#1

Bandwidth is defined as a range within a band of frequencies or wavelengths.

Bandwidth is also defined as the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed
amount of time. For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per
second(bps) or bytes per second. For analog devices, the bandwidth is expressed in
cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).

#2
Short for signal-to-noise ratio, the ratio of the amplitude of a desired analog or
digital data signal to the amplitude of noise in a transmission channel at a
specific point in time. SNR is typically expressed logarithmically in decibels
(dB).

#3
Line-of-sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic radiation or
acoustic wave propagation which means waves travel in a direct path from the source
to the receiver. Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in
a straight line. The rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected, or
absorbed by the atmosphere and obstructions with material and generally cannot
travel over the horizon or behind obstacles.

Line of sight (LoS) is a type of propagation that can transmit and receive data
only where transmit and receive stations are in view of each other without any sort
of an obstacle between them. FM radio, microwave and satellite transmission are
examples of line-of-sight communication.

#4

Fig. 1: Signaling with a Mance heliograph, 1910

A heliograph (helios (Greek: ?????), meaning "sun", and ??afe?? graphein, meaning
"write") is a wireless solar telegraph that signals by flashes of sunlight
(generally using Morse code) reflected by a mirror. The flashes are produced by
momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter.[1] The
heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous optical
communication over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th century.[1]
Its main uses were military, survey and forest protection work. Heliographs were
standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used
by the Pakistani army as late as 1975.[2]

#5