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Questions 7-12
7) Recall that
i) Let
sin x
g (x) = and f (x) = exp (x) = ex .
x
Then limx→0 g (x) exists, with value 1. Further f (x) = ex is continuous on
all of R, in particular it is continuous at 1. Thus we can apply the Composite
Rule for functions to say
sin x
lim exp = lim f (g (x)) = f lim g (x)
x→0 x x→0 x→0
sin x
= exp lim = exp (1)
x→0 x
= e.
ii) Let
x+2
g (x) = and f (x) = |x| .
x2 + 1
We have seen in previous questions that both g and f are continuous on all
of R. Hence by the Composite Rule for continuous functions we deduce that
x+2
f (g (x)) = 2
x + 1
is continuous on R.
1
9) Intermediate Value Theorem Suppose that f is a function continuous
on a closed interval [a, b] and that f (a) 6= f (b). For all γ between f (a) and
f (b) there exist c : a < c < b for which f (c) = γ.
The image of this function is [0, 1/3] ∪ (2/3, 1]. Choose γ = 1/2. There is
no c for which f (c) = 1/2.
10) i) Let f (x) = xex . Then f (0) = 0 and f (1) = e > 1. So by the
Intermediate Theorem there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that cec = 1. Since c > 0
we can divide by c to get
1
ec = .
c
x
(Note if you were to let f (x) = e − 1/x, we could not look at f (0)!)
ii) Let f (x) = ex − 4x2 on the intervals [−1, 0] , [0, 1] and [1, 8]. Then
Because the signs are alternating we find a zero in each of the three intervals.
iii) Let
2
So by the Intermediate Value Theorem there exists c ∈ (0, π/2) for which
f (c) = 0.
iv) Let
f (x) = x cos x + sin x − π sin x cos x.
Then f (0) = 0 while f (π/2) = π/2 > 0. This gives a solution f (x) = 0 of
x = 0. But for such x the term sin x is zero so we cannot divide through by
sin x to get a solution of the original problem.
Instead, let us look at an x near 0 for which sin x and
√ cos x are known,
for example π/4. We know that sin π/4 = cos π/4 = 1/ 2. Thus
π 1 1 π
f (π/4) = √ + √ − < 0.
4 2 2 2
Hence, by the Intermediate Value Theorem these exists c ∈ (π/4, π/2) for
which f (c) = 0 For such c the terms sin c and cos c are non-zero and we can
divide by them to see that c satisfies
c 1
+ = π.
sin c cos c
11) i) Let h (x) = f (x) − g (x), a continuous function on [a, b] by the sum
rule for continuous functions. Then h (a) = f (a) − g (a) ≥ 0.
If h (a) = 0 then f (a) = g (a) and we are finished. So assume h (a) > 0.
Also h (b) = f (b) − g (b) ≤ 0. Again if h (b) = 0 then f (b) = g (b) and
we are finished. So assume h (b) < 0.
Apply the intermediate Value Theorem to h on [a, b] with γ = 0 to find
c ∈ (a, b) for which h (c) = 0, i.e. f (c) = g (c) .
1 0<x≤1
f (x) = x
0 x = 0.
3
To see that this has image (−∞, ∞) you have to be able to solve
2x
=y
1 − x2
for any y ∈ (−∞, ∞). But rearranging, solving the quadratic and taking the
correct root(!) gives the solution
p
1 + y2 − 1
x= .
y
iii) For an example of a function on [0, 1] that does not attain its bounds,
(
x if x ∈ (0, 1)
h (x) = .
1/2 if x = 1 or x = 0.