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Introduction to Eurocode 7

Dr R. Nishanthan
• Traditional design codes apply lumped FOS at the end of the design
process to allow for the uncertainties in the unmodified values.
• Euro code apply partial Factor of safety at early stage of the design.
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑂𝑆
• Representative value / Characteristic value Design Value
Part 1 – General rules

• Foreword
1. General
2. Basis of Geotechnical design
3. Geotechnical data
4. Supervision of construction, monitoring and maintenance
5. Fill, dewatering, ground improvement and reinforcement
6. Spread foundations
7. Pile foundations
8. Anchorages
9. Retaining structures
10. Hydraulic failure
11. Overall stability
12. Embankments
Annexes A – J
Part 2 – Ground investigation and testing

Foreword
1. General
2. Planning of ground investigation
3. Soil and rock sampling and groundwater measurements
4. Field tests in soil and rock
5. Laboratory tests on soil and rock
6. Ground investigation report
Annexes A-X
Basis of Geotechnical design

Limit states should be verified by one of four means


1. Calculation
2. Prescriptive measures, in which a well established and proven design
is adopted without calculation under well defined ground and loading
conditions
3. Experimental models and load tests, which are particularly useful in
the design of piles and anchors
4. Observational method , in which the design is reviewed in a
planned manner during the course of the construction and in
response to the monitored performance of the structure.
Processes involved in geotechnical design by
calculation
Establish design values of actions and
geometrical data

Establish design values of ground properties


and resistances

Define limit that must not be exceeded (e.g.


bearing resistance)

Perform relevant geotechnical analysis

Show, by calculation, that limit will not be


exceeded
Design values of actions

Characteristic Representative
Xψ X 𝛾𝐹 Design value
value value

Example 1

A representative action has magnitude 200kN. Considering a


partial factor of safety, 𝛾𝐹 = 1.35, determine the design value of
the action.

F =Frep×γF = 200×1.35= 270 kN


Design values of geotechnical parameters
Ultimate Limit states
Ultimate limit states

Limit states for Earth retaining structures


The EQU limit state
The GEO limit state
Combination of Partial factors used in the
GEO and STR limit state calculation.
• Design Approach 1:
• Combination 1: A1 + M1 + R1
• Combination 2: A2 + M2 + R1
• Design Approach 2: A1 + M1 + R2
• Design Approach 3: A* + M2 + R3
(Note. A*: use set A1 on structural actions, set A2 on
geotechnical actions).

The sets for actions (denoted by A), material properties (denoted by


M) and ground resistance (denoted by R)
Partial factor sets for EQU, GEO and STR limit
states.
Serviceability Limit State

• Ed ≤Cd

Effects of the actions (Ed - deformations, differential settlements,


vibrations, etc.) is less than or equal to the limiting values of the effects
(Cd).
References

• Smith I (2014), Elements of soil mechanics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
New York
• British Standards Institution (2004) Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design
– Part 1: General Rules. BS EN 1997-1. BSI,London.
• British Standards Institution (2007) Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design
– Part 2: Ground Investigation and Testing. BS EN 1997-2. BSI,London.
• British Standards Institution (2007) UK National Annex to Eurocode 7
– Geotechnical Design – Part 1: General Rules. UK NA to BS EN 1997-
1:2004. BSI, London.

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