Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Senior Project
by
Beirut, Lebanon
Spring 2014
Approved By:
I dedicate this project to my family and all who supported me throughout the years I spent in the
university.
Khalil H.Youssef
This project is dedicated to my family for their love, endless support and encouragement.
Dikran B.Kissoyan
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks to all the professors and doctors at Lebanese International University who gave us their
best.
We are grateful for the helpful comments and advise that our supervisor Dr.Nadim Diab gave us
Also we would like to thank “The Sharing” company for providing us with the architectural maps,
ii
ABSTRACT
HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning; it’s the technology that provides us
environmental comfort. It regulates the temperature, humidity, and purity of air in a certain medium to
In this report we will study the various types of Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning Systems. Our
project will focus on DX type of HVAC using concealed split unit, also it will include the heating and
The main objectives of our project include calculating the heat load (heat gain & heat loss), the size of
the ducts and the air flow in each duct, the duct weight to know how much duct we need, the pipe sizes,
boiler capacity, hot water tank capacity, the size of the radiators and towel warmers, the external static
pressure (ESP) of the exhaust fans, and finally pricing the units used and the overall cost of the
installation.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………………i
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………….………...ii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………….iii
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………..……iv
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………..vii
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………….ix
iv
Chapter 2. Specifications of the Project…………………………………………..….………………..14
2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….………………....14
3.5.3 Results………………………………………………………………………………….……37
v
3.6 Heating Calculations………………………………………………………………………...……39
3.6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….39
3.6.2 Calculations………………………………………………………………………………….39
3.6.3 Results……………………………………………………………………………………….42
3.7 AutoCAD…………………………………………………………………………………………43
3.7.2 Ventilation……………………………………………………………………...……………47
3.7.3 Heating………………………………………………………………………………………51
Chapter 4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………….…………………56
4.1 Pricing………………………………………………………………………………….…………56
4.2 Evaluation…………………………………………………………...……………………………58
References…………………………………………………………………………….…………………59
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Presentation of the architectural map showing the orientation of the sun...............................19
vii
Figure 3.4: Sample of the space properties general input data filling.......................................................21
Figure 3.5: Sample of the space properties of the walls, windows, and doors input data filling..............22
Figure 3.6: Sample of the space properties of partitions input data filling................................................22
Figure 3.7: Sample of the space properties of internals input data filling.................................................23
Figure 3.8: Presentation of lighting power densities standard values for each area..................................24
Figure 3.15: Presentation of indoor AC units and ducts design of second floor.......................................43
Figure 3.16: Presentation of indoor/outdoor AC units and ducts design of first floor..............................44
Figure 3.17: Presentation of indoor/outdoor AC units and ducts design of ground floor.........................45
Figure 3.19: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the ground floor..........................................47
Figure 3.20: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the first floor...............................................48
Figure 3.21: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the second floor..........................................49
Figure 3.22: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the roof technical floor...............................50
Figure 3.23: Presentation of the heating units design for the GF-Basement.............................................51
Figure 3.24: Presentation of the heating units design for the ground floor...............................................52
Figure 3.25: Presentation of the heating units design for the first floor....................................................53
Figure 3.26: Presentation of the heating units design for the second floor................................................54
Figure 3.27: Presentation of the heating units design for the roof technical floor.....................................55
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Standard values of occupancies and outdoor air requirements for each area...........................20
Table 3.3: Presentation of the resulting overall cooling loads for each room...........................................26
Table 3.4: Presentation of the total cooling load for each room................................................................27
Table 3.5: Presentation of the duct sizes for each room according to their cooling loads.........................28
Table 3.9: Information filling and calculated outputs for Duct-Weight Calculator program....................33
Table 3.14: Input data filling for the HWT on All Mechanical Calculations software.............................40
Table 3.16: Presentation of the heating load results and number of elements of the radiators.................42
Table 3.18: Presentation of the HWT, boiler, and burner capacities and pump flow rate results.............42
Table 4.4: Total units and installation costs and final price......................................................................58
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Symbols
A Area m2
C Capacity kcal./h
d Diameter m
H Height m
L Length m
m Mass kg
P Power W
p Pressure Pa
ρ Density kg/m3
t Thickness m
T Temperature C̊
USD US dollars $
v Velocity m/s
V Volume m3
w Width m
x
Abbreviations
AC Air Conditioning
Al Aluminum
B Boiler
DX Direct Expansion
GF Ground Floor
NC Noise Criteria
OA Outside Air
PVC Polyvinylchloride
T/A To Above
1F First Floor
2F Second Floor
xi
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW
HVAC stands for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning; it’s the technology that provides us
environmental comfort by regulating the temperature, humidity and purity of air in a certain medium.
HVAC systems were a replacement for the old cooling and heating appliances and techniques that
had low efficiency and high noise levels. It is feasible on different types of structures and it’s
A heating system brings the temperature of the room to a higher level by using thermal energy. This
process can occur in different ways either by direct radiation (free convection) e.g.: radiators, towel
warmers or by heating the forced circulated air which can be done by the air handling unit or any AC
A cooling system brings the temperature of the room to a lower level by transferring energy outside
the room which is usually gained by external sources such as warmer surroundings and sunlight or
1
1.1.3 Ventilation System
A ventilating system is controlled by different types of fans that are responsible for replenishing air,
removing moisture, odors, contaminant gases, dust, bacteria and carbon dioxide. It has two main
tasks: circulating the air within the room, and exchanging the inside air with fresh outdoor air [6].
As observed in figure 1.1 [11, 12], the air that will be used to cool the room passes directly in the
cooling coil of the air handling unit to become chilled, where each cooling unit has a single outdoor
compressor. In the DX system the refrigerant piping which connects the indoor unit with the
compressor can’t be installed for very long distances because the refrigerant will gain heat as it
enters through the pipe, but its installation and maintenance are easy and not expensive [1,7].
2
1.2.2 Variable Refrigerant Volume/Flow (VRV/VRF)
As shown in figure 1.2 [13], for VRV systems, each outdoor compressor is connected to more than
one indoor AC unit by refrigerant piping. It functions by circulating refrigerant from the compressor
to the units. This system is capable of varying the volume of the refrigerant to meet the building
requirements where it conditions each room independently. It provides great flexibility throughout
the building and saves money and reduces carbon emissions by minimum usage of energy needed. It
automatically regulates the amount of refrigerant needed in response to the heating/cooling load
which saves energy consumption of the compressor. However, its installation cost is higher than
As observed in figure 1.2 [13], VMS system functions the same way as VRV system, but it has a
much larger compressor than can connect to much more indoor units than VRV. It is most commonly
3
1.2.4 Chilled Water
As shown in figure 1.3 [14], The Chilled Water type consists of a chiller, air-handling unit, pumps,
cooling tower and ducts. They form a certain cycle where water comes in from the cooling tower to
the chiller where the water is chilled between 4 to 7 degrees Celsius, then it is pumped to the air
handling unit where the water is turned into cold air that is supplies to the rooms. The water gaining
heat from the room will return back to the cooling tower by pumping which cools down the
temperature of water to a moderate level that will return back to the chiller to continue the cycle.
The main advantage of using chilled water type is that it has a long lifespan and it is excellent for
using in airports, hotels and malls. However it has high energy consumption due to pumping of
water, it needs regular maintenance and has high noise levels [9].
4
1.3 HVAC Units
Wall type Unit: Shown in figure 1.4 [15], it is a decorative AC type which conditions the air in a
single room by receiving cold refrigerant from the compressor through copper pipes and supply cold
air to the room through fans. It is located on the top of a wall [10].
Floor Mounted Unit: Observed in figure 1.5 [15], it is the same as wall type unit but it supplies cold
/hot air to a very large area such as mosques and churches. It is designed to be installed on indoor
grounds [10].
5
Concealed Split Unit: Shown in figure 1.6 [16], a concealed split unit is connected through large
copper pipes to the compressor. It supplies more than one room with conditioned air through ducts
Air Handling Unit (AHU): Shown in figure 1.7 [17], AHUs are used for heating/cooling which
consist of coil, blower and damper. They are mainly used in chilled water type where they receive
cold water from chillers and transform it to a cold air by a certain mechanism then supply the room
with this cold air. Also AHUs can be connected to a heating system where they receive hot water
from the hot water tank and transform it to hot air and supply it to the room [2, 10].
6
1.3.2 Outdoor AC Units
Compressors: Presented in figure 1.8 [15], the compressor is the most important part in a cooling
cycle. It has two main jobs, pumping the cooled air in the system and increasing the low pressure of
Chiller: As presented in figures 1.3 [14] and 1.9 [18], it is found in the chilled water cooling system
located on the roof or behind a building. Chillers receive water from the cooling tower and chill it to
7
Roof Top Package: Shown in figure 1.10 [19], it is a one outdoor indoor package that includes the
complete cooling cycle. It is connected to four ducts for exhaust fan, fresh air fan, supply and return.
The heating units and their position in the heating cycle are found in figure 1.11 [20] below:
Fuel Oil tank: Supplies the burner with oil through black oil pipes [4].
8
Burner: Found inside the boiler which receives oil from the fuel oil tank and burns them in order to
Boiler: As observed in figure 1.12 [21], the boiler receives water from the water tank and waits until
it is heated by the burner then sends it to the hot water tank by pumping [3].
Hot Water tank: Stores hot water received from the boiler and passes it to different units like
lavatory, dishwasher, shower, laundry, radiators, towel warmers and air handling units. There is a
Radiator: Presented in figure 1.13 [21], a radiator is found in each room and attached to the wall. It
receives hot water from the hot water tank and heats the room by radiation, and it has a release valve
9
Towel Warmers: Presented in figure 1.14 [21], it is the same as radiator but used in bathrooms to
Expansion Tank: Collects the trapped water vapor in the boiler and release it to outdoors [4].
Polypropylene Pipes (PPR): Connects all the heating units with each other where the supply PPRs
are coated with aluminum to isolate the high temperature of the water passing and the return PPRs
Black Steel Duct: Connected to the boiler which sends the burned gases of the burner to outdoors [4].
Valves: There are two kinds of valves in the heating system. The gate valves that are installed at the
supply and return as well, and the direct return valves (DRV) that are installed on the return only.
The valves control the flow of water in the heating system [3].
10
1.3.4 Ventilating Units
Hood: Presented in figure 1.15 [20], it is found in kitchens, and it sends out the polluted air and bad
odors from the kitchen to outdoors without the need of any fans [6].
The ventilating units and their position in the ventilation cycle are found in figure 1.16 [20] below:
11
Exhaust Air Fans: Shown in figure 1.17 [20], it is responsible for sending out the bad odors and
polluted air inside different bathrooms to outdoors through a duct and has an exhaust diffuser
installed in each bathroom that acts as a grill which manually controls the volume of air passing
through. Beside the diffuser a non-return valve is installed on each duct entering a bathroom in order
Axial Fans: Observed in figure 1.18 [20], it acts the same way as the exhaust air fan but instead each
bathroom needs an axial fan that is installed right above the toilet which is connected to
12
Fresh Air Fans: Shown in figure 1.19 [20], it receives fresh air from outdoors and supplies it to either
13
CHAPTER 2. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Introduction
Our study in this project will focus on DX type of HVAC using concealed split unit. We chose DX
type because its installation and maintenance cost are low compared to other types. It also has a high
efficiency since the air is directly cooled by the refrigerant. Concerning the refrigerant piping, we
found that insulating these pipes will prevent the refrigerant from gaining heat from outdoors, thus
the cooling system won’t be affected no matter how long the distance was between the compressor
and the indoor unit. As for the indoor unit we chose the concealed split unit since it is not visible
which doesn’t affect the indoor decoration as others will. It is a central AC that conditions many
rooms at the same time on each floor. These characteristics are the best to be applied on our villa
project which consists of two floors. As for heating and ventilating system we will be using most of
the units mentioned in chapter 1 such as the, burner, boiler, hot water tank, radiator, towel warmer,
and PPR pipes for the heating system and exhaust air fans and hoods for the ventilating system. Each
system forms a complete package of units that can’t be separated and if one unit was removed, the
Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) (v4.6) will be used for load calculations
McQuay Design Tool Ductsizer to calculate the sizes of the ducts that will be installed
Duct-Weight Calculator to calculate the weight of the ducts and to approximate their value (excel
sheet)
AutoCAD to design the HVAC system
All Mechanical Calculations Program(excel sheet) to calculate the pipe sizes, boiler capacity, hot
water tank capacity, size of radiators and towel warmers.
ESP Calculation software to calculate the external static pressure in the exhaust fans and fresh air
fans.
14
2.3 Customer Needs
The customer needs central air conditioning, heating system, and ventilating system for a villa
residence that regulates the villa temperature, cleans and refreshes the air, and that is designed in a
way that lowers the noise level of the equipment to the minimum level. Figures 2.1 [23] and 2.2 [23]
below are the architectural maps of the villa that we will work on.
15
Figure 2.2: Second floor and roof technical floor.
16
2.4 Customer Needs Follow-Up
By installing the HVAC system in the villa we will prevent the temperature fluctuation of the
outdoor weather to affect the indoor room temperature and make the inside air clean and fresh by the
use of fresh air fans, exhaust fans, and hoods. We will also reduce the noise level of the cooling
system by applying canvas anti-vibrator material to prevent the ducts from vibrating as well as
volume dampers that are installed on the ducts to control the volume of air passing through [22].
Different kinds of indoor and outdoor units are used in order to design the HVAC system.
For indoor units we have concealed split unit, wall type unit, floor mounted unit, air handling unit
and fan coil unit. For the outdoor unit we have the compressors which are classified for the DX,
VRV and VMS HVAC systems; and the chiller. Also the roof top package is considered as an
Table 2.1 below shows the schedule of our project along with the time interval of each activity:
Weeks
1 Discussion about the proposal
2-3 Turn in the proposal and start to work on the project
4 Internet search about HVAC
5-6 Calculation
7 - 10 Calculation and design
11 - 12 Preparation of final report
14 Final presentation
Table 2.1: Project schedule.
17
CHAPTER 3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS
As mentioned in chapter 2 the first step in calculation was calculating the loads using Hourly
Analysis Program (HAP v4.6). HAP is a software that provides versatile features for designing and
Systems including rooftops, central air handlers, fan coils, DX, chilled water and hot water
Small office buildings, retail stores, shopping centers, villas, schools, churches, restaurants,
large office buildings, hotels, malls, hospitals, factories and multi-use buildings [24, 25].
Some information must be gathered from the architectural maps and calculations must be done
Specifying the weather properties according to the geographical location and orientation
18
Determining the internals of each room.
Determining the type of walls and the roof (thickness and material type) [24, 25].
a) Weather Properties: According to our project, this villa is located in Beirut, Lebanon, and the sun
orientation is shown in figure 3.1 [23] below. Data filling is found in figure 3.2 [25], where we
specified the region, location, and city according to our project, and the rest values were specified by
the program.
Figure 3.1: Presentation of the architectural map showing the orientation of the sun.
19
b) Room Area: On AutoCAD we drew a polyline coinciding the walls of each room and determined
its properties that gave us the area of each room as shown in figures 3.1 [23] and 3.3 [25].
c) Outside Air Requirement: According to table 3.1 [24] below, we calculated the volumetric rate of
the outside air and the occupancies for each area, then we filled these information in the space
properties on HAP and the building weight was took as a standard value as found in figure 3.4 [25]
below.
Library 20-25 8 or 10 70 45
Office 20 8 or 10 70 45
Kitchen 20 8 or 10 70 45
Entrance 15 8 or 10 70 45
Bed room 2 per. 8 or 10 70 45
Corridor 10 8 or 10 70 45
play room 20-25 8 or 10 70 45
maids room 2 per. 8 or 10 70 45
Table 3.1: Standard values of occupancies and outdoor air requirements for each area.
20
Figure 3.4: Sample of the space properties general input data filling.
d) External wall areas and window areas: We drew a polyline from end to the end of each exposed
wall and multiply it by the height which we took it 2.7m. Same thing was done for the windows and
doors but with different heights, then we filled the spaces in the software concerning the exposure of
each wall and the type of window or door found on each wall as shown in figure 3.5 [25] and table
3.2 [25].
21
Figure 3.5: Sample of the space properties of the walls, windows, and doors input data filling.
e) Partition Wall Areas: Partition walls are inside walls that separate two adjacent rooms from each
other, where we calculated their area by measuring the length of the wall and multiplying it with the
height. The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was assumed according to the design conditions and
the rest values of temperatures were specified by the program as shown in figure 3.6 [25] below.
Figure 3.6: Sample of the space properties of partitions input data filling.
22
f) Internals: Internals include overhead lighting, occupancy, and electrical equipment which were
determined by using figure 3.8 [24] below according to design conditions. Also, sensible (sens.) and
latent (lat.) heats as well as occupancy values were determined from table 3.1 [24] above. Moreover,
the recessed, unvented light which we chose is a light fixture that is installed into a hollow opening
in a ceiling which is most commonly used in residences. Other values were specified by the program.
Figure 3.7: Sample of the space properties of internals input data filling.
23
Figure 3.8: Presentation of lighting power densities standard values for each area.
g) Wall and roof types: The U values are standard for the type of walls and roof used in our project
where it is usually classified by its layers and thickness as shown in figures 3.9 [25] and 3.10 [25].
24
Figure 3.10: Presentation of roof properties and specifications.
After filling all the data needed on HAP, the software gave us the design results (Loads) on a pdf
document and the results are shown below in figure 3.11 [25] and table 3.3 [25], where the values
we’re interested in from figure 3.11 [25] are the total coil load and the maximum load occurrence.
25
Room TOTAL COOLING LOAD(KW) TOTAL COOLING LOAD IN (btu/h) in tons AC IN TONS
GF-01-KITCHEN 8.7 29685.618 2.4738015 3
GF-04-DINING 16.9 57665.166 4.8054305 5
GF-05-LIVING ROOM 8.4 28661.976 2.388498 3
GF-06-CORRIDOR 0.8 2729.712 0.227476 0.5
1w=3.41214btu/h
1ton=12000btu/h
Table 3.3: Presentation of the resulting overall cooling loads for each room.
Duct sizing is used to determine the correct duct sizes to deliver the air volume required for heating,
McQuay Design Tools DuctSizer v6.3 is useful software used to calculate the duct sizes. This
program needs key design inputs which are the design volume flow rate in L/s or cubic feet per
In order to avoid noise and vibration inside the duct the limiting duct pressure loss must be
approximately 0.653 Pa/m also the flow velocity should be between 3 and 5m/s [24].
26
3.2.2 Collected data for McQuay DuctSizer
Rules of thumb:
Air velocities in the ducts should be within permissible limits to reduce noise and vibration
The pressure loss in the duct should be 0.653 Pascal per meter
Approximately 400 CFM of air is needed to be moved per ton of air conditioning
Duct dimension:
The larger length of the dimension is the width (which is drawn on AutoCAD) and the
Table 3.4 [25] shows the total load calculations for each room that we got from HAP and that will be
1ton=400cfm
1L/s=2.4cfm
Table 3.4: Presentation of the total cooling load for each room.
27
We use these values to fill them in the ductsizer along with other standard input data as shown in
After filling the data needed on McQuay Design Tool DuctSizer v6.3 we get the results of the duct
1ton=400cfm
1L/s=2.4cfm
Table 3.5: Presentation of the duct sizes for each room according to their cooling loads
28
3.3 Grill Sizing
Considering the grill sizing, referring to table 3.6 [29] we chose the 0 ̊ deflection with ¼ inch spacing
for grill blades with 4” (approximately 10 cm) height of linear grills according to our design criteria
where noise criteria (NC) should not exceed 32 or the cooling system will be considered noisy, and it
also should not be lower than 26 or the cooling system will have a low airflow. Now using the values
of total cooling loads(in CFM) for each room from HAP we can set the number of supply and return
grills for each room and the cooling load each grill supplies in CFM. Next we divide the cooling load
supplied by each grill by 152cfm/ft which we got from table 3.6 [29] at NC=32 and 4” nominal
height to get the width of the grill in feet, and we convert it to meters where 1 ft=0.305m. This will
give us the exact grill size. Note that the air flow that the grills supply to each room should be equal
to the airflow that the grills return. The return air will pass through a chain of enclosed spaces inside
gypsum boards below the ceiling which will take the return air back to the indoor AC units. Each
indoor unit is connected directly to a conic shaped duct in order to increase the air flow to a standard
value [28].
29
Table 3.6: Presentation of grill sizing categories.
30
3.3.2 Grill Sizing Results
After using the data needed and following the procedure for calculating the grills sizes we got the
following results in table 3.7 [29, 30], where the rooms GF-01-Kitchen, 1F-01-Maidroom, and 2F-
04-Bedroom didn’t need any grill sizing calculations since they had decorative wall type AC units.
This software calculates the duct weight depending on the duct surface area and the thickness (duct
31
3.4.2 Collected Data for Duct-Weight Calculator
For each range of duct width that is determined from the ductsizer there is a specific steel gauge
depending on the duct thickness as shown in table 3.8 [31]. We calculate the duct length by drawing
a polyline from end to end for each duct having the same dimension. After filling the ducts
dimensions the program will calculate the total duct weight in kg, as well as the total surface area
in 𝑚2 . Note that we should add 10% of the total duct weight given by the program considering the
standing slips and driving slips that are responsible for holding the ducts up [29, 31].
Up to 300 26 0.60
32
After getting the data needed for the duct weighting, we fill these information in the software as
Table 3.9: Information filling and calculated outputs for Duct-Weight Calculator program.
33
3.4.3 Duct Weighting Results
Using the information given, the software will then give us the duct weight in kg, and adding to this
value a 10% as mentioned above we get the total duct weight as shown in figure 3.13 [24, 29] below.
Eq. 3.3
Figure 3.13: Presentation of the total weight calculation.
For exhaust duct sizing first we calculate the volume of each bathroom and kitchen which is the area
multiplied by the conventional height (2.7m). Then we multiply the volume by (6 times/hour) which
is the average ventilation rate and convert the ventilating load to L/s [24]. After calculating them we
fill the data in the McQuay DuctSizer to get the equivalent duct diameters as shown in table 3.12 [25,
27] below.
We calculate the external static pressure of the fans where they come in two installations either
exhaust air fans or aspirators. The exhaust air fans are used to reject polluted air from more than one
area through ducts, whereas the aspirators are fans used to reject polluted air from a single area
34
The external static pressure is the pressure that the fan must overcome due to ducts and fitting losses,
to give the required space ventilation. It is a function of length of the duct, equivalent diameter, and
velocity of the air inside the duct, frictional losses and the density of the media that the air is flowing
By using ESP calculator, which is found on an excel sheet, the software gives the total static pressure
and according to this pressure we are able to choose the appropriate fan motor power.
In this software we fill the flow of air in (m3/h), equivalent duct diameter (mm), the length of the
duct (m), the number of duct fittings and the number of duct elbow types, transitions, contractions,
branch T’s, and end T’s which we get from AutoCAD and other calculated results as shown in tables
The transitions are the conic shaped ducts where the flow of air increases, whereas the contractions
are the conic shaped ducts where the flow of air decreases. Moreover, the branch T’s are T-shaped
ducts in which the air flow enters from another branch to the main duct, whereas the end T’s are T-
shaped ducts in which the air flow enters from two different branches to the main duct. When going
from floor to floor either a 90 deg. Elbow, end T, or branch T is installed according to the design.
Also the duct fittings include the dampers found at each fan, louvers to get rid of polluted air, and
35
First we convert the flow of air calculated in L/s to m3/h by multiplying the value by 3.6. Next we
choose the far end reject air grill for each fan and we calculate its distance where each duct having
the same flow will be studied alone including its length, number of elbows, branch T’s, end T’s,
transitions, and contractions found on it. Then we fill these data in the ESP calculation program to
get the static pressure of each fan as shown in figure 3.14 [32]. Note that the length of the ducts that
goes from floor to floor is to be added to the total length of the duct where each floor has 2.7m height
[29, 32].
36
Table 3.11: Presentation of input data fillings of ESP for EAF-GF-01.
3.5.3 Results
Table 3.12 [25, 27] below shows the results of the exhaust ducts diameters given by McQuay
37
For each EAF and after filling its input data on ESP software, the program will give us the static
Repeating the same thing for all the EAF to be installed in our design, we get the following results in
38
3.6 Heating Calculations
3.6.1 Introduction
In the heating calculations, we are required to calculate the heating load for each room to be supplied
by radiators, the number of elements of the radiators, the hot water tank, boiler, and burner
capacities, the pipe sizes, and the pump’s volumetric flow rate.
3.6.2 Calculations
First we start by calculating the heating loads where in Beirut each 1.5m2 needs 150 watts, in the
middle terrains each 1.25m2 needs 150 watts, and in the mountain each 1m2needs 150 watts. In our
project the villa is located in the mountain thus we will be using a heating load of 150 watts for each
m2. After having the heating load for each room we convert these values to kcal./hr by multiplying
them by 0.86 and decide how many radiators we need for each room and where to place them in a
Next we calculate the number of elements of each radiator by dividing the heating load each radiator
supplies by 130 kcal./hr per element [24]. After that we calculate the hot water tank capacity by
using the “All Mechanical Calculations” software which requires us to fill the number of lavatories,
dishwashers, foot basins, kitchen sinks, laundries, showers, service sinks, circular wash sinks, and
others found in our design on AutoCAD as shown in table 3.14 [33] below.
39
Table 3.14: Input data filling for the HWT on All Mechanical Calculations software.
After filling these data the software will give us the capacity of the hot water tank in liters as shown
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐻𝑜𝑡𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) ∗ 1.1 Eq. 3.4
The Boiler capacity is equal to the total heating load of the radiators and the hot water tank capacity
in kcal./hr add to that a 10% of the total value taking into consideration the evaporation losses that
After that we calculate the capacity of the burner which is equal to 110% of the boiler’s capacity.
Now we are able to draw the heating units and add to them the supply and return copper pipes
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Next we need to find the sizes of the PPR pipes where we use table 3.15 [24] which gives us
standard pipe sizes depending on the heating load passing through each pipe. We go back to
AutoCAD and table 3.15 [24] to find how much heating load is passing through each pipe and size
The last step in the heating calculation will be finding the pump size using the following equation:
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝′ 𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = Eq. 3.5
𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Where the pump’s volumetric flow rate is in L/s, the boiler’s capacity is in kw, and “mc” has a
constant value of 4.18 and ∆T also has a constant value of 10 ̊ C. By this we get the pump’s
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3.6.3 Results
Applying the mentioned procedures and calculation we will get the heating load and the number of
elements of the radiators as well as the HWT, boiler, and burner capacities and pump flow rate
Table 3.16: Presentation of the heating load results and number of elements of the radiators.
Table 3.18: Presentation of the HWT, boiler, and burner capacities and pump flow rate results.
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3.7 AutoCAD
AutoCAD is a very essential program in our project where the results of our work and calculations
are applied on it concerning the design of the HVAC units and its installation on the architectural
maps
Here are the resulting designs of the AC system applied on AutoCAD for the ground, first, second,
and roof technical floors presented below in figures 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, and 3.18 [23].
Figure 3.15: Presentation of indoor AC units and ducts design of second floor.
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Figure 3.16: Presentation of indoor/outdoor AC units and ducts design of first floor.
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Figure 3.17: Presentation of indoor/outdoor AC units and ducts design of ground floor.
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Figure 3.18: Presentation of outdoor AC units design of roof technical floor.
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3.7.2 Ventilation
Figures 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, and 3.22 [23] below show the resulting designs of the ventilation system
applied on AutoCAD for the ground, first, second, and roof technical floors.
Figure 3.19: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the ground floor.
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Figure 3.20: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the first floor.
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Figure 3.21: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the second floor.
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Figure 3.22: Presentation of the ventilating units design for the roof technical floor.
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3.7.3 Heating
The resulting designs of the heating system applied on AutoCAD for the basement, ground, first,
second, and roof technical floors are shown in the figures 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, and 3.27 [23] below.
Figure 3.23: Presentation of the heating units design for the GF-Basement.
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Figure 3.24: Presentation of the heating units design for the ground floor.
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Figure 3.25: Presentation of the heating units design for the first floor.
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Figure 3.26: Presentation of the heating units design for the second floor.
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Figure 3.27: Presentation of the heating units design for the roof technical floor.
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CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION
4.1 Pricing
After we finished all the HVAC calculations we are now able to price the units used and the cost of
the installation.
The pricing of the heating units is shown in table 4.1 [35] below where, the boiler, burner, and hot
water tank are priced according to their capacities; the radiators are priced according to their number
of elements where we used the 68 cm aluminum radiators; the pump is priced according to its
pressure head (meters) and volumetric flow rate; the PPR pipes are priced according to their length
The pricing of the cooling units is shown in table 4.2 [35] below where, the AC units are priced
according to their type (decorative or central) and their cooling load; the copper pipes are priced
according to their length and cooling load supply; the ducts are priced according to their weight per
kg; the grills are priced according to their dimensions. [34, 35].
The pricing of the ventilating units is shown in table 4.3 [35] below where, the exhaust air fans are
After we priced all the units with their quantities and kinds as well as the installation cost, we got the
total price of the HVAC project which was about 33000 US$ as observed in table 4.4 [35] below.
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Table 4.1: Overall pricing of the heating units.
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Table 4.3: Overall pricing of the ventilating units.
Table 4.4: Total units and installation costs and final price.
4.2 Evaluation
At the end of our project, we evaluated our work throughout the semester and found out that we
finished each part of the project on time as specified in the schedule in chapter 2 without any delays.
While working on the project, we kept our focus on accomplishing the customer needs without
missing any details. This motivated us to apply our design on AutoCAD in a professional way, where
all calculations and dimensions that we got from the software suited the design specifications
perfectly.
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