THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

ALTERNATE FINAL EXAMINATIONS DECEMBER 2013

Course Code and Title: [IMOR 410B – Improved Oil Recovery]

Programme: [M.Eng. Petroleum Engineering]

Date and Time: Duration: [3 hours]

PLEASE READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU BEGIN THIS

EXAMINATION

Instructions to Candidates

1. This paper has _7_ pages and _4_questions.

2. You are required to answer ALL questions.
3. Graph Paper is provided.
4. Question paper is to be returned with the Answer script.

Key Examination Protocol

1. Students please note that academic dishonesty (or cheating) includes but is not limited to
plagiarism, collusion, falsification, replication, taking unauthorised notes or devices into an
examination, obtaining an unauthorised copy of the examination paper, communicating or
trying to communicate with another candidate during the examination, and being a party to
impersonation in relation to an examination.
2. The above mentioned and any other actions which compromise the integrity of the academic
evaluation process will be fully investigated and addressed in accordance with UTT’s
academic regulations.
3. Please be reminded that speaking without the Invigilator’s permission is NOT allowed.

© The University of Trinidad & Tobago Page 1 of 7

December 2013 Alternate Final Examinations
(IMOR 410B)
1.
(a) Define the terms mobility and mobility ratio. (4 marks)
(b) Discuss the different factors that affect the mobility of a fluid (10 marks)
(c) How does the mobility help us to determine the success of a water flood? (6 marks)

Total (20 marks)

2.
(a) Derive the following equation for the fraction flow of water. (10 marks)

(b) Reservoir A is being considered for a direct line drive water flood project for which relative
permeability data, fractional flow data and reservoir rock and fluid properties are given in the
tables below. For Reservoir A calculate :-

a. end point mobility ratio (2 marks)

b. movable oil volume (2 marks)
c. fractional flow and water saturation at water breakthrough (6 marks)
d. average water saturation behind the front (2 marks)
e. the oil produced at breakthrough (3 marks)
f. the percentage recovery of movable oil at water breakthrough (2 marks)
g. time to breakthrough (2 marks)
h. Sketch a plot of the saturation distribution in reservoir A (6 marks)

Reservoir A

k ro /
Sw k rw k ro k rw fw
0.26 0 0.84 ∞ 0
0.3 0.001 0.729 729 0.014
0.34 0.004 0.512 128 0.072
0.38 0.009 0.343 38.1 0.208
0.42 0.016 0.216 13.5 0.426
0.46 0.025 0.125 5 0.667
0.5 0.036 0.064 1.78 0.849
0.54 0.049 0.027 0.55 0.948
0.58 0.064 0.008 0.14 0.988
0.62 0.081 0.001 0.07 0.999
0.66 0.1 0 0 1

© The University of Trinidad & Tobago Page 1 of 7

December 2013 Alternate Final Examinations
(IMOR 410B)
 RESERVOIR A ROCK AND FLUID PROPERTIES

Area, acres 50

h, ft 70

Porosity 0.30

S wc 0.26

S or 0.34

µ w , cp 1

µ o , cp 15

B oi , rbbl/STB 1.24

i w , b/d/well 1200

Avg K, md 50

(df w /dS w ) Swf 4.3

Flood Pattern 5 spot

Total (35 marks)

3.
(a) Describe the four (4) main mechanisms occurring during the immiscible displacement of
crude oil by carbon dioxide. (12 marks)

(b) Sketch a ternary diagram for the following displacement processes: - Immiscible, first
contact miscible and immiscible. Explain what occurs during each process. (8 marks)

Total (20 marks)

4.
(a) State the assumptions for the Marx-Langenheim model. Using a diagram, explain the
model. (15 marks)

(b) Steam of quality 80% at 700 psia and at a rate of 500 b/d was injected for 40 days into a
well undergoing cyclic steam stimulation. For the first cycle, the well was allowed to soak for
14 days and then put on production. Assuming 25% of the injected heat that enters the
reservoir is lost to the overburden and underburden, calculate:-

© The University of Trinidad & Tobago Page 1 of 7

December 2013 Alternate Final Examinations
(IMOR 410B)
 (i) the steam zone radius; (6 marks)
(ii) the oil production rate on opening up the well; (4 marks)
Total (25 marks)

M s (T s – T r ) V s = {11.67 i s [(h w – h r ) + f st L v ] } t
re
ln
qoh rw
V s = π r2h =
qoc μoh rh r
ln + ln e
μoc rw rh

q oc = 18 b/d r w = 0.5 ft
h = 25 ft r e = 240 ft
T r = 120 oF M s = 25 BTU/ft3 oF
h w = 91 p s 0.26 (p s is in psia) T s = 115 p s 0.225 (T s is in oF)
h r = T r – 32 ln L v = 1.42 + 1.84 ln p s - 0.16 (ln p s ) 2

µ o = A e b/T A = 1.077 x 10 -3 cp; b = 8.443 x 10 3 oR; T is in oR; oR = oF + 460

END OF EXAMINATION

© The University of Trinidad & Tobago Page 1 of 7

December 2013 Alternate Final Examinations
(IMOR 410B)