1

Mensuration

This Chapter '’Mensuration’' is taken from our Book:

ISBN : 9789386320766
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MENSURATION
MENSURATION
Mensuration is a branch of mathematics which concerns with a c
the measurement of area perimeter and volume of two
dimensional and three dimensional figures. For solving questions
related to this chapter, following formulas are necessary.
b
Two Dimensional Figures (ii) For a right angled triangle, Area
v Rectangle 1
= × base × height
Area = Length × breadth 2
Perimeter = 2(Length + breadth)
Diagonal = (Length)2 + (breadth) 2

(iii) For an equilateral triangle

3
Area = ´ (side)2
4

v Square
Area = (side)2
Perimeter = 4 × side
Diagonal = 2 × side
v Circle
Area = p × (Radus)2
Circumference = 2 p × Radius
Diameter
Radius =
2

v Triangles Radius
(i) If a, b and c are the lengths of the first, second and
third sides of a triangle respectively, then
v Area of the wall of room
a+ b+ c
s= = 2 × height (length + breadth)
2
Area
and Area = s ( s - a ) ( s - b) ( s - c ) Height =
2(length + breadth)
 3
v Quadrilateral Volume = L × B × H
(i) Parallelogram Surface area = 2 (L × B + B × H + H + L)
Area = base × height
Diagonal = ( L2 + B2 + H 2 )

(ii) Rhombus
1
Area = ´ product of diagonals
2

v Cube
If a is the each side of cube, then
Volume = a × a × a = a3
Whole surface area = 2(a × a + a × a + a × a)
= 6a2
Diagonal of cube = a2 + a 2 + a2 = 3a

(iii) Trapezium
1
´ (Sum of parallel sides) × height
2

v Cylinder
If radius of cylinder is r and height or length is h,
(iv) Scalene Quadrilateral
then
1 Volume = p r2h
Area = (DP + BQ) × AC
2 Lateral surface Area = 2p rh
Whole surface area = (2p rh + 2p r2)
D

A C

v Cone
B If base-radius, height and vertical height of a
cone is r, h and l respectively, then
Three dimensional figures
1 2
v Cuboid Volume = p r h
3
If L, B and H are length, breadth and height of the
Lateral surface area = p rl
cuboid, then
 4
Total surface area = p rl + p r2
Vertical height = l = r 2 + h2
r

l
h
v Semisphere
2 3
r Volume = p r
3
v Sphere Surface area = 2p r2
If r is the Total surface area = 2p r2 + p r2 = 3p r2

4 3 r
radius of sphere, then volume = p r
3
Surface Area = 4p r2

Formulas to Remember
Some units related to volume Some units related to area
v 1 Hactare = 10000 metre square
v 1 litre = 1000 cm3
v 1 kilometre square = 1000000 metre square
v 1 Hectometer3 = 10000 meter3
v 1 Decametre = 100 metre square
v 1 Decameter3 = 100 meter3 1
v 1 Decimeter square = metre square
v 1 Meter3 = 1000000 cm3 100
1
v 1 Centimeter square = metre square
v 1 Decimeter3 = 100 cm3 10000
1 1
v 1 Milimeter3 = cm3 v 1 Milimeter square = metre square
100 1000000
 5

1 : If area of a circular jogging track is 4 : The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the
3850 sq. metres. What is the circumference of the jogging ratio 9 : 5. If itsarea is 720 m2, find its perimeter.
track? (a) 112 metre (b) 115 metre
(a) 225 metres (b) 214 metres (c) 110 metre (d) 118 metre
(c) 220 metres (d) 235 metres (e) None of these
(e) None of these Sol. (a) Let the length and breadth of a rectangle are 9 xm
and 5 xm respectively.
Sol. (c) Let the radius of the circular jogging track be r metre.
In a rectangle, area = length × breadth
\ p r2 = 3850 \ 720 = 9x × 5x
or x2 = 16
22 2 x=4
or, ´ r = 3850 Þ

7 Thus, length = 9 × 4 = 36 m
and breadth = 5 × 4 = 20 m
3850 ´ 7
or, r2 = = 1225 Therefore, perimeter of rectangle
22 = 2(36 + 20) = 112 m
\ r = 1225 = 35 metre 5 : How many squares are there in a 5 inch by 5
inch square grid, if the grid is made up one inch by one inch
22 squares?
\ Circumference = 2p r = 2 ´ ´ 35 = 220 metre
7 (a) 50 (b) 150
2 : The area of a rectangle is 4 times the area of (c) 55 (d) 25
a square. The length of the rectangle is 90 cm and the breadth (e) None of these
2
of the rectangle is
2
of the side of the square. What is the Sol. (d) Required no. of squares = 5 = 25
3 2
1
side of the square ? 6 : The cost of the paint is ` 36.50 per kg. If
(a) 10cm (b) 20cm 1 kg of paint covers 16 square feet, how much will it cost to
(c) 9cm (d) Cannot be determined paint outside of a cube having 8 feet each side?
(e) None of these (a) ` 692 (b) ` 768
Sol. (e) Let the side of the square be x cm. (c) ` 876 (d) ` 972
Area of square = x2 (e) None of these
Sol. (c) Surface area of the cube
2 = (6 ×82) sq. ft. = 384 sq. ft.
Area of rectangle = 90 ´ x
Quantity of paint required
3
2 æ384 ö
90 ´ x = 4x2 x = 15 cm = ç
kg = 24 kg.
3
Þ
è 16 ÷ø
\ Cost of painting = ` (36.50 × 24) = ` 876.
3 : If the perimeter of a square is equal to the
radius of a circle whose area is 39424 Sq.cms., what is the 7 : The capacity of a cylindrical tank is 246.4
litres. If the height is 4 metres, what is the diameter of the
area of the square?
base?
(a) 1225 Sq.cms. (a) 1.4 m (b) 2.8 m
(b) 441 Sq.cms. (c) 14 m (d) 4.8 m
(c) 784 Sq.cms. (e) None of these
(d) Cannot be determined Sol. (e) Volume of the tank = 246.4 litres = 246400 cm3.
(e) None of these Let the radius of the base be r cm. Then,
æ 22 2 ö
39424 ´ 7 ç
´ r ´ 400
÷
= 246400
Sol. (c) Radius of circle, = = 112 cm è 7 ø
22
Perimeter of square = 112 cm. 246400 ´ 7 ö
r2
æ
Þ =
ç ÷
= 196
112 è 22 ´ 400 ø
Side of square = = 28cm
4 Þ r = 14
\ Area of square = 28 × 28 = 784 cm
2 \ Diameter of the base = 2r = 28 cm = 0.28 m
 6

1. What is the cost of painting a hall whose area is 729 sqmetres 9. The ratio between the angles of a quadrilateral is 3 : 4 : 6 :
if the rate of painting per square metre is ` 28? 5. Two-third the largest angle of the quadrilateral is equal
(a) ` 3,042 (b) ` 3,756 to the smaller angle of a parallelogram. What is the value
(c) ` 3,024 (d) Cannot be determined of adjacent angle of the parallelogram ?
(e) None of these (a) 120° (b) 110°
2. 25% of the total cost of a plot of area 280 sq feet is (c) 100° (d) 130°
` 1,32,370. What is the rate per sq.ft. of the plot? (e) None of these
(a) ` 2091 (b) ` 1981 10. The area of a square is 196 sq. cm. whose side is half the
(c) ` 1991 (d) ` 1891 radius of a circle. The circumference of the circle is equal
(e) None of these to breadth of a rectangle. If perimeter of the rectangle is
3. The length of a rectangular plot is twice as its breadth. If 712 cm. What is the length of the rectangle ?
the area of the rectangular plot is 2592sq metres, what is (a) 196 cm (b) 186 cm
length of the rectangular plot? (c) 180 cm (d) 190 cm
(a) 76 metre (b) 36 metre (e) None of these
(c) 74 metre (d) 37 metre 11. The total area of a circle and a square is equal to 2611 sq.
(e) None of these cm. The diameter of the circle is 42 cms. What is the sum
4. The ratio of the length and the breadth of a rectangular of the circumference of the circle and the perimeter of the
plot is 6: 5 respectively; if the breadth of the plot is 34 square ?
metre less than the length, what is the perimeter of the
(a) 272 cms. (b) 380 cms.
rectangular plot?
(c) 280 cms. (d) Cannot be determined
(a) 374 metres (b) 408 metre
(e) None of these
(c) 814 metre (d) 748 metre
(e) None of these 12. The ratio between the three angles of a quadrilateral is
5. An order was placed for supply of carpet of breadth 3 metres, 1 : 6 . 2 respectively. The value of the fourth angle of the
the length of carpet was 1.44 times of breadth. Subsequently quadrilateral is 45°. What is the difference between the value
the breadth and length were increased by 25 and 40 percent of the largest and the smallest angles of the quadrilateral ?
respectively. At the rate of 45 per square metre, what would (a) 165° (b) 140°
be the increase in the cost of the carpet? (c) 175° (d) 150°
(a) ` 1020.6 (b) ` 398.8 (e) None of these
(c) ` 437.4 (d) ` 583.2 13. The area of a triangle is 615 m2. If one of its side is 123
(e) None of these metre, find the length of the perpendicular dropped on that
6. The length of a rectangular plot is thrice its breadth. If the side from opposite vertex.
area of the rectangular plot is 7803 sq. mts., what is the (a) 15 metre (b) 12 metre
breadth of the rectangular plot? (c) 10 metre (d) 18 metre
(a) 51 metre (b) 153 metre (e) None of these
(c) 104 metre (d) 88 metre 14. A square carpet with an area 169 m2 must have 2 metres
(e) None of these cut-off one of its edges in order to be a perfect fit for a
7. Area of a rectangle is equal to the area of the circle whose rectangualar room. What is the area of rectangular room?
radius is 21 cm. If the length and the breadth of the rectangle
(a) 180 m2 (b) 164 m2
are in the ratio of 14 : 11 respectively, what is its perimeter?
(c) 152 m2 (d) 143 m2
(a) 142 cm. (b) 140 cm.
(e) None of these
(c) 132 cm. (d) 150 cm.
(e) None of these 15. A rectangular plot 15 m ×10 m, has a path of grass outside
8. What is the area of a circle whose circumference is 1047.2 it. If the area of grassy pathway is 54 m2, find the width of
metres? the path.
(a) 87231.76 sq. m. (b) 85142.28 sq. m. (a) 4 m (b) 3 m
(c) 79943.82 sq . m. (d) 78621.47 sq .m. (c) 2 m (d) 1 m
(e) 69843.23 sq. m. (e) None of these
 7
16. A cylindrical bucket of height 36 cm and radius 21 cm is 25. Four sheets of 50 cm × 5 cm are arranged without overlapping
filled with sand. The bucket is emptied on the ground and to form a square having side 55 cm. What is the area of inner
a conical heap of sand is formed, the height of the heap square so formed?
being 12 cm. The radius of the heap at the base is : (a) 2500 cm2 (b) 2025 cm2
(a) 63 cm (b) 53 cm (c) 1600 cm 2 (d) 1650 cm2
(c) 56 cm (d) 66 cm (e) None of these
(e) None of these 26. The ratio of height of a room to its semi-perimeter is 2 : 5.
17. The area of a square field is 576 km2. How long will it
It costs ` 260 to paper the walls of the room with paper 50
take for a horse to run around at the speed of 12 km/h ?
cm wide at ` 2 per metre alllowing an area of 15 sq. m for
(a) 12 h (b) 10 h
doors and windows. The height of the room is:
(c) 8 h (d) 6 h
(e) None of these (a) 2.6 m (b) 3.9 m
18. A cube of 384 cm2 surface area is melt to make x number (c) 4 m (d) 4.2 m
of small cubes each of 96 mm2 surface area. The value of x (e) None of these
is 27. The length of a rectangular field is double its width. Inside
(a) 80,000 (b) 8 the field there is a square-shaped pond 8 m long. If the
(c) 8,000 (d) 800 area of the pond is 1/8 of the area of the field, what is the
(e) None of these length of the field?
19. A right circular cone and a right circular cylinder have (a) 32 m (b) 16 m
equal base and equal height. If the radius of the base and (c) 64 m (d) 20 m
the height are in the ratio 5 : 12, then the ratio of the total (e) None of these
surface area of the cylinder to that of the cone is 28. A cuboidal block of 6 cm × 9 cm × 12 cm is cut up into an
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 13 : 9 exact number of equal cubes. The least possible number
(c) 17 : 9 (d) 34 : 9 of cubes will be:
(e) None of these (a) 6 (b) 9
20. A spherical ball of lead, 3 cm in diameter, is melted and
(c) 24 (d) 30
recast into three spherical balls. The diameter of two of
(e) None of these
these balls are 1.5 cm and 2 cm respectively. The diameter
29. If the radius of a sphere is increased by 2 cm, then its
of the third ball is
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 2.66 cm surface area increases by 352 cm2. The radius of the sphere
(c) 3 cm (d) 3.5 cm before the increase was:
(e) None of these (a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm
21. How many spherical bullets can be made out of a lead (c) 5 cm (d) 6 cm
cylinder 28 cm high and with base radius 6 cm, each bullet (e) None of these
being 1.5 cm in diameter? 30. If the perimeter and diagonal of a rectangle are 14 and 5 cm
(a) 1845 (b) 1824 respectively, find its area.
(c) 1792 (d) 1752 (a) 12 cm2 (b) 16 cm2
(e) None of these (c) 20 cm 2 (d) 24 cm2
22. The length, breadth and height of a cuboid are in the ratio (e) None of these
1 : 2 : 3. The length, breadth and height of the cuboid are 31. In an isoscele right angled triangle, the perimeter is 20
increased by 100%, 200% and 200%, respectively. Then, metre. Find its area.
the increase in the volume of the cuboid will be : (a) 9,320 m2 (b) 8,750 m2
(a) 5 times (b) 6 times (c) 7,980 m 2 (d) 8,000 m2
(c) 12 times (d) 17 times (e) None of these
(e) None of these
32. If the area of a circle decreases by 36%, then the radius of
23. A circular grass lawn of 35 metres in radius has a path 7
a circle decreases by
metres wide running around it on the outside. Find the
(a) 20% (b) 18%
area of path.
(c) 36% (d) 64%
(a) 1694 m2 (b) 1700 m2
(c) 1598 m 2 (d) 1750 m2 (e) None of these
(e) None of these 33. The floor of a rectangular room is 15 m long and 12 m
24. The circumference of a circle is 44 metres. Find the area wide. The room is surrounded by a verandah of width 2 m
of the circle. on all its sides. The area of the verandah is :
(a) 154 m2 (b) 160 m2 (a) 124 m2 (b) 120 m2
2 (c) 108 m 2 (d) 58 m2
(c) 175 m (d) 168 m2
(e) None of these (e) None of these
 8
Answer Key
1 (e) 8 (a) 15 (c) 22 (d) 29 (d)
2 (d) 9 (c) 16 (a) 23 (a) 30 (a)
3 (e) 10 (c) 17 (c) 24 (a) 31 (a)
4 (d) 11 (a) 18 (c) 25 (b) 32 (a)
5 (c) 12 (c) 19 (c) 26 (c) 33 (a)
6 (a) 13 (c) 20 (a) 27 (a)
7 (d) 14 (d) 21 (c) 28 (c)

1. (e) Cost of paining = 729 × 28 = 20412 ` 6. (a) Let the breadth be x metres.
Then, length = 3x metres
2. (d) Total cost of the plot = (4 × 132370 `)
\ Area Þ 3x × x = 7803
\ Cost of the plot/sq.ft
7803
Þ x2 = = 2601
æ4 ´ 132370 ö 3
= `ç ÷
è 280 ø
Þ x = 2601 = 51 metres
= ` 1891 7. (d) Area of rectangle
3. (e) Let the breadth of rectangular plot = x metre = Area of circle
\ Length = 2x metre
22
= ´ 21 ´ 21
According to the question, 7
2x × x = 2592 = 1386 cm2
Let the length and breadth of rectangle be 14x and
2592
or, x2 = = 1296 11x respectively.
2
Then 14x × 11x = 1386
\ x= 1296 = 36 1386
Þ x2 = = 9
\ Length of rectangular plot = 2x 14 ´ 11
= 2 × 36 = 72 metre Þ x= 9 = 3
4. (d) Length of rectangular plot = 6 × 34 = 204 metre Perimeter of rectangle
Breadth of rectangular plot = 2 (14x + 11x) Þ 2 × 25 × 3
= 5 × 34 = 170 metre = 150 cm.
\ Perimeter = 2 (204 + 170)
8 (a) Circumference of circle, 2p r = 1047.2
= 748 metre
5. (c) Length of carpet 1047.2 ´ 7
r= = 166.6

= 3 × 1.44 = 4.32 m 2 ´ 22
Area of carpet = 3 × 4.32 = 12.96 m2 \ Area of circle, p r 2

New area of carpet 22 2

= ´ (166.6)

125 140 7
= 3´ ´ 4.32 ´
100 100 = 87231.76 m2
= 22.68 m2 9. (c) Smaller angle of parallel-ogram
\ Increase in area 6 2
= ´ 360 ´
= 22.68 – 12.96 18 3
= 9.72 m2 = 80°
\ Increase in cost = 9.72 × 45 = ` 437.40 Adjacent angle of parallelogram = 180°– 80° = 100°
 9
10. (c) Radius of circle Measure of one side = 13 – 2 = 11 m
= and other side = 13 m (remain same)
196 × 2 2
\ Area of rectangular room = 13 × 11 = 143 m
= 28 cms.
Circumference of circle
22 15. (c)
=2× × 28
7
= 176 cm. 10 W
So, 2 (L + 176) = 712 15

712
Þ L= – 176 Let the width of the path = W m
2
then, length of plot with path = (15 + 2W) m
= 180 cm.
and breadth of plot with path = (10 + 2 W) m
11. (a) Area of circle
Therefore, Area of rectangular plot (wihout path)
22 æ 42 ö 2 = 15 × 10 = 150 m2
= ´ ç ÷ and Area of rectangular plot (with path)
7 è 2 ø
= 150 + 54 = 204 m2
= 1386 cm2 Hence, (15 + 2W) × (10 + 2W) = 204
Area of square Þ 4W2 + 50 W – 54 = 0
= 2611 – 1386 = 1225 cm2 Þ 2W2 + 25 W – 27 = 0
Side of square Þ (W – 2) (W + 27) = 0
= 1225 = 35 cm. Thus W = 2 or –27
\ with of the path = 2 m
\ Required sum
16. (a) Volume of the bucket = volume of the sand emptied
22
= 2´ ´ 21 + 4 ´ 35 Volume of sand = p (21)2 × 36
7
Let r be the radius of the conical heap.
= 132 + 140
= 272 cm. 1 2 2
Then, p r ´ 12 = p ( 21) ´ 36
12. (c) Value of remaining three angles 3
= 360 – 45° or r2 = (21)2 × 9 or r = 21 × 3 = 63 cm
= 315° 17. (c) Area of field = 576 km2. Then,
Angles of quadrilateral 576 24 km
each side of field = =

1 Distance covered by the horse

= 315 ´ = 35°
9 = Perimeter of square field
= 24 × 4 = 96 km
6
315 ´ = 210°
9 distance 96
\
Time taken by horse = =
=8h
speed 12
2
315 ´ = 70° 18. (c) Let 'A' be the side of bigger cube and 'a' be the side of
9
smaller cube
\ Required difference
Surface area of bigger cube = 6 A2
= 210 – 35 = 175°
or 384 = 6A2
13. (c) In a triangle,
\ A = 8 cm.

1 Surface area of smaller cube = 6 a2

Area = ´ length of perpendicular × base
2 96 = 6a2
\ a = 4 mm = 0.4 cm
1
or 615 = ´ length of perpendicular × 123 So, Number of small cube
2
Volume of bigger cube
=
615 ´ 2 Volume of smaller cube
\ Length of perpendicular = = 10 m.
123
(8)3 512
14. (d) Side of square carpet = Area = 169 = 13m =
3
= = 8, 000
(0.4) 0.064
After cutting of one side,
 10
19. (c) Let the radius of the base and heights are 5k and 12k 23. (a) Radius of a circular grass lawn (without path) = 35 m
respectively 2
\ Area = p r = p (35)
2

Total surface area of the cylinder Radius of a circular grass lawn ( with path)
\ = 35 + 7 = 42 m
Total surface area of the cone 2 2
\ Area = p r = p (42)

2 2
2 p r ´ h + 2p r 2 \ Area of path = p (42) – p (35)

= = p (422 – 352)
p r r2 + h2 + p r2
= p ( 42 + 35) (42 –35)
2h + 2r 24k + 10k 22 2
= + = p × 77 × 7 = ´ 77 ´ 7 = 1694 m
2 2 2 2
r +h +r 25k + 144k + 5k 7
24. (a) In a circle, circumference = 2p r
34k 34k 17
= = = 44
13k + 5k 18k 9 Hence, 44 = 2p r \ r=
20. (a) Let radius of the 3rd spherical ball be R, 2p
Now, area of circle = p r2
3 3
4 æ 3ö 4 æ 3ö 4 3 4 p R3 44 44
p (1) +
\ p
ç ÷
3 è 2ø
= p
ç ÷
3 è 4ø
+
3 3 = p ´ ´ = 154 m 2
2p 2p

3 3ù 25. (b)
é
3ö 3ö
R3 13
æ æ
Þ = ê - ú -
ç ÷ ç ÷
ê è 2ø è 4ø ú
ë û

3
27 27 125 æ 5ö 5
= - - 1= = Þ R= = 1.25
ç ÷
8 64 64 è 4ø 4
\ Diameter of the third spherical ball
Side of the inner square = 55 – 10 = 45
= 1.25 × 2 = 2.5 cm. \ Area of inner square = 45 × 45 = 2025 sq. m.
21. (c) Volume of cylinder 26. (c) Let h = 2x metres and (l + b) = 5x metres.
= (p × 6 × 6 ×28)cm3 = (36 × 28)p cm3. Length of the paper

4 3 3 3ö Total cost 260

cm3
æ
Volume of each bullet = p ´ ´ ´ = =
m = 130 m.
ç
è 3 4 4 4 ø÷ Rate per m 2
Area of the paper
9p
= cm3.
16 50 ö 2
65 m 2 .
æ
= ç 130 ´ ÷
m =
è 100 ø
Volume of cylinder
Number of bullets = Total area of 4 walls
Volume of each bullet
= (65 + 15) m2 = 80 m2.
é 16 ù \ 2(l + b) × h = 80
= ê (36 ´ 28)p ´ = 1792.
ë 9p úû Þ 2 × 5x × 2x = 80
Þ x2 = 4 Þ x = 2.
22. (d) Let the length, breadth and height of the cuboid be x,
2x and 3x, respectively. \Height of the room = 4 m.
Therefore, volume = x × 2x × 3x = 6x3 27. (a) Let width of the field = b m
New length, breadth and height = 2x, 6x and 9x, \ length = 2 b m
respectively. Now, area of rectangular field = 2b × b = 2b2
New volume = 108x3 Area of square shaped pond = 8 × 8 = 64
According to the question,
Thus, increase in volume = (108 – 6)x3 = 102 x3
1
Increase in volume 102x 3 64 = (2b 2 ) Þ b 2 = 64 ´ 4 Þ b = 16m
= = 17 8
Original volume 3
6x
\ length of the field = 16 × 2 = 32 m
 11
28. (c) Volume of block = (6 × 9 × 12) cm3 = 648 cm3. 31. (a) In an isoscele right angled triangle,
Side of largest cube Area = 23.3 × perimeter2
= H.C.F. of 6 cm, 9 cm, 12 cm = 3 cm. = 23.3 × 202 = 9320 m2
Volume of the cube = (3 × 3 × 3) = 27 cm3. 32. (a) If area of a circle decreased by x % then the radius of
a circle decreases by
æ 648 ö
Number of cubes = = 24.
\ ç
è 27 ÷ø (100 - 10 100 - x )% = (100 - 10 100 - 36)%
29. (d) 4p (r + 2)2 – 4p r2 = 352 = (100 - 10 64)%
æ 7 1ö = 100 - 80 = 20%
Þ (r + 2)2 – r2 = ç 352 ´ ´ = 28.
è 22 4 ø÷ 33. (a) Area of the outer rectangle
Þ (r + 2 + r)(r + 2 – r) = 28 = 19 × 16 = 304 m2

28
Þ 2r + 2 = Þ 2r + 2 = 14 2m
2
r = 6 cm
Þ

30. (a) In a rectangle,

(perimeter) 2 12
= (diagonal) 2 + 2 ´ area 2m 2m
4
15
(14)2 2
Þ = 5 + 2 ´ area 2m
4
49 = 25 + 2 × area
49 - 25 24 Area of the inner rectangle = 15 × 12 = 180 m2
\ Area = = = 12cm 2 Required area = (304 – 180) = 124 m2
2 2

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