Artificial Intelligence

MEM 1713

Control & Mechatronics Engineering Department,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

UTM
 Outline
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and
Intelligent Systems
• Overall Course Objectives
• Course Structure
 What Is Artificial
Intelligence?

AI is a “tool” that has been developed to imitate

human intelligence and decision-making
functions, providing basic reasoning and other
human characteristics.
 EXAMPLES OF IQ TESTS [1]
Which one of the five choices makes the
best comparison? LIVED is to DEVIL as
6323 is to:

a. 2336
b. 6232
c. 3236
d. 3326
e. 6332
 EXAMPLES OF IQ TESTS [2]

Which number should come next?

144 121 100 81 64 ?

a. 17
b. 19
c. 36
d. 49
e. 50
According to the Oxford and Penguin English Dictionaries the
word “intelligence” can be defined as follows:

 ability to understand
 reason
 perceive
 quickness in learning
 mental alertness
 ability to grasp relationships
 clever
 information
 news
 One way to understand “intelligence” is by
looking at our own capabilities, which means
that humans are able to:
 think
 understand
 recognize
 perceive
 generalize
 adapt
 learn
 make decisions
 solve daily
problems
 Several forms of intelligence
of biological systems

Capability to Learn
 Babies learn from
the day they were born!
 Several forms of intelligence
of biological systems

Capability to Learn
Capability to
Generalize/Classify
Generalization and Classification
 Several forms of intelligence of
biological systems

Capability to Learn
Capability to Generalize/Classify

Capability to Survive
Gathering of Information
Recognizing Patterns
Humans are good at recognizing
patterns
Other forms of intelligence of biological
systems include:
Self-repair
Self-guidance
Reproduction
Making decisions
Reasoning capability
Predicting/forecasting
Understanding noisy or fuzzy
information
Humans have self-repair mechanisms in
their bodies
Humans are
good at
understanding
even difficult
handwritings -
thus human
recognition
capability is
robust
 What is the implication of adding
“intelligence” in machines?
 If artificial systems can be made more robust, costly
redesigns can be reduced or eliminated

 If higher level of adaptation can be achieved,

existing systems can perform their functions longer
and better

 If machines can be made to be self-organized then

less operations are needed by humans
Is there really an intelligent machine or
device?

Let’s look at a so-called

“intelligent” device that’s already
available in the market
An Intelligent pH sensor
 What the Intelligent
Microprocessor-based pH
Transmitter can do?

 It can tell the user if its glass electrode is

damaged or clogged.
 It can determine if a sensor cable is
disconnected.
 It can determine if the liquid level is too low.
 Is there really an Intelligent
Machine/System?

From this point of view it appears

that an intelligent system (or device)
contains a collection of simple
features that jointly make the system
easy to use.
Can machines be developed to have
“intelligence”?

Perhaps one way to do this is to

develop algorithms based on human
or animal intelligence
 Some Examples of
Artificial Intelligence Techniques
 Expert Systems
 Fuzzy Logic
Our Course Topics
 Neural Networks
 Genetic Algorithms
 Chaos Theory Many AI techniques
 Rough Sets have been developed
based on biological
 Artificial Life, etc. systems/behavior.
 DNA Computing
 Quantum Computing
•Mathematics •Neuroscience
•Control Theory •Psychology
•Computer Science •Philosophy
•Physics •Biological Science
•Operational Research •Physiology
•…………… •……………

Symbolic AI New AI Micro. Bio. Models

•Symbolic M. L.
•Logic Prog. •Fuzzy •ANN
•Nat. Lang. Proc. •Rough Sets •GA
•Chaos •A. Life
•Search techniques
•……….. •DNA Computing
•……………
•……..
 Fuzzy logic has been developed
from the human reasoning process

Dragon Fly
• 6 legs
Knowledge
• wings
Base
• Body with 3 parts
• Insect
Infer

This is a Sensor
dragon fly!
Intelligent Systems Design
Expert systems Expert systems
Fuzzy logic Fuzzy logic
Course
Neural Neural
networks networks Objectives
…………. ………….

Intelligent Cognition TASKS

Man- Algorithms, Execution
Machine computations
Interface

Intelligent machine
Perception
(Sensors)
Example of Products with AI

Genie Fuzzy
Logic Jar
Cookers
 Artificial Intelligence in Consumer
Products

Artificial Intelligence 8
Menus Rice Cooker
 Artificial Intelligence in Consumer
Products

Zojirushi NS-TGC18 10-

Cup Micom Rice Cooker
and Warmer
 Artificial Intelligence in Consumer
Products

Zojirushi NS-TGC18 10-

Cup Micom Rice Cooker
and Warmer
 Artificial Intelligence in Consumer
Products

Xbox Kinect
It also has a Neuro-
Fuzzy Logic System-
a smart system that
“knows”your
lifestyle and learns
your pattern of
use(like what time
the doors are most
frequently opened
or closed) and
controls the
refrigerator
accordingly either
through quick
cooling, low cool or
defrosting.
This Refrigerator has a Neuro-Fuzzy Control System
(For Door Cooling and Super-Cooling and Freezing)
Why the need to develop “Intelligent
Systems” and Why Now?
More challenging problems
More complex systems
More powerful computers/hardware
Better/powerful algorithms
Better software tools
Man’s desires
 Plants are becoming more complex,
Thus, new techniques are needed for better and tighter control.
 ASIMO
Advanced Step in Innovative MObility
Camera Eyes [AI]
Antenna

Battery (Fuel Cell)

Gyro Sensor Measuring

Body Angle

Actuators and Other Peripheral

Systems Controlling leg
movements [AI]

Load Sensors In Leg

Intelligent Real-time
Flexible Walking [AI]
The Honda Man
Deficiencies:
 Consumes large
amount of power
(large battery pack)
 Walking ability rather
awkward
 Moving ability –
dependent on too many
sensors
 Thinking ability
(almost none)
Where AI can/should be applied? [1]
• Data is overwhelming/abundance
• Too many manual operations/procedures
• Optimization is possible
• Parallel/Distributed
procedures/architectures are needed
• Decision making is required
• When current techniques are too
complicated to be used/designed
Where AI can/should be applied? [2]
• Mathematical models are too
complex/impossible
• To increase efficiency
• To reduce cost
• To improve performance and reliability
 Where AI should not be applied?
• Lack of Data
• Simpler techniques are available /
sufficient
• Further optimization is not possible
 Some Important Facts
that you need to know….
• AI is not the only solution
• AI is only one part of technology
• AI is just a tool for improvement
• You must know your domain/target
application
 What is Artificial Intelligence?

Simulation of biological intelligence on computers to

make them efficient enough to identify & use the right
piece of knowledge & methods at a given step of solving
a problem

Biological Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

Human reasoning process Fuzzy logic
Biological brain Artificial neural network
Natural selection Genetic algorithm
Bird flock or fish movement Particle swarm optimization