AMA144-150-157 Formula Sheet

These results may be quoted without proof unless proofs are asked for in the questions.

Trigonometry Hyperbolic Functions

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sinh x = 21 (ex − e−x )

1 + tan2 x = sec2 x cosh x = 21 (ex + e−x )

sinh x
1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x tanh x =
cosh x
2 sin2 x = 1 − cos 2x cosh x
coth x =
2 cos2 x = 1 + cos 2x sinh x
1
2 sin x cos x = sin 2x sechx =
cosh x
cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y 2 cosh2 x = 1 + cosh 2x
tan x ± tan y
tan(x ± y) = 2 sinh2 x = cosh 2x − 1
1 ∓ tan x tan y
a cos x + b sin x = R cos (x − α) 2 sinh x cosh x = sinh 2x
√ sech2 x = 1 − tanh2 x
where R = a2 + b2 ,
√
cos α = a
and sin α = b sinh−1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1) , all x
R R √
2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y) cosh−1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1) , x ≥ 1
µ ¶
−1 1 1+x
2 sin x sin y = cos(x − y) − cos(x + y) tanh x = ln , |x| < 1
2 1−x
2 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)
1 − tan2 (x/2)
cos x =
1 + tan2 (x/2)
2 tan(x/2)
sin x =
1 + tan2 (x/2)
2 tan(x/2)
tan x =
1 − tan2 (x/2)

1
Differentiation
Function Derivative Function Derivative

sin x cos x cos x − sin x

tan x sec2 x cot x −cosec2 x
1 1
sin−1 x √ , |x| < 1 cos−1 x −√ , |x| < 1
1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1
tan−1 x cot−1 x −
1 + x2 1 + x2
sinh x cosh x cosh x sinh x
1 1
tanh x coth x −
cosh2 x sinh2 x
1 1
sinh−1 x √ cosh−1 x √ , |x| > 1
2
x +1 2
x −1
1
tanh−1 x , |x| < 1
1 − x2
1
coth−1 x , |x| > 1
1 − x2

2
Integration
In the following table the constants of integration have been omitted.
Z
R n xn+1 dx
x dx = (n 6= −1) = ln |x|
n+1 x
R x x
R x ax
e dx = e a dx = (a > 0, a 6= 1)
ln a
R R
sin x dx = − cos x cos x dx = sin x
R R
sec2 x dx = tan x cosec2 x dx = − cot x
R R
sinh x dx = cosh x cosh x dx = sinh x
R R
sech2 x dx = tanh x cosech2 x dx = − coth x
Z Z
dx x dx 1 −1 x
√ = sin−1 (|x| < a) = tan
a2 − x2 a a2 + x2 a a
Z Z
dx −1 x dx x
√ = sinh √ = cosh−1 (|x| > a)
x2 + a2 a x2 − a2 a
Z ¯ ¯
dx 1 ¯a + x¯
= ¯
ln ¯ ¯ (= tanh−1 x if |x| < a)
2
a −x 2 2a a − x¯ a
Z ³x´
cosecx dx = ln tan or ln (cosecx − cot x)
2
Z ³x π ´
sec x dx = ln tan + or ln (sec x + tan x)
2 4
Z ³x´
cosechx dx = ln tanh
2

3
Integration by parts
Z Z
f (x) g (x) dx = f (x) g(x) − f 0 (x) g(x) dx
0

Newton-Leibnitz formula
Z b ¯b
0 ¯
If F (x) = f (x), then f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a) = F (x)¯
a a

Variable substitution in definite integral

If x = ϕ(t) is a monotonic function in the interval [α, β] and a = ϕ(α), b = ϕ(β), then
Z b Z β
f (x) dx = f (ϕ(t)) ϕ0 (t) dt
a α

Variable substitution for a rational function of sin x and cos x

¡x¢ 2t 1−t2 dx 2
Let t = tan 2
then sin x = 1+t2
, cos x = 1+t2
and dt
= 1+t2
.

Area of planar figure

The area of a planar figure bounded by the graph of a continuous positive function f (x),
the x-axis, and the ordinates x = a and x = b is
Z b
S= f (x) dx
a

Volume of solid of revolution

The volume of a solid of revolution, obtained by rotation of a planar figure bounded by

the graph of a continuous positive function f (x), the x-axis, and the ordinates x = a and
x = b through a complete revolution around the x-axis, is
Z b
V =π f 2 (x) dx
a