2018/3/29

Good Practice in SI to improve quality

of Design Parameters

1. Mixed Face
2. Rock Mass Design Parameters
3. Water Ingress

Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co’Ltd

K. Orihara, Y. Yokoi

13 April, 2018
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(1984) describe tunnelling through such a valley on Hong Kong Island. Figure 16 shows a section along the
recently constructed North East Line of the Singapore MRT. It can be seen that a number of buried valleys
cut across the line. The line runs right across Singapore Island, from South West to North East, and the
conditions encountered can be considered typical for Singapore. When tunnelling in these conditions,
tunnels that are less than 30m in depth (typical for subway tunnels) are likely to encounter a number of
mixed faces comprising weathered rock and recent deposits. However, mixed face conditions are also
common within weathered rock masses. In strong rocks, tunnelling in Zones 5 to 3 involves a continuously
changing mixture of strong rock and much more weathered and weaker material. Mixed face conditions in
1. Mixed Face in NEL Tunnels
the variably metamorphosed and weathered rocks of the Jurong Formation have already been shown in
Figure 10. Based on experience, mixed conditions are potentially problematic with respect to tunnel
stability, settlement over tunnels and for the construction of retaining walls.

Outram Dhoby Ghaut Potong

Harbour Front Park Chinatown Farrer Park Boon Keng Pasir
Clarke Little
Quay India

25+000 26+000 27+000 28+000 29+000 30+000 31+000 32+000 33+000 34+000 35+000

Woodleigh Serangoon Kovan Hougang Buangkok Sengkang Punggol

36+000 37+000 38+000 39+000 40+000 41+000 42+000 43+000 44+000 45+000

Legend
Recent deposits (Fill, Marine and Fluvial
deposits) Jurong Formation

Old Alluvium Bukit Timah Granite

Figure 16 : General stratigraphy along the North East line in Singapore

5.2.1 Tunnel Stability
A mixed face is generally considered in terms of a combination of a strong material, such as rock, and a
much weaker material, such as a soil. However, for stability, the major issue is one of relative mobility of
the materials, rather than just strength. A mixed face of strong boulders and hard clay presents problems in
terms of rate of excavation, but generally not in terms of heading stability. However, a combination of
strong, stable rock with a more mobile material, such as a flowing, rapidly squeezing, or fast ravelling
material provides conditions where the overall stability of the heading can be very difficult to control as well
as difficult to excavate. Two cases of major inflows at such interfaces, in Hong Kong, have already been
given above. Those inflows resulted from the use of conventional rock tunnelling methods too close to the
transition from rock-like to soil-like conditions. The inflows resulted from a reluctance to apply compressed
air while the tunnel was still in rock. Ironically, this particular type of mixed face condition has become
problematic with the introduction of modern tunnelling technology. This is best demonstrated by giving an 1
 2018/3/29

Mixed Face and Risks

Settlement at Valleys

Large settlement and sink holes

OA Level Contour at Nicol Highway Collapse

before Construction
A number of boreholes
are often insufficient
when bedrocks undulate.

After Incident

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 2018/3/29

Comparison of Geophysical Survey

Seismic Refraction Seismic Reflection Cross Hole Cross Hole
Method Sonic Survey Resistivity Survey
Survey Survey Seismic Survey Resistivity Survey
査
調測線

調
査船 海
面

Method ｻ
ｲ
探
ﾄ
査
ﾞ
ｽ
海
ｷｬ
ﾝ
底
ｿ
面
ﾅ
ｰによ
る
ﾄ
ｩ・ﾌ
ｨｯｼ
ｭ

Output

Applicable for
Applicable for Applicable for
Applicable for Applicable for distribution of
Applicable for detailed geological detailed geological/
surveying rock level surveying deep aquifer, soft/ loose
Merit surveying surface features in hydrogeological
and weathering geological soil, rock surface,
topography. relatively small features in relatively
degree. structure. geological
area. small area.
structure.

If low velocity layer Resistivity of sea

Only two
Energy is small and is interbedded in Small structure is Small structure is water is very small.
dimensional section
Limit penetration into high velocity layer, difficult to be difficult to be Not applicable for
between boreholes
ground is limited. recognizing it is detected. detected. ground with sea
are detected.
difficult. water intrusion.

Need large energy Need large energy A lot of electrical Usually influenced
Applicable for
Remarks For marine survey. source to overcome source to overcome noise in developed by power cables
cavity survey.
noise. noise. area. along road.

Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co., Ltd.

Geological Model using Electrical

and Seismic Tomography
Aero-photo analysis
Electrical and seismic Reconnaissance survey
tomography Boreholes and sampling
Borehole camera
In-situ testing
Laboratory testing

tunnel

Geological profile

tunnel

Geophysical survey results should be correlated with boreholes.

Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co., Ltd. 6

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 2018/3/29

Utilize Inclined Boreholes

Rotary Coring Rotary Percussion

Directional borehole

Thüring, M., et al. "Overcoming the geological and design

related challenges of the 510 MW hydropower project of
Cerro del Águila (Peru).” World Tunnel Congress. 2014. Steerable drilling apparatus having a differential
displacement side-force exerting mechanism
(US 20060090935 A1)

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 2018/3/29

Why are inclined boreholes required

差し替え

Semi-vertical joints and faults may not be detected Fault

if only vertical boreholes are carried out.

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Soil and Rock Profile (Senoko Cable Tunnel)

Water bearing, highly fractured rock and decomposed dyke
Moderately jointed and fractured Rock
Intact rock with little water inflow

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 2018/3/29

2. Rock Mass Design Parameters

Required information for rock mass rating and Hoek &
Brown methods

 Rock type
 RQD
 Joints
 Weathering degrees
 Strength

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Can you determine parameters from these

cores ?

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 2018/3/29

Quality Rock Cores and Good Practice

Camera

White Light

Core Box
GL- 205 m

Discontinuity Logging based on Good Cores

and Borehole Televiewer
Description Sheet
Borehole televiewer image (BIP) With Core
and Photo
Examination

Orientation &
Aperture of
- Joints
- Bedding
- Vein
- Fault

Discontinuity
-Spacing
-Alteration
-Planarity
-Roughness

Rock mass
-Strength
-Weathering Grade
Joints dip & strike in Stereo net

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 2018/3/29

Wrong depth indication of rock cores

Discrepancy with Televiewer image
At 88m: approx. 5cm difference At 108m: approx. 50cm difference
(within tolerable range) (abnormal)

Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co Ltd

Depth correction based on Televiewer image

Original Depth Corrected

Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co Ltd

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 2018/3/29

Digitized
borehole image

Stereonet

Discontinuity
log

Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co., Ltd. 17

Proposed Flow to determine Hoek Brown

Parameters High-quality rock core Borehole televiewer logging
 RQD  Dip & strike of discontinuities
 Joint aperture

Discontinuity logging
 Rock type
 Intact rock strength
 Weathering state of discontinuities Laboratory test
 Joint roughness and waviness
 Infilling materials, etc.  Uniaxial compressive
strength

Q-value calculation GSI calculation RMR calculation

(Barton et al., 1974) (Cai et al., 2007) (Bieniawski, 1989)
 Q-  GSI  RMR
value

Firm relationship
Rock mass
: Newly proposed Items classification
: Site work
: Laboratory test  G1/S1 – G4/S4
: Desk study
 : Obtained parameters/ indices/
rock mass classes Hoek-Brown strength parameters
determination (Hoek et al., 2002)
 c’ and φ’

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3. Water Ingress into Tunnel

OA in DTSS T02
 Earth Pressure Balance TBM in OA
 Encounter high permeable sandstone
 Sever abrasion of cutter head and
required change
 Impossible to change cutter head due to Tunnel
3
water ingress of 5 to７m /min
Chiam et al, 2003
 It took 4 months to reduce water ingress
by grout and dewatering
 Claim EOT and cost

Bukit Timah Granite in Senoko Cable Tunnel

Max. 450 litre per minutes caused an exessive settlement of
overlying Kallang Formation
CH1490 CH1480 CH1470 CH1460 CH1450 CH1440 CH1430 CH1420 CH1410

TBM
Intact Zone Intact Zone
500
Water ingress

450

400

Fractured Zone
350

Fractured Zone Fractured Zone

Water ingress (litre/min)

300

250 7 to 10 July 18 to 30 June 7 to 16 June

200

150

100

50

0
1490 1480 1470 1460 1450 1440 1430 1420 1410
Chainage of TBM Face (m)

Chainage versus Water ingress into TBM

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No relationship between permeability and

rock joints
• RQD vs. Permeability
• RQD vs. Lugeon Value

Sedimentary Rock Igneous Rock

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Lugeon Map
Permeability Tests at 5m depth intervals

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 2018/3/29

Evaluation of Lugeon test results

Representative
Interpretation
Flow Type
Laminar The water goes smoothly or in regular paths.
Turbulent The flow is characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity.
The high value for the peak pressure is interpreted as the result of fissures opening
Dilation
(temporarily) or materials being compressed by the test water.
This is indicative of permanent washing-out of joint filling material, or permanent rock
Wash-out
movements caused by the testing
Void Filling The test is gradually filling empty voids, joints, etc.

Flaws of Lugeon water test

• Limits of interpretation
• Limited test section

ISO 22282-3: 2012(E)

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Thank you!

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