locations most likely to become unsafe in the event of a natural hazard (e.g., areas prone
to flooding, landslides or earthquake-induced liquefaction) and assessing their land use, as well as assessing the ability of local construction to
resist the identified hazards.
• If, for the identified hazards, the level of current risk is greater than that which is socially acceptable, then the need for hazard-proofing (and/or
re-siting) is established, and the socially acceptable risk and identified hazards become the design criteria for the new construction or
strengthening works.
• A technique to strengthen constructions or make them hazard-safe should consider all potential hazards,. In many cases, design features
intended to enhance resilience to one type of natural hazard will augment resilience to others, for example, the provision of good connections
between foundations, frames, walls and roofs of buildings. However, in certain cases, design features that help resist one type of hazard may
be detimental to the resistance of another.
• Consider different performance objectives for critical facilities and infrastructure, in particular factoring in the potential impact on the users who
would be negatively affected to varying extents by loss of service
• Determine whether additional works are required to render the site viable for development or whether land use should be restricted to reduce
vulnerability to natural hazards. Also consider whether re-siting to a location of reduced risk is an option. Topographical features and
landscape can be used to reduce the impact of potential natural hazards (e.g., to minimise flood risk or modify wind-speed and wind direction)
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GLOSSARY:
Abutment: It is the part of the culvert/bridge which bears the load. Length of abutment at top is generally equal to the formation width of the road.
Aqueduct: A channel conveying water. An artificial channel in water flows with ‘free surface, constructed across a valley, river, drains, road or railway, may be below
or above the ground level.
Apron: A floor of brick or concrete around well to prevent erosion and water accumulation adjacent to the walls of the well.
Anchor angle: Angle of ropes from tower to anchor.
Anchor Block: is also called main anchor block. It is constructed beyond the towers to anchor the main cables. Location of the anchors cable is guided by the
distance of the tower from the anchor blocks and tower height to maintain the anchor angle. Load of the bridge is transferred to anchor block through main cables.
Therefore it is the weight of the block which resist against loading.
Brick Ballast/Stone Ballast: Broken pieces of stones or bricks ranging from 1.5 to 2’’ in size used in lean concrete.
Breast wall: It is similar structure to retaining wall built to protect the freshly cut surface of a natural ground.
Berms/ Shoulders: Surface adjacent to the carriage way, often made by the compacted earth. Shoulders protect the edges of the carriage way from erosion and
damages.
Base course: The immediate surface below the wearing coat, which transmit vehicular load to the sub base and is subjected to the direct loading affects.
Catch Pit: a constructed pit made to collect and guide water to drain through pipe culverts.
Culvert: A drainage structure, usually used to convey flows through it. Culvert’s span is significantly less than or maximum 20ft.It has three types; pipe culvert, slab
culver and box culvert masonry arch culvert.
Causeway: A small submersible bridge constructed by providing a paved dip across a shallow drainage course, at or about the bed level. It can be submersible or
partly submersible.
Camber: A transverse slope of the road section to drain the water away.
Decking: An arrangement which provide surface for pedestrian or vehicles to move on the bridge skeleton.
Free board: A margin between channel/water tank’s top and the full supply/storage level.
Gabion wall: a retaining wall typed structure used to retain or protect the filled material or embankment. Groynes and spurs are also made by gabions where stone
are available nearby. A basket of GI wires is knitted in form of crates and filled with stones. This type of structure best suits the sites which are prone to sink. Or
A gabion wall is a retaining wall made of rectangular containers fabricated of heavily galvanized wire, which are filled with stone and stacked on one another, usually
in tiers that step back with the slope rather than vertically.
Guy Links: these are ropes which are used to brace the wind guy to the bridge.
Main Cables: Main cable are stretched over tower and anchored in anchor block. All the loads are transmitted through these cables.
Parapet Wall: A dwarf wall constructed on the edges of the culvert or bridge for protection of pedestrians and vehicles.
Protection Bund: This is bund constructed alongside the river bank to protect the surrounded area from flooding.
Retaining Wall: A retaining wall is a wall built to resist the pressure of earth filling or backing, deposited behind it, after it is built.
Runners: Wooden members fixed on transom, upon which wooden planks or GI sheet is fixed to provide deck surface.
Suspension Bridge: A form of bridge which mainly consists of set of cables, one on either side from which a deck is suspended by rope slings. Deck is made by
wooden planks fixed over iron transoms. It can be Foot Bridge for pedestrian or for vehicular movement.
Span: A horizontal distance between the face of the abutments (supports) of a bridge or culvert.
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OR
The extent or measure of space between two points, two edges or extremities, as of a bridge or roof.
Suspenders/Slings: Suspenders are the ropes which transfer the bridge load to main cables. Transoms are suspended by these ropes.
Suspension Angle: Angle of main cable form tower to mid of the bridge.
Sub Grade: the lowest part of the road purposes as the foundation of the road.
Sub Base: If the sub grade is stabilized by the external material it is call sub base.
Soakage Pit: It is also called soak away, cesspool or seepage pit. It is used to dispose of the foul water safely. Water is filtered through passing it before meeting the
underground water.
Toe Wall: A stepped wall constructed across the flow to prevent scouring and undermining of the abutments and wing walls of the culverts.
Tower: A vertical RCC or Masonry structures constructed to provide the required angle to main cables and resist load of both axis.
Transom: Transverse members to the road/ walk way, which transmit load to the main cables via suspenders. Bridge decking is supported by these members and
those are made up of steel girders.
Wing Wall: A wing wall is a splayed extension of the abutment of a culver or bridge and it retains the side slope of the embankment and to guide the water through
opening where required.
Washing Pad: A place in rural area where women wash clothes. Idea of washing pad comes from spring- (Chashma) where women used to wash clothes on stones
sills.
Weep Holes: Holes are the small openings left in retaining structure (retaining walls, breast walls, wing walls or abutments) to drain the water off. Presence of water
in back filing induces water pressure on the structure which needs to be drained immediately.
Wind Guy: Wind guys are ropes anchored in constructed in masonry/concrete blocks and connected with bridge decking to prevent the swaying/swinging of the
bridge by wind.
Wind Guy Anchor Block: This block is constructed to anchor the wind guy ropes and functions similar to above.
Wearing Course: The top most layer of the road which provides a smooth riding to vehicles.
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