Water Washable Penetrants

The water wash method is popular because it is typically less expensive than post-
emulsifiable and the process time is faster since there are fewer processing steps.
Water washable penetrants (Method A) are available as Fluorescent (Type 1) or Visible
(Type 2) penetrants and in multiple sensitivity levels for fluorescent penetrants.
Water washable penetrants work best on rough surface parts, threaded or grooved
parts and parts with holes and orifices. Water washable penetrants are suitable for
automated penetrant systems, large parts, and leak testing.
Water washable penetrants are removed by manual or automated water spray, manual
wipe or air agitated immersion wash. If a manual spray is used the water pressure
should not exceed 40 psi; the temperature should be between 50–100°F / 10–38°C
using a coarse spray at a minimum distance of 12 in / 30 cm from the part.
Although water washable processing has its advantages, certain specifications will
restrict its use because over-washing can occur in shallow discontinuities, which makes
rinsing time critical to the process.

Advantages of water washable penetrants

 Lower cost (no emulsifier needed)

 Fewer processing steps
 Process time reduced
 Variables associated with emulsifier dwell time eliminated

Disadvantages of water washable penetrants

 Over washing can occur in shallow defects

 Water rinsing time is critical
 Water contamination of the penetrant is possible
Post Emulsifiable Penetrants

A post emulsifiable penetrant should be used when removal of the penetrant from the
defect due to over-washing of the part is a concern. These parts usually have smooth
surfaces and perform critical functions which require higher sensitivity to smaller
defects.
Post emulsifiable penetrants require a separate emulsifier or remover to break the
penetrant down so the excess penetrant can be rinsed off with water, while the
penetrant in the indication stays put.
Method C, solvent-removable, penetrant removal technique relies on a solvent-based
cleaner, like SKC-S NDT cleaner/remover, to remove the penetrant from the part being
inspected.
Method B lipophilic and Method D hydrophilic penetrant systems require an additional
processing step where a separate emulsification agent is applied to make the excess
penetrant more removable with a water rinse.
Lipophilic emulsifiers are oil-based materials that are supplied in ready-to-use form.
Hydrophilic emulsifiers are water-based and supplied as a concentrate that must be
diluted with water prior to use.

Advantages of post emulsifiable penetrants

 Higher sensitivity to smaller defects

 Shows wide, shallow defects
 More controlled removal of penetrant from the part surface

Disadvantages of post emulsifiable penetrants

 Extra processing steps depending on Method B or Method D

 Emulsification time control is critical
 Penetrant removal is difficult in threaded parts, holes and slots
 Not good on rough surface.

Fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) is a type of dye penetrant inspection in which a

fluorescent dye is applied to the surface of a non-porous material in order to detect defects that may
compromise the integrity or quality of the part in question. Noted for its low cost and simple process,
FPI is used widely in a variety of industries.

Advantages[edit]
 Highly sensitive fluorescent penetrant is ideal for even the smallest imperfections
 Low cost and potentially high volume
 Suitable for inspection of non-magnetic materials and electrical insulators.

Potential disadvantages[edit]
 The method requires thorough cleaning of the inspected items. Inadequate cleaning may
prevent detection of discontinuities.
 Test materials can be damaged if compatibility is not ensured. The operator or his/her supervisor
should verify compatibility on the tested material, especially when considering the testing of
plastic components and ceramics. The method is unsuitable for testing porous ceramics.
 Penetrant stains clothes and skin and must be treated with care
 The method is limited to surface defects
 Training is required for the inspector