Subject: - Logical Thinking

Topic: - Categorical propositions

Submitted by: - Khushi Rochwani
D.O.S: - 17/11/17

Categorical Proposition
Slide 1
 The theory of Deduction claims that a Deductive argument whose premises are
claimed to provide conclusive grounds for the truth of the conclusion.
 The theory of Deduction (sullogismos) has been divided into two large bodies of
theories. The first one is called classical logic (or Aristotelian logic, after the Greek
philosopher who initiated this study). The second is called modern logic or modern
symbolic logic.
 Classical logic (or Aristotelian logic) is a traditional account of deductive reasoning, in
which certain interpretations of categorical propositions are presupposed while
Modern logic or modern symbolic logic is an account of deductive reasoning
accepted today. It differs in important ways from the traditional account.
Slide 2
 Categorical propositions are the building blocks of deductive logic, which goes back
to Aristotle’s fundamental work in the 4th century BC.
 Categorical Proposition was originally developed by Aristotle, codified in greater
detail by medieval logicians, and then interpreted mathematically by George
Boole and John Venn in the nineteenth century.
Slide 3
 A class is a collection of all objects that have some characteristics in common.
Slide 5
 It states a relationship between two classes.
 Affirming or denying that one class, S, is included in some other class, P, in whole or
in part.
Slide 6
Components of Categorical Propositions
 Quantifier: - whether the CP refers to all members of the class or only to some members
of the class.
 Subject: - the part of a proposition about which a statement is made.
 Predicate: - a verb that states something about the subject.
 Copula: - Any form of the verb “to be” that serves to connect subject term and the
predicate term.
 Quality: - whether the CP affirms or denies class inclusion.
Standard forms of Categorical Propositions
All S are P
 A: - Universally Affirmative
 whole of one class is contained in another class
 the inclusion of class S in class P is complete or universal. (ALL)
No S are P.
 E: - Universally Negative
 whole of one class is excluded from another class
 the denial of class S in class P is complete or universal. (NO)
 Some S are P.
 I: - Particular Affirmative
 Some (at least one) member of a class is contained in the other class.
 the inclusion of class S in class P is partial or particular. (SOME)
Some S are not P.
 I: - Particular Negative
 Some (at least one) member of a class is excluded from the other class.
 the denial of class S in class P is partial or particular. (SOME)