List of functional locally-improvised apparatus (supported with pictures and manuals of

operation)

1. Design of impeller-agitated extractor for peanut oil leaching using ethanol

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Mortar and Pestle Used to prepare the raw materials by crushing and grinding them
into a fine paste or powder.
Drying oven Devices used to remove moisture from objects without cooking
them.
Beaker A common container in most labs that is used for mixing, stirring,
and heating chemicals.
Erlenmeyer Flask Similar in function to beakers, but they are conical in shape, with a
cylindrical neck and a wide, flat base that is ideal for heating and
analyzing solutions.
Filter Paper Used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
Distillation Set-Up Used to separate slightly volatile water-insoluble substances from
nonvolatile materials.

B. Procedure/Operation:

I. Sample Preparation
Peanuts were manually shelled to separate the kernels. The peanuts were oven-dried for 72 hours
at 100oC to remove its moisture. After cooling, the peanuts were crushed using mortar and pestle and
was screened using a standard sieve. The screened crushed peanuts were stored in a clean dry place.

II. Leaching Process

Twenty-five grams of the sample was weighed and placed in a beaker. Five samples with
different weight ranging from twenty-three to twenty-four grams was put in a beaker. Eighty to one
hundred twenty milliliters of solvent were placed in each beaker and covered with seal to prevent the
alcohol from evaporating for several minutes. After, the samples were filtered and stored in a dry
place. One milliliter of the extract was used to determine the density and was repeated until the final
density was determined.
III. Distillation Process
Five milliliters of distilled water was added with five milliliters of the bottom product in the
extractor. The extractor was turned upside-down then stood up for 1 minute. After one minute the
extractor was drained into an Erlenmeyer flask. The density of the sample was measured then the
process was repeated until the density remained constant.
C. Pictures

Oven-Dried Peanuts

Sample Filtration
 Density Testing

2. Design of Fixed Bed Adsorber Using Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell

A. Apparatus:

Apparatus Function
Digital Balance A very sensitive instrument used for weighing substances to the
milligram (0.001 g) level.
Graduated Cylinder Used for measuring volumes (amounts) of liquids.
 Beakers It is used for mixing, stirring, and heating chemicals.
Burette Used for the dispensing of variable amount of a
chemical solution and measuring that amount at the same time.
Measuring tape A flexible ruler and used to measure distance.
Stirring Rod Used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory purposes.
Filter Paper Used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
Funnel It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into
containers with a small opening.

B. Procedure/Operation:
I. Preparation of Reference Solutions
1. Prepare 0, 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6g, 0.8 g and 1 g of dye in 200 mL water. Use distilled water as
the solvent
2. Determine the density of the individual solution at room temperature.
3. Plot the concentration as a function of density.
4. Determine the best equation that represents the experimental data.

II. Adsorption Isotherm Determination

1. Load 5 gram of activated carbon into 5 beakers (250 mL)
2. Pour 200 mL of 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 1 g dye in each beaker, respectively.
3. Stir the solution every 1 minute.
4. Measure the density of each set-up every 2 minutes. Note: Return the withdrawn liquid
after measuring the density.
5. Repeat step 3 and 4 until the density of the liquid remains constant with respect to time.
6. Correlate the measured density to concentration using the equation obtained from step
I.4.
7. Determine the amount adsorbed per unit amount of adsorbent (n)
8. Plot n as a function of the equilibrium moisture content.
9. Determine the best isotherm that represents the adsorption process.

III. Design of Fixed-bed Adsorption

1. Load a predetermined amount of activated carbon in the burette until it reaches a
compacted height of 10 cm.
2. Record the weight of the activated carbon
3. Set-up the burette in the iron stand
4. Fill the graduated cylinder with 1g dye solution. Note: Stock adequate amount of
solution.
5. Set the stopcock of the burette quarterly open. Start the timer.
6. Determine the average volumetric flow rate.
7. Collect a measurable volume of the effluent every ten minutes from the outlet of the
burette. Note: Don’t get the samples from the bulk of the effluent.
8. Determine the density of the effluent.
9. Repeat 7 and 8 until the density of the effluent remains constant.
10. Correlate the densities in terms of concentrations
11. Plot the breakthrough curve ( C/CO vs. time )
12. Compute for the height of used bed ( HB) and height of unused bed (HUB).
Note: Repeat the entire experiment ( III.1 to III.12) for a compacted height of 5 cm,
stopcock half open and loading concentration of 0.1g and and 0.6 g w/w dye solution.

C. Pictures
3. Design of Fixed Bed Adsorber Using Activated Carbon from Peanut Shell

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Beaker It is used for mixing, stirring, and heating chemicals.
Erlenmeyer Flask Similar in function to beakers, but they are conical in shape, with a
cylindrical neck and a wide, flat base that is ideal for heating and
analyzing solutions.
Graduated Cylinder Used to measure the volume of a liquid.
Stirring Rod Used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory purposes.
Pipette Used to transfer small amounts of liquids.
Burette Used for the dispensing of variable amount of a
chemical solution and measuring that amount at the same time
Weighing Balance Designed to measure the mass of the substance.
Iron Stand and clamp Used as a support to other apparatus.
Mortar and Pestle Used to prepare the raw materials by crushing and grinding them
into a fine paste or powder.
Aluminum Tray Serves as a container to the sample.
Funnel It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into
containers with a small opening.
Filter Paper Used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
Grinder Used for grinding the samples into small particles.
Muffle Furnace Used for burning the sample with the used of electricity as a heat
source.
Oven Devices used to remove moisture from objects without cooking
them.

B. Procedure/Operation:
I. Preparation of Reference Solutions
1. Prepare 0, 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6g, 0.8 g and 1 g of dye in 200 mL water. Use distilled water as
the solvent
2. Determine the density of the individual solution at room temperature.
3. Plot the concentration as a function of density.
4. Determine the best equation that represents the experimental data.

II. Adsorption Isotherm Determination

1. Load 5 gram of activated carbon into 5 beakers (250 mL)
2. Pour 200 mL of 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 1 g dye in each beaker, respectively.
3. Stir the solution every 1 minute.
4. Measure the density of each set-up every 2 minutes. Note: Return the withdrawn liquid
after measuring the density.
5. Repeat step 3 and 4 until the density of the liquid remains constant with respect to time.
6. Correlate the measured density to concentration using the equation obtained from step
I.4.
7. Determine the amount adsorbed per unit amount of adsorbent (n)
8. Plot n as a function of the equilibrium moisture content.
9. Determine the best isotherm that represents the adsorption process.

III. Design of Fixed-bed Adsorption

1. Load a predetermined amount of activated carbon in the burette until it reaches a
compacted height of 10 cm.
2. Record the weight of the activated carbon
3. Set-up the burette in the iron stand
4. Fill the graduated cylinder with 1g dye solution. Note: Stock adequate amount of
solution.
5. Set the stopcock of the burette quarterly open. Start the timer.
 6. Determine the average volumetric flow rate.
7. Collect a measurable volume of the effluent every ten minutes from the outlet of the
burette. Note: Don’t get the samples from the bulk of the effluent.
8. Determine the density of the effluent.
9. Repeat 7 and 8 until the density of the effluent remains constant.
10. Correlate the densities in terms of concentrations
11. Plot the breakthrough curve ( C/CO vs. time )
12. Compute for the height of used bed ( HB) and height of unused bed (HUB).
Note: Repeat the entire experiment ( III.1 to III.12) for a compacted height of 5 cm,
stopcock half open and loading concentration of 0.1g and and 0.6 g w/w dye solution.

C. Pictures:
A. Activated Carbon Preparation Experimental Procedures
Peanut Shells

Washing and Drying

Furnace (500 ᵒC in 2 hours)

Crushing

Activation using Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

pH Neutralization

Oven Drying

Crushing/Grinding
Sieving

B. Adsorption Experimental Procedures

i. Isotherm Determination

Preparation of Dye Solution

Mixing the Dye Solution with Activated Carbon

Settling and Weighing 1 ml of the Solution

ii. Fixed Bed Determination

Dye Solution Preparation

Compact Bed Activated Carbon Set-Up

Compact Bed Adsorption of the dye solution

Weighing the Effluent

Saturation Point
4. Design of a fixed Bed Adsorber using Activated Carbon from Rice Husk

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Mortar and Pestle Used to prepare the raw materials by crushing and grinding them
into a fine paste or powder.
Drying oven Devices used to remove moisture from objects without cooking
them.
Beaker A common container in most labs that is used for mixing, stirring,
and heating chemicals.
Erlenmeyer Flask Similar in function to beakers, but they are conical in shape, with a
cylindrical neck and a wide, flat base that is ideal for heating and
analyzing solutions.
Filter Paper Used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
Distillation Set-Up Used to separate slightly volatile water-insoluble substances from
nonvolatile materials.

B. Procedure/Operation:
I. Preparation of Reference Solutions
1. Prepare 0, 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6g, 0.8 g and 1 g of dye in 200 mL water. Use distilled water as
the solvent
2. Determine the density of the individual solution at room temperature.
3. Plot the concentration as a function of density.
4. Determine the best equation that represents the experimental data.

II. Adsorption Isotherm Determination

1. Load 5 gram of activated carbon into 5 beakers (250 mL)
2. Pour 200 mL of 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 1 g dye in each beaker, respectively.
3. Stir the solution every 1 minute.
4. Measure the density of each set-up every 2 minutes. Note: Return the withdrawn liquid
after measuring the density.
5. Repeat step 3 and 4 until the density of the liquid remains constant with respect to time.
6. Correlate the measured density to concentration using the equation obtained from step
I.4.
7. Determine the amount adsorbed per unit amount of adsorbent (n)
8. Plot n as a function of the equilibrium moisture content.
9. Determine the best isotherm that represents the adsorption process.

III. Design of Fixed-bed Adsorption

1. Load a predetermined amount of activated carbon in the burette until it reaches a
compacted height of 10 cm.
2. Record the weight of the activated carbon
3. Set-up the burette in the iron stand
4. Fill the graduated cylinder with 1g dye solution. Note: Stock adequate amount of
solution.
5. Set the stopcock of the burette quarterly open. Start the timer.
6. Determine the average volumetric flow rate.
7. Collect a measurable volume of the effluent every ten minutes from the outlet of the
burette. Note: Don’t get the samples from the bulk of the effluent.
8. Determine the density of the effluent.
9. Repeat 7 and 8 until the density of the effluent remains constant.
10. Correlate the densities in terms of concentrations
11. Plot the breakthrough curve ( C/CO vs. time )
12. Compute for the height of used bed ( HB) and height of unused bed (HUB).
Note: Repeat the entire experiment ( III.1 to III.12) for a compacted height of 5 cm,
stopcock half open and loading concentration of 0.1g and and 0.6 g w/w dye solution.
C. Pictures

Rice Husk Washing of rice husk

Checking the pH Preparation of Dye in 200 ml Water

Putting the rice husk in the Furnace Setting the temperature of the Furnace

Activated Carbon Obtained Sieving of Activated Carbon

Weighing 5 g of Activated Carbon Pouring 200ml of 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and 1 g

Adsorption quarterly open Final solution