GROUP 4 3ABC

Mariano
Montalban
TRANSLATION Olesco
Perez
Radam
Ragasa
Rapista
Sarmiento
TRANSLATION: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
● Occurs in the ribosome
TRANSLATION: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
INITIATION

● Initiation complex is formed

● Start codon: AUG; Shine-Dalgarno sequence
TRANSLATION: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
ELONGATION

● Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids (peptidyl transferase)

TRANSLATION: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TERMINATION

● Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

● A newly made polypeptide chain is released
THE GENETIC CODE
THE GENETIC CODE
- The genetic code is a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons, each of which
corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal
- There are 64 codons
- Figure 1.1 shows all 64 possible combinations of codons composed of three nucleotide bases (tri-
nucleotide units) that specify amino acids during protein assembling
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
1. Triplet - a sequence of nucleotide triplets, called codon, that specify which amino acid will be
added next during protein synthesis
2. Nonoverlapping - no bases are shared between consecutive codons
3. Commaless - no intervening bases between codons
4. Degenerate - more than one triplet can code for the same amino acid. The degeneracy of
genetic code is what accounts for the existence of synonymous mutations
5. Universal - the same in viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes; the only exceptions are some
codons in mitochondria
REQUIREMENTS
Requirements for translation
● mRNA - The product of transcription. It carries the code for a particular protein. This
genetic code is in the form of several codons, a sequence of three nucleotides that
corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.
● tRNA - It serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence
of proteins. tRNA does this by carrying an amino acid to the protein synthetic
machinery of a cell (ribosome) as directed by a codon in the mRNA.
● Ribosome - site of protein synthesis
● Protein factors - They are needed for proper initiation of polypeptide chain synthesis,
and for binding incoming tRNAs to the ribosome. They can also assist the termination
reaction.
Codon-Anticodon
PHASE OF
TRANSLATION
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
INITIATION
Initiation
Initiation
● The assembly of the ribosomal subunits and
initiator tRNA (met-tRNA) at the start codon
on the mRNA.
● REQUIREMENTS
○ fmet -tRNA
○ Ribosome
■ 30S ribosomal subunit
■ 50S ribosomal subunit
○ Initiation factors
■ IF-1
■ IF-2
■ IF-3
Initiation

● SHINE-DALGARNO SEQUENCE
○ The ribosome binding site (RBS), which promotes efficient and accurate
translation of mRNA
○ Purine-rich sequence is complementary to the core sequence of the 3'-
end of 16S rRNA
○ These sequences lie about 10 nucleotides upstream from the AUG start
codon
Initiation

EUKARYOTES IF
EUKARYOTES
• eIF3
• Ribosomal Dissociation
• eIF-1A
• Formation of 43S preinitiation
• eIF2
• Formation of 48S initiation
• eIF-4G
• Formation of 80S initiation
• eIF-4A

• eIF-4E

• eIF-4F

• eIF-4B

• eIF5
ELONGATION
Elongation
-process of adding each
subsequent amino acid to
the growing polypeptide
chain

-Peptidyl transferase
catalyzes the peptide bond
formation between amino
acids.

-With the charged amino acid in the

P site, the next aminoacyl-tRNA
binds to the vacant A site
Elongation
Requirements:.

● 70s ribosome
● Codons of mRNA
● Aminoacyl-tRNAs
● Elongation factors
○ EF-Tu (Elongation factor temperature-unstable
○ EF-Ts (Elongation factor temperature-stable)
○ EF-G (EF-GTP)
● GTP, and Mg2+
Steps
1. Binding of specific aa-tRNA to A site
2. Peptide bond formation; chain transfer from peptidyl tRNA to
Aminoacyl-tRNA
3. Translocation of peptidyl tRNA from A site to P site.
Ribosome moves one codon to the right and the umnow
uncharged tRNA (still bound to codon 5) moves from P site
to E site
4. Peptide bond formation; This step is called peptidyl transer
and is catalyzed by an enzyme complex called
peptidyltransferase, which is an integral part of the 50S
subunit.
5. Cycle complet; ready ti start again to add amino acid
corresponding to codon 7
TERMINATION
Termination
· Termination of translation occurs when one of the stop codons appears in
the A site of the ribosome.
· No tRNA is bound during termination.
· Chain termination requires stop codon
o UAA
o UAG
o UGA
· Proteins called release factors participate in termination.
o RF-1: binds to 5’-UAA-3’ and 5’-UAG-3’
o RF-2: binds to 5’-UAA-3’ and 5’-UGA-3’
o RF-3: bound to GTP does not bind to any termination codon, but
facilitates the binding of RF-3 and RF-2
Steps
1. RF1 or RF2 binds to the ribosome near the A site. RF3 binds elsewhere.

2. The peptidyltransferase complex transfers the C-terminal residue of the

polypeptide chain from the P-site tRNA to a water molecule, releasing the
polypeptide chain from the ribosome.

3. The RF factors and GDP are released.

4. The tRNA is released.

5. The 70S ribosome is now unstable in the presence of a protein called

ribosome recycling factors, as well as the initiation factors IF3 and IF1.When
the ribosomal subunits separate, the 30S subunit may not always dissociate
from its mRNA
Journal
Thanks for listening!
REFERENCE
[1] Stages of Translation. Retrieved January 2018, from Khan Academy:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-
polypeptides/a/the-stages-of-translation