CHM361

CHAPTER 1:

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES IN COVALENT

COMPOUNDS

FARIESHA FARHA BINTI RAMLI

 2

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Student should be able to:

 Explain the intermolecular forces.

 Identify the intermolecular forces.
 Differentiate the intermolecular forces.
 Explain the effects of the intermolecular forces to the boiling point,
melting point & solubility.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

 Weak attractive forces between molecules.

 Forces that hold molecules together in solids, liquids and gas.
 Weak forces compared to the intramolecular forces that bond atoms together
within a molecule.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

HYDROGEN HYDROGEN
VAN DER
ION-DIPOLE
BONDING BONDING
WAALS

LONDON
DIPOLE-DIPOLE
DISPERSION
 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

• Attraction between instantaneous dipole with induced dipole.

• Also known as instantaneous dipole-dipole forces.

• The weakest intermolecular forces.

• Occurs in ALL molecules.

• In nonpolar molecules, this is the only intermolecular forces that operates.

 Instantaneous dipole and induced dipole attraction

• At any instant, movement of atoms/molecules, together with their

electrons, may result in the electrons gathering at one side of the
molecule.

• One side of the molecule will has higher electron density (partially
negative) while other side will has lower electron density (partially
positive).

• The molecules becomes a small instantaneous dipole.

 Instantaneous dipole and induced dipole attraction

• If this molecule is close enough with another molecule, it will induce a

dipole on the neighboring molecule (induced dipole).

Uneven distribution of electron Instantaneous dipole Induced dipole

 DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

• Attractive forces between polar molecules.

• Exist between molecules that have dipole moment.

• Usually for molecules from two atoms of different element.

• The larger the dipole moment, the greater the force

• Or the more polar the molecule, the stronger the dipole-dipole forces.
 DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

• Molecules will have permanent partially positive & partially negative

charges.

• Dipole-dipole forces arise from the attraction between positive end with
negative end of another molecule.
Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid
 DETERMINE THE POLARITY

1) Draw the Lewis structure.

2) If there are no lone pairs on the central atom, and if all the bonds to
the central atom are the same, the molecule is nonpolar.

3) If the central atom has at least one lone pair and if the groups bonded
to the central atom are not all identical, the molecule is probably polar.
DETERMINE THE POLARITY

Molecule Lewis structure Polarity

CH4 Non polar

AlF3
Non polar

H2O
polar

NH3
polar

NO2F
polar
 HYDROGEN BONDING

• Attraction between Hydrogen with highly electronegative atoms

(Fluorine or Oxygen or Nitrogen {FON}).

• H-bonding is stronger than VDW forces.

• The strength is proportional to the polarity of the bond.

• H-F > H2O > NH3 (order of electronegativity of the element).

 HYDROGEN BONDING

• N, O and F all have at least one lone pair to interact with H atom in
other molecules.
 ION DIPOLE FORCES

• Attraction between an ion (cation or anion) with a polar molecule.

• The strength of this interaction depends on the charge of the ion, the
dipole moment of the molecule & the size of both species.

• Cations interacts more strongly compare to anion having a charge of

the same magnitude.

• Cations with higher charge and smaller in size, interacts strongly with
water
ION DIPOLE FORCES

Mg2+ ion, with higher charge and smaller, interacts strongly with water
SUMMARY

FORCE INTERACTION
London Dispersion All molecules / Non polar molecules

Dipole - Dipole Polar molecules

Hydrogen Bonding H with F/O/N

Ion Dipole Cation / anions with polar molecules

 EFFECT OF FORCES ON BOILING POINT & MELTING
POINT
Dispersion Forces:
• Increase with the increasing of molar mass of the molecule.
• Increase with the increasing of size of the molecule (isomer).
• Increase with the increasing of molar mass.
 Polarisability increased with increase of molar mass.
(the ease with which the distribution of electron cloud can be distorted)

Dipole-Dipole Forces:
• Increase with the increasing of polarity.
EFFECT OF FORCES ON BOILING POINT &
MELTING POINT

Dispersion vs Dipole-Dipole forces

Size and Shape Intermolecular Forces

Comparable Dipole-dipole

One is larger than another Dispersion

 EFFECT OF FORCES ON BOILING POINT & MELTING
POINT
Hydrogen Bonding
• Increases with the increasing of the electronegativities of the elements.
H-F > H2O > NH3 (order of electronegativities of the element)

• Higher if there are more H-bonding per molecule.

H2O > H-F > NH3

• Although F is more electronegative than O, but H2O can form 4

intermolecular hydrogen bonds. HF can only form 2 hydrogen bonds.
EFFECT OF FORCES ON BOILING POINT & MELTING
POINT

Four hydrogen bonding per molecule

Two hydrogen bonding per molecule

 EFFECT OF FORCES ON SOLUBILITY

• +ve ion of the solute is attracted the - charged atom in the polar
solvent molecule, and the –ve ion of the solute is attracted to the +
charged atom on the solvent molecule.

Solute Solvent
Non-polar Non-polar
Polar such as glucose (C6H12O6) polar

Ionic such as sodium chloride (NaCl) polar

 SUMMARY

• In general, the strength of intermolecular forces increase in this order:

dispersion < dipole-dipole < hydrogen bond < ion-dipole

• Dispersion forces operates on all molecules.

• Dipole-dipole operates on polar molecules, but compete with dispersion.

• If hydrogen bond is present, it makes a significant contribution to
intermolecular interaction between molecules.
 REFERENCES

• Chang, R. (2005). Chemistry. Iowa, United State: McGraw-Hill

College.

• Silberberg, M. S.. (2006). Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter

and Change. Iowa, United State: McGraw-Hill Science.

• Intermolecular Forces. (2013). Retrieved from

https://www.coursehero.com/file/6556560/IntermolecularForces/