. Aricent Indio. ‘chapters: oe . . fe pre-historic culture [+4 anilion ses 290 -asoebe] (ay tat) 2. Indus Valley civilization [e500 -15008¢] 3 -vedec/-Aeyan civilezation ('1500- coat] 4+ Pre -moutyan “Age (600-a008c) Ss. Mauryan age [s00- 2o00Be] / 6 Posk- mauxyan age [200 =Bo0AD] - 4 Gupthan Age [200 -850A0] &- Post- Gupthan period [556-150AD]Culture = Laving my pote of ie Met pe are Civilisation - iohak you have - Advancement in materialistic development ¢ technology ‘Features of, civilization : 4 urban life ty Seacpe iy tophisticated technolayy- Ww Naterialtetic development: Tnereasing use of metals (alloys) Fisst exvilization in Tndta — Pndus valley civilization {rs008"] The classification of antient period onthe basis of Scaipl ia 2 type: % * Pre-historic pexiod * Hiskost Patiod Prehistoric ; the pesiod tpbene io sexiplt ard secords Not studied by any htkorfans. Histosic : The age studied by histosians “Archaeology st mame the culture based an metals » Used to prepare Weapons, coins; trols etn’. Fouliost culture ® peared ac shone oge # old stone age % Middle stone age * New stone age Fiesk metal used by homan beings is Capes" Simultaneous use OF stone @ copped leads “ty -foutif culture called Copper: stone ove,, ‘Bronre t92. eulbure. OT prone. 14a. -alloy: foxy Bop ope cwbwse ‘ Sivhistowtan's pexépective Sron age 4s called ds’ Avan Ciullization. “he first -four ‘cultures ave come, woder pre-historic cuturet- “Paleolithic culkure [ota ctonie.age] Bok caves: First evidenced Homan bays wm odin. [4-4 mittion yrs age] Pollavavar: f° Fiect paleolithic cultuae site. Ceses) < Roberk Bruce Foote, Brittsh seca VWentifiad the pallavaram cite. ~Archaectegiced suave Susvey of Sndia (Ast) —8861., first dtreckor. Senerol -“alenandar Cunningham.” “Quoatazite %&% used tm made all types ¢f tools , like, blades, hand ates, flakes , breeds, Scropads -~- Race: tpmesapien [roman being with thinking capability] * Food bunting and food gathering are. sources of economy. * village cormmunitier lore not formed People were living aa a Bands (emotl group f people) @ pletstocene conditions [eatreme cold conditions} * cultuse is detesmined by Geography « thovsands of settlementi coee found at coastal areas eacept Kerala_ Mesolithic culture fn iniddle stone og] z Man tvas-25 happy fe ported: because of comfortable “Conditions fos Ueving’ * Holocene conditons: Cicosming condition) * Bomestication.of animals. Fisst domenstication of animals -found ak- 00 a es. * Adomgar: ax. (Hodhya Pradesh) ve Baxgon (Rojostan) * Conkeuckton of houses Fivet hoses 19 Sndia — Sorai NahaRoi [or] > Poleny Meselithicman started making pow. Fisst pals (handmade) tn the world — Choparimardo o [uF ¢ Micsoliths anne The stone tock mode. by Mesolithic man tere -to arm ty . Neniae: (rem acm] .) S0thete are Called micsoliths. YF Bhimbetka — metolithee site in H-? (warmada region). sai © Paintings were. found onthe walls of Aocks- -ihis Ws One of the eaasllest agt in wWoald « ONESCO Recognized it as world Heritage Centre - » Sapar-mantas in Joipur recognised as wottd Hevitcoe centre yacenily ‘by UNESCO , wahich wor built by Sewai Taisigh in igthe.ela} ey Neokthic Cuthute (; * aa atone ol) a . Agriculture ~> Noxth, Sindia ! wheat) Barley. South Sindia > Ragi, Howeg am villages were formed. * Uchargosh (pak) : erect 4 take up. onyeultuse in, Zndian Subeontiont Mehargaxh people invented Colton , paiters tohetl ofirst time in world . * Koldthwa: Fisst evidence of zice'tn world. Radiocarbon ox Cupenethod w Used te find the dates ¢ only organic Makerialt. Half time decay f radio ackivily 18 5568 yre * Buse bony: barge no 4 pee Chooser undea the easth) were found, * chivan: toxge no ¢ Bone. tool * Kawnakate cites: Metché, piltihal , Tekkelakoba (some qos Oknamenti were found) + Sctnganakally * -Andhsa Pradesh : Nagayuna Konda * “Tamil Nadu: piyomapally— * Assam -. Daojal Hading chatenithle cultuye: (copper-steneage] Copper (Be008¢) —5 Bronte (2snonc) eon (s0008«’) (m-p ¢ rronis veg high] + mettiyy pet: Most of the sttec fourd at Rajackary because it is large Source F COPPA: Ahan, Guilteg, Balatial , TombevatMahoa region — kyatho, Novdatob San ” : “Maharastra: “as Move thot: seesiter ° “eseowe , , Inam gar , chandeli , Plleratad. Baimabad: -popalakien :-000 . Cennentry —> busial ground. here ckelekons does nok have fect : sefent woostolity tote (2108) ix very high ( deaths d one yr peter chil aren) People ¢ daimabad hot No diary technologyle Ha vesppouy civil gation Haxoppa % the Type site of civilization becouse tein fist atte dtscovered ($722) tn enbive civiltzatin © Bronte age civilization * Prolo- Historic civilization © shia civilization had.saipt, bub Tk is oot studied lay ong- oxchacologiak- Sq ttt called -proto-histor’c there ave another 3 tmp civilizations contemporary te the Sndus - civilization im the world . * Somerian cuilization [Mesopotenia] Ly Lond Huw tuo vivess THO vivers are Tigris , euprokese * éqyptian civilization [ ytle valley | chinese civilization [toorg Ho valley) aris Gab gaye: | ane pend aid © ALangirpur{ur] Findon giverGobel ved Fictuilization : 1.3 million.sy "Em. : Authors of ave: , : fen S yothecte © Archaeologist, discovered 4 diff races pecple’ oote built thts Civilezation . : . “Mongolotts © Prxoto- AustroLoit: @ Albinoids * Medetevrinean| Btavidears : Notth -Sndtan Languages —> Aryan group langueges South « a > Brouidean ror g languoget. Fepartont cities gfe + “Total: «400 sikes ‘the aty wag divided trio 3 past renepao sort UuMEPAAS * i myonsasan ye > | rs oes pai i oped | wee ays dG FbET fl oanmoug ~ peo) benno eye, | Snabiye Tag F9bF uobuog amy . 5 sxagpo At . : (He) Ph goreloh grill oeyeas ” seur ont?“ 7 pee, | ° . en, - > : ow: «i 1 . gsaud 0 $ yp _ FOP oe 4S6T “ oxopmeo49 26 : | “gs0q aos “118 Brpuwp sauEg At 6 any ata (eon Bigos)utaq foes = nyrouns, ub o | penny Gedy) Asixpen ‘ Yrs . af pro sual dohiuag-Ga LI oxoprhsyoyy: Fava * “sonar sauoegT] - amorh pula © =H ragPOg POU axoyor Rog = Unf for UIPOOM 9 2 | Gesu = a "VADUAL 9 » seine sore sumo unosoPog, peur 4 ot “ sour cubis |sBu: ' ids _. zt | Py 2045 { von | apenas "Yoh eon [wscthe cities butt on Sid paltern [chess board patter] chanson, only city bal on, _Grizd pattern tn todo - Every city tn ve & built on grid patter except Banovali, * Undex ground drainage 4 stem along with’ manholes © every city had this dramage System except Banavalt Socol structure ¢ SVC? | Sodety & class divided based on Wealth clacs -» mebilly ts allowed caste > mobility ts not allowed TJebn Marshall, Birectok -General ¢ AST of the time ¢ indus valley excavation . © According tb him, ondus Soriely ts Makriaschal socichy Ye Mother ahead Ff fornily. Ks Religion % the reflection 4 society Que Aodely tons highly matured . Rolitical System: Tk difficulk to study DPD, Kaushambt —. the priest class people ave rulers ie theocracy R.6. sharma wejected shia hypothesia , because there were no Feligtous symbols Cie temples) in INC - Sf priests eneve the aulers then they buidk -temples which Yefleds their religious crate - According “ta him, mexchants are rulers. .eh Ageartan economy “> Economy 6 whieh, eg riculkuts & backbone: “Sp food grains > barley ¢ wheat Commertal Crops —s tation, mustard , Rice was vorey cutivated Sn lethal, a vice gue tans foord Rengopur, rice bysle was foond - Hoe. sas Ubed by nds pele tnskeod of plough * plough; ebidence s weke found in Swe placet ° “Tpalibangan — Furvous[a fed which has plough marks] ° Banaval? —> terrakota replica of plough ¥ Evidence F Horse * fothab [odoublful terraketa horse wag found] * Suxkokado(Gyatat)_s skeleton of horse sas found - all Srductres ¢ ° Textile Industry [cotton] ° Brick Andustry- ° Metalagical industry [camper + boot] © ship bulleting inducbry Lory ot lotrel] * Jewellary industry (breods x shell ornasrers) ee Ly Located in 8 sites ° Chanhudaro * Latha * Bholodiia.“Trade and Boxter ae int Ca) Sumesio. is imp trading poxtnex “The Indus valley Seals were fourd in Mesopatorio. Sea) — the small pieces qd stentite (10m) Seal constate the plekographs; animals 4000 Seals found , shope + veckaryle oF Square “Cegapatomian Seals were always cylendeical shoge Mohenjadaxo > 3 deals f mesapatemia were fourd. Andian cotttin sas found in UMMA : In 23008¢, Sinton (means cotton) from Meluha. Mesopatomia Accipts weve in cuneiforey Baater System —> Eachanging the. good . © Mothea geddens © Paghvpali Mahodeva in Mohenjadaro, & seal was -fourd ,consista the pashupati Mahadeva image [ uséth 3 heads, tuo hom} surroondad by animals, “hh -the opinion q gohn Marshall , gadupathi modadeva “75 Paeto- shiva 7 and most of schotars accepted é - © Evidence t hing yoni* Boll , snake ,-tree ---soxtship © cleoa evidence 4 sthuols alorg with avimal slatietig- large nog. amolety (“alismans) woe found in many sis. Canes fos the end dave: Oplolons of diff scholars: * Mostimum Wheeler —» Aryans invasion e Bilidence : 43 skeletons eve foond ot one plate (induding- toomen q children] those dié scattered q has gome knife masks. Many scholars opposed -this becouse the oryans Tome te fndia, @ 165008C. * Some scholars sotd .” flpede” cere the cause g endg ave . Mchenjadaro , charhutaro cities mere destroyed anny times by flopds and those cities were vebuilt- But there wac no eutderce ¢ floods . i Easth- quakes ¥ Diying of rivers or the direction ¢ flow ¢ sivers was changed . Today , Gndos vives. 40 kr cwoay from the Moberjadaro bat tm ancient petiod., this aby wor built on the banks of Sndes. & ‘Ecological Begradation Andesceimi nant ose gf notural resources Reh 9 Neosures 9. 2N¢ 2 : 16 % base for weighh ¢ measuTes Today, 1 Rs = 16 anos tsare: £6 chakkhale Nledic/-Aryan Guilitation Beginning of historical oge because te ‘has (iterobive. : too sites were found. Painted Grajy wart was found in all hose. sites. So -this walso known os PGW civilization. Sources * Raw Vedic Ukerature -—> Not an)solated book stk ts massive one ,which has library. full f-bocks Manuscripts were wittien from 4.D0@AD Vedic Wterature % decrol iberatuve ak in divided inls 8 part Vedas . Brahmanas Shrol? litevabure Aranyokas Upanishads Vedlang as Poranas Upavecas Ethihasas (epics) ( Smnsiti literature. Vedas + we" vedas 4. Rigveda — 1028 shlokas * Gawyostar Martra® addven He goddem Seuity 4o chapkess [rondalams tot) chapter ts tmp , ‘Pureshasukto. & -Pusushasukta —> “frst eGdrence ¢ caste System)Every homan being u& Created by . Brahma ; from his home Boolip bur. From diff organs. - hs st mee People created from bead ¢ Brahina: — Brakmanas ae shoulder * — Khabiyos thies <> = vyshyas feck a = shudras 2- Yajusveda " Diserébes about attuals the. biggest problem of vituals % there f4 10 direct connection bekibeen the god @ dévotees B. Samaveda . Thi veda gives importance te music . -Shlokas fn tigveda wert tuned - 4&- Athorvanaveda Diacribes penvention of diseases evil spivits Brahmanas: AAR etal F 4. At tavayo Brohmane first reference $ Andra. 2. Satepatha Brahmana 2. Kausikath Bmhmana centoina the philosophy of gemmis 4 Rishfs tn the fovest- Hronyakas ave appended, fo Brahmanespanisheds 2 408 * chandogye af 8ribadvanyaka = ° Svetesvatava —» fist eference. $ Bhatt? * Mundato — * Satya meva, yoyate t present In this Upanishs “Bhakti ee iadiny f rituals ° The aspects ¢ bhakti — personal self surrender b6 ged (mysticism) Islam —» Surrender, . Qslamic mystid'sm —> Suphism Describes abouk Atma, paramatma , Janma, ponarjanma , Soul, karma, Moksha” comes from thakti , Yedangas: the 6 vedangas ave organs ¢ vedas % Shiksha —> deals pith phonekics “his 14 Fongue for vedas, helps to talk @> ‘Nizvuktha —> deals with “etymology 7 Ly origin of word GH) Vyakavana —> Gramm sghyotishn —> Astrology Y Chandas —> metrics WW Kolpa —5 deals sith vitualsThere are B porti ¢ Kalpa - # Grihasutra-—»descrbes domesbte Mtuals Every individual shall. perform. ag rituals’ to ge ~ : = moksho. # Srautnsutra —s describes porblic rituals King pexform -this - rituals for the sate ¢- his people * Suluuasutra — construction of frre alters : M14 Seinedtse ity: EME thee“ Gemcter 26 rituals pesformed from Womb ts tomb Tmportant situal is 12 —> Vpanayend. Males & girst three commmurties are eligible te do the Dpanaya , they are called * Qvija ‘+ tuotee born - Shudras and women Oo all communities are not eligible , called! “Ekeja "> onee born 46" Aitual is vivaha Asuamedbayaga 3 kengs ave. eligible to perform this vilual . Rajasuya yoga —> After. Auccessful completion of this yage, the chief priest a@nnowneet that the King % tike a qed Poranas: joka 18 NN * Vishnu purana © Mextya purona ® Morkandeya parang * Vaya pavona 22 su ieee ees© Based on parans:, ob types qf. ages . 5 Krutdyuga, Trelayugar, Swspmaynge, lp ° Purdinas ‘contains * Genetlogy * a, uu, fomily tree of King iv Agurveda — medicine * Gandarva veda —> music . Shilpa veda —> Art g Avchitedure, * @hanurveda —> wor gy Anchuay Eptcs: . . Ramayon ; 3 erie writer in World — Homar *. Maha Chasalh . Geck: IWtad ¢ odissi Chong gourneg } => who are the tryout * CE Ras so stepucioee ponty Shdions -Sapta sindha is native place Boundaries t Saptasinda, ; East — Jamuna wlesk — Afghanistan, Nosth — Kash South - Aravali F Revers : 2 CARRS Sarasigothi Satudsi (sattez) Sindhu yvitasa (seelam) Paro shni (Rosi) vipasa (Beas) ob gas b) * “TRHhak Akin (chenal CARS > wrete a book On “the nativity of the oryans called ® “Architic- the home. fas Aryans * * 23 Seyonanda sosacoath) —> Aricas com —whek# European historians > | Aegan carne. from. Geena / Htttles. believed that” “German ‘are. original Aryans Mostly accepted thevigi aboiE Argant 1902 proposed by- Moa muller , 0 German Sndologist ptef in Sanskeit - Tedelegy > studlips abouk Drdia Tndology wa depk try al Guropens Universities - “Woo British mndotogisti called as Fathers ¢ JIndology. 4. piflking —s ‘Tanalabed Bhagawoth Gt ot Ehsh 2. Willlam Jones (4484) —» he started ave Ofq called , “Asiatic Soucy 'q Bengal”, this every helped ts fndian anthropology g History . +e translated ‘abhignana shokuntolas’ inte Sglish “AL: Bacham , Bsib'sh Indologist settled in Australia, C prof d camo oniversitiy} He wxoke a book in 1954, “she wiondea that roar India Moa wullas translated Rigveda ints English . [roe alee} Sebegl pega Iireesie. preroeed Sy CE checordiyg to tim, — Euyasio. % nakive place ¢ Aryans Ne [ Khojieton } Europe a or Evrasia Gprmenay English 2 e) ganceakthis hypothesis jas based on philological # Epigraphical shud tee . : & study ¢ elation bho tf lange Bhega2koi > Some. inscriptions were foond - - “these. inccaiptions tale about ¢. stowarde -the “east. ; [There te no direction evidewce | Phase 1 ( 1500-t0008¢] 4500-6008¢. < ‘ . Phase X [1000- 6o0e¢| Phase? Early vedte period | Rigvedtc pexiod ome tribee Mover ource ty study phase 2 is Réquecto, Phase D> Later vedic. pesiod the study of Organs ts in two phases because there are major. Ganges pecially Geographical changes. ° Eaaly vedic pestod doueloped i -Saptacindu Tegcon ® tates vedic period —« « Gargetic region. Economy . Savenic scone * * atis pastoral, means cows ¢ horser tore domenctcaked . ° Limited cultivation Food reins — Bosley ¢ Wheat [Yaa] Less trade. Undusties: Textile, pottery , Corrpentory, m ve } Bronte 2 Suverng Nishka p08 atrament A9ith foedd value, onl ceCobre Nelle economy 4, Agsteutus —y Agrasian. economy. > [Rtee —» mp -foed grain) ° Methi — Rice , 5 aw @ Prst time Tron was used by loter “Anon Krishra. A Sonel ¢ Aryans : NRE Riguedic souety : © “Tribal soctely * Aryans were __semi—nomoaiic [ moving from ore place ks another place » Spptasindhu ng) © Patriarchal system fF Jon -farnilyy system] Wea q amily —> Yobef © Class drutded society a Priesty class _ coul’¢ professional mobilities ave allowed tn either * commoners clas? irecliaus + Warrior lass ° Anker dinning q inter marriages were allowed -freely . — ona ~Anutama ( Hyper gomovs mariage, higpdon tale lowrrclay, ] Pratiloma [Hypo gomoos marxioge » t a iene nile higher asf) sk z a aioth chapters in Rigveda were not taten ac the basis Pr early vedic period because they were added labea*periad te Lates interpolation . 26° > els\u * Pexfeck Gender equality Pogayny- . ; * polyandry 6g: drevpalt ~~ child Marriages Were never allowed . Equal aceessability ‘te woman education Gosha — woman .teho did nok. marry @ she ls Brahmanod Saki wos mentioned, buk Symbolic C widow war not burned with her died husband but che Jest ack fike that ] Sead System [ pseudo pregnancy] VE Kamataka. . Vikeget i / » f these are stones en tombs heros, Sadukkul C Tamil ) teho pastidipated mn wars. No dtwect- euidence ¢ tides marvioges , buk there. wat Niyogo. “wees 7 childless widow € tevtvae ; the new husband 's brother ¢ died ova. fater vedte society : ° Gaste sodely nsith no mobility (Brabmana » Khatriya , vqsya, KHidrg) ® Anuloma was allowed , but not pratiloma . Chandalas ty the childven borned dus t pratiloma marvioge Poly gyny war allowed . & Sotial sub-ordtnation ¢ scoman © child Marriages weve pesformed * widow Masriages were banned Sol comes to reali. .Ses verte (= pes). Brahma. wivaha —> most deal one oy : Marriage pexformed. ot pa Sastras , & Boiua vivaha —> exclusively for priest dass : e Arsa-nivaha —» brideprice d cow § bull . - Projaptoya. —> Ne 6 dowry , no bride price. [rotthouk oun" economic transadions} ° Gandasva —> masviage at firsk site. only kings ave. eligible e Asura ytvah —> Mmeerwtage by puxchase © Ratshasa vivah —» Marriage by by elopment fron aun) 2 pisacha vivah — mari dauction . ge Political stem: Régvedic ie peatod! Nene ° Tribal polity — very democratic Syptenn of governance awibe > Rajan an [hod 2 Every tribe har come, assemblies ; Ly Sabha, Sarit» vidhaka gant © = $PRoteck Jana ¢ pasu : eat time No yonapadas of 4 Texvitory va nok WNP tp the Rojan , me soars fought jor cattles © Gavichtt —> term ¢ ican ® dasarcjan —* ip WAAL® Pusukutsa , Regan ¢ Pura “in meboilation Was formed Cpurutuitay, Fother tribes) age waite sodama [arate tribe] for Wa. , . Bureaucracy- Officers» Senapall , purohita , projapali, Spaca [whe collect the secret Inf -from other -tribel] * “Sources ¢ — Cree med) No concept ¢ tere system : Booty —s reealth gtt from wor. [pagan hag shave in Becky } Bali —> voluntary offerings te Rojan by ~tetbe people tere Roja t= Gopala. Hi tates vee pote system . © Monaxchianl polity © Taropadas was formed [because ¢ buy of sort, settied tie] o King t Bhupata Tervitory & most imp - * Source ¢ Ancome —> Tox syctem called hago. Bhaga. —>earkest taxes cellected im Indio. : Bhagaduga — tax Collector. as Sangrahitt — a treasurer 29. Bégvedi religion System °° Worshipe natural forces 83 gods ¢ goddess [Drvinily] ~ -ndva —> Weather -g tay god Yq shlokas tn Rigveda arectbout Indra, Agnideva —> percani fication ¢ of five. Varuna > God of woter Soma —> “the gtod of pont “Ashwin —s god ¢ medicinal plans [v0 gods} Tyastsi —s qed ¢ vateono Mazuts _, God 4 thunder ctroms [tog Aditi —» earth goddess Savity} —» Goddess of Light bchas —> Goddess 4 dawn © Methods ¢ worship simple ,thak includes prayers, offerings g Some o purpose f relégion Relégion ’® highly materialistic [benefits] pasu & proja © Trimustt (Trinethi) . Projopatt ( Sramitf) — Pveater every thing —\ichnu —. protect ‘Hakurnl forces ave. th subordinate position . e Nethods € worship . Rituals , -Sakshna tp priest: very expensive e Highly non materialistic, Vedte veligion system U4 oxthodot agen vos Brahmans policies: spiritualws bgt : DHE names: “Teo0- Scone} aged Shodasa a Habifempas | Age ¢ Budd Dugpusushal Pahofnapades: “Anguitara Nthoya —> Buddist ttevabure ta poli language Sop languages ¢ Ancient ‘rida: Sanskeik — tntetlectual Language oid ¢ ~» convenient ta common man " Buddists —+ pali Language Prokrit "A jain Petaliputra Anga. Champa Malla Pava, Kashi (Bihar) OP Vifji/ ida Vaishali (eihas) Kasi Varanasi , “Kasu Hastipppur , Sndoo prasto. Un ekoan ae .Souasena, Moxthuaa. Panchala. ~~~ Abictthadra Kosala ~ Shrovasti Mabey Vevalaagata (ep) control i Avot Uggain (op) neal Subtimati (Bundelbiand) fowh- ( Fandhaca Takshasia(rasila) , Pushtalavali ao z m8 TRaralpardi) ——{ Pat-afghan border) Karmbdja. Ration $o ae, > Asmaka Podare [Rodan in sitambod'] Afstory jot Magadhas 3 dynasties _ Horyanka Sisunaga Narda Horyonta * Bimbisora [ s8tking € founder] TAS policies toeee , + Annexation (rae) Et Aang © Matzimonies {marriage alliounces} Ex: Kosaladevi (princess ¢ Kosala] . Diplomacy £8 “the dockoa'd Bimbi car, Tivaka Went fo Avanti to Saye. the KiKg, [Riendshie]” # Apical : a He was a patricide Sisko kill hie phe His policy — wae. ext kast, varsolt , Malta , ocala == : * Seepna . | Hewas assassinated by Sisunaga S Senopakt "He built o fort ak the Confluence of Ganga Steemogs, dynasty * Sisuoaga —>» Avanti wlas coptured by bim # Kalasoka —> shifted Capéeal. -from Rojogi« & Pabalipuba He was assassinated by Senopati, Mahopedmanarda Nando demosty? ett Spud Religion: yain * Mahopadmananda Greatest among all Megadho, hulers 2 rst North Indian king conmpered the South-dndio, “Fal: [ph Godavas: agin] Except two moxth-wesk Janopads alb wee Congpexect by- Nauda . * Banonands § Lact ruler} Jn S248c, he was defeated by Chandra Gupta Maurya. toby Magedha aulers net touthed ‘the Noxth-wlest ‘Jorapadas? At that time ‘the @ Janopadas were Conguered by Frarians (pewsians) , they ave greatest Auless in world . ® Fisst Soreegnes- who congdtred India ~ SysusGras grandson * Rozius' np cmpig the € total Noxths “Dndto . According to Heredotus’, P Yong a8 proviences , Sndia Was one which gives 4S of income te persians . (sindes — tinder) . Domination of Pexsians came ta end becouse of Alezander - Dorius-T was defeated by Alexander . a He eben x “. Aa king of Tautla, “Amb” tnvited sleardes Alexander. was couple ¢ years tm Indio [p27 -s260¢) shop battle is “Wydaspas * Sn 3e3Bc, at Batstonia (Sron) alezandox. was died. * King 4 Synta , Selucus Nickata (Greek employ) . Le he vuled India After Alexander . Economte developments + * Introduction of metal coins [ee . gc] Easliest coins — Punch masked coins” Ly these coin Were. UNinecsiped Made up f Siluez $ copper ¥ Emergence g guild System srent (Sonstst) Means ~ -kasodation of merchant = Traders Koltika Sreni — Weapons manu foctuting Kulala sveni — pob montefactusing Gardila. sreni — Pk faumes_ Religious developments 4 . 62. tetredon: movemenk: were born , abainst the. -Brahmaniam Yasodara Mother > Mahamaya ten: Rahul Rance nahabalyara 5 great events in the life of Budda © Bisth: Lumbini symbol: Lotus osigrral name > Siddhatda ) Mahabhinishkramana ( Age24) Symbol Horse. Cantata) ty) Sambodbi aed Zn Gaui Ceihas) , Uniet Bodie tree Cus days) He became Budda { Tatagatha > Kho tenows broth} symbol: Podic tree © Seman ast lecture of Budda -— Shakina chakxa Parivactana , ot Saxanath (oer 6 Kas) attended by 5 people . symbol: chakra [whed ¢ 8 spokes, tndicates the =o Astanga mortge '}w Mahapainizvania. ” Death of Budde (80 a) Inelashi Peasinagssl Syabot : 3 ‘sthipa ra|qn Buddist Monuments 2 nan * oles Buddict structure built on the / a0 ashes ¢ Gudda or Buddice monks Praha 7 i Semi domical structure eo ae % Vihata | Aroma pradikckana. / (ei deers tation ) Geren . Lo Rectdencec ¢-Cuddist monks * Chaitya — prayer halt Dockrines of Buddiam s ( sougings ef Budda, Seculer hinge) He wae rational @ Stientific philocophe x. ~® 4 Noble Truths © Worlol és full of misery * Cause og this misery u greed © Conquering greed ercan attain Nirvana ¢ There in @ way to prevent misery - Mazga ¥ Astanga moega ['s fold path] Right actions Right effort Right speech Right Lévelihood Réght vision Right awareness Right aim 37 Diapt meditation /# Middle poth.. she ‘eutvemes ¢ exer big ‘Aes be avd ss * Pratyutta Sarmuppod.a” [cause & ‘affect saabieshiy} -He ano M ana ° “Anti changes a Pro-change. te vejests the any shone iMeoxporated zm religion : e Lanquage : Sanskece 2 Language — pali + Pdol worsht pers © Never worship fdols cy mbol wosship ( stupa, tree, ere] isl. Bodhistas — previous binths ¢ Gude, Avalokithe swara (Padmapam ) Manjusei ( bom in Amarauath:) Vajra pan! : padma sambhova Amitabha Maktreya — Futuaz Budd(rofagowy tuys uoh apy dros8 omy Bey spo gi ‘prunofaran rayculwyu Jveppng ¢ fiongthy7 meds Joruydosayzud qnace * soqyar Hy“ oaNayg OMWOYPIUGY 7 Surpornssq, /SUIPOA mA IO9 5 ’ soabures pyow . ops Shel PeplAIB som wrrppng , suas b pmpUe Depor tae spo usippng > ~ Jpas3) aun Qy DAYS Woy, “eaqunson, : 3NS3) snonap shoal < mA grb an tong Yoryee “Wang ohoun 3x90 ADdy » “duupond >ppPMG ~p 0140} yaumog, openg £ Bnipooad ae vuroqu9) "Fopmaly oS, Popdiwoo. upc lt Oe mee i “asadsnd ey TAoYsy Byoysoyoy » ASY Ossi vardzpbbow woyaqns Causey) DuDANDPUNY waqadpaey TSION anmeyos opoly _ wea yo my Bay TW , quspisa meen z= 2 a 4s/ a oo ee i I24e8e j -¢ PUesh sg Fook | On-sVajrayana Buddism? , _.Moksha Margot. — : rage * Sexuat interpola Sanghas started by Budde , men as monks --- Women as NevNs BE oY. Abe, . mosavali ”-—bi ploce: ¢ Vajrayana. e degeneratton + Sanghac e que upd pali © Adel cosship ¢ seform ¢ Brahmoniem . Jainism 3 aw 24 Terthankaras — ford makers 1. Rishaba Natho | Adanatho. Symbcl Gull of. wemntnatha [iste Nemenatho Syenbal : shell gst. Paysvaritha Payent: Achvasenudy Sy mba: Snake Vamale dat Uved in Be. g.c , Bornm Royal family Kashi Nlew saligion Was founded by him > Nigrantha, Nigrantho. —> free fdfin “the bonds 4 world ._& doctrines . ° Asakya:.— Mon pig ¢ Ahimsa — Non infaty + Asakeya —nonstecling + parrigrctha.— non occumulolen ¢ toealth ay. Vardamane Mahavesta Syenbol = Lon Born tn S4oBC, At Kundagrama [neato vaishal: on Bhat] kihatriga family — Patatka Father: sida hosdh Mother! Fyisholadeye wife! yashoda Daughter? prey adatshi Son-in- laws samalt Ak the age | 42, he reached the last stage le tivthankara Kavali Kaivalyogyana, [ottimak. state 4 bnowkdg?] Tina Comqprnor. (Become the mastet ove theSenset | Satlekhana — Extreme fact t death Give. Max pan te yoo Senses rotthouk takiug walker, and food . He deed in fava , (#2) Historical founder 4 Binism — Parshanatha. Dockrinec Dockrines of Jainisn Sunken: i" iy ‘Paichacubias- . & qiventy Pantawathe sth by Mahoveeza ic Brahmachorga 2. “Trt fatnas : Samyat teriya [good action’) Samyor Guana, (right knowledge] Samyak visvos [Fetth) Approximately around 2008 UM hod been dividid mnt 2 sec + Sioetumbarac fishitedoths) —— Stulabhadra Digambasas’ [discotdad clothe) —. Bhadaa Bahy Swetambaras follower ¢ 23 tyithankors Digambaras « « ryth x Portaistapaavan sogktten by Hemachandacr — tagre famine in Magrada, Acc te this book, aXound 3008 12000 Monks left maghadla jleader teas Bhodka bahu Gud they Sled at Sravena Belgala, and became digambarog Chandra, Guptamanaga died at Sravano, Belgala . % Huge ctakue f sain monk in Sravana Belgalet calad a4 Gorateswara } Rahubgli Rahubal? This status wor bulll by Mintcker of Myson stake , Chamundaraya ( toth. an)* Gomatesioara Son of 1 tiythan kao, 2 He soasshrong man and | tongpered many Raj yer so People catled him a: Bahubali He tas noka -txthantota, * Mahamasttn bhisheka forevesy nye in Sravana Begala the people cblebaating an Ustavam . ay : as}ah Oroadasha Angas : Scaiptures of qaenion — compiled in oe AD ak aconference Feld ab- “Valtabhi * by Makaxt Gosaloputta fftendg Paboveera] Very popular we legeon in Mangan’ age Aes oppered. aftee 2008c Central theme» “Altgatt "doctrine Lspredetermination. Charvoka! Awe founder : Ajita keto. kaabali Very radical Philosophy Totaly belceved &n — matertal'sm f ethism & No life aftee deatf, .ern = aata sai fen et : Mauypns were ruled entire” “mndtan* subcbntinent usp amilrade and tetale - pemaloiys Ashokas instaiptions 5 al eth thes Endta vas ruled syeome wt Keng dors 5 cholo, Pandyas. > Ke volapultn [cheta) | Honest Sources: rw, terry sources epyepia!te Hterany: * Magastanese -Andico Greek ambasdox, & the court ¢ Chanda Gupta Maurya Sended by Setucus Micatd Controvewéies tn Indica’ ° There is no slavery in India ¢ There are #castes tn India + here axe no famines in Inolia ” + There & no usuay System * Shatgeata Brahmana —> first evidence te money lesalang ‘n Sndég . ® Arthashastra “a RKRortieal chanubkynt viehre Goon_* Nudrakshosa : Author : Wehata dato . scholag guptan age Retbroning of Nondar" — tells about how the ras pts, % Harshatharita — Bana fzthe) Peemary Sources! Indica , alll archeological Soumces © Secondary Sousces: vositten by scholars ‘oho were not belengs total perio. _ Havsha ehosita. Lsabouk. dectine of moxayan poroet Last emphcox = Brihadsada" oho wae assarinated by his CRS > Senapati | Pushypmitsa, shunga - : * Roja Tarangint — Kalhana [atc] exclusively deale sstth Kashmiz [sae | " Sac Nagax * ely tone built by Ashoka. Fovetgn texts: % Sivgavadana fi Tibetian language] * Mal havar cha ; palf languoge, Stilankan bodsst * Deepavamsha #* Natural history by Pliny , Latin language about milttaay shrength J ManeyanColameegs + bates’ * 6 lathe afi fi sli oo “50,060 “eavaley [Ashritadatam] we 4: 000 eliphantey f §ojadala] "4 8060 eiatiaks f Padhadala] sales Epigsophical Spurcei’ # Ashokan Insceiptions ; => Based on content nsceiplons noete two fipes . . Eulogy |Prasasti > for public Luading- * . Landchatters/ Dana shatana —> not fot public Ashokan tnscasptions netthee gulegy MOK Landchosters Ls are called Eaicte Fdicl % Royal ordee Instructions tp people 481 edick ta “yf placer - Praksit + offical language 4 Maurgans re ; Kharosti ~ a places [in pot) r Brahmi — 4y places Lsmost popular. scarpt in ancient pented : Jn Kurnool (Ap) these Insceiptions were found - One tagcat pion at Khandahas [Afyan'stan] ,wohich is unique written in tw0 Languages: asith thecr wean scaipli + Greek ° Aramic. 46Total languages : £3 [Prabad, Greek, Acainie] a Scripts > yf. khalosti, Brabmi; > Breck Aramic]: ‘ Fhe * 41834, James Princet* succesfully deesfered the pebeleeepe Sy Devanampiya Plypdarehi loja magodha -- © (Ashokan insctiption] bie Ashoka sar not used his name én pis Insc’ pliong Tn 1935, Karnataka — Misty $ Odegelare , Nitiut Madhya pradesh — Gujaza Enscaiption found at these 4 areas were only conta the. Name F Ashoka. , Types of Edtck¢ ; « Rock edectr o pillar ededy « Cave edith Ashoka — First keng tab butt Rockeut Caves . Rock édtcte 2 ly pes baced on length ' Nojoc ——> iV at & placer Minor Placer: (moja) Yerraguddi [ Kurnool, ap] Sopara (maharastra] Girner. Caujagat) Kals? (behradun)Joughada *_Bhauli Mansheen c soe ‘ wae Shahboj ge: { PP barodht seaipt] fae Content ts Bhamma, Admn , Kalinga war, Welfare measures menoeees . 4+ Ghabut (west Benga! } Ashoka eapressed his faith i Buddies * Buddam Saroniam Gachhamé three : * Dhammam Saranam §achhami ero «Sangam saxanam gachromi bd “4 = Fellas. edict * wn + Belhi ~ Meerut t These tice evnseeiphions Aasere shif-eot * Delhin Fi meee by p fFiror shah keng *- Rammendai [tvmbri} L, amg abouk enw System of Mausyars af Askabhigiya (\ vgth) ’ Peoyos a —kosom these pitas consistt énsceiptions f Ashoka, Samudia Gupta and Jahangte - Barabora Cave edict 4 coves built by Ashgta ¢ donated % Ajtvikas1, MJP eL cave twsceptions 44 Dasharctha { Grand son asta) ‘s” caves donated te Ajivikog . Ponda Gupte Maweye (founda) 3 Be - 2938c. Chandra: Gupta mm alt his tevviboy -upts kobul te Selucus Nico after arson. CG, Maurya marred Selucts caughter He performed Sallekana ak drovana bdlgala vafehi Bindu dasa: - (aay -2728¢) Followet of pjivika veligin 2 Grek ambassifors tn his courk , * Deimacus [ syra) + Diongsius Cegypt) Ah Greek records , chandra, Gupta was nomed as Sandraboliy Binclusasa —» Amttrachats Gree: “Amibraghati Ashoka : (268-239 ec] Bratreatdal war f succetion . He kélled all his brothers ae pet the Mohavamen (C2ilankah book sgth mojok Rock edict give: enf about kalénga ROR, Byes the war aser foughtAfles this war he deuded owt, & de.any, wat, op fe. No: neat la chamwia Pharma: . moral law... defines code ‘ conduct er. each endivedual in family and sori t ” Non—vedlence: * Respeck tourarde others Symbol: ctrche sith 24 Spokes Ashoka chaksa Ace to puranas , Ashoka divided his kengdom into & poste + Eastern post — Bashavatha [Grand] « western post — Kurata {ton} * Samprati', united the Kingdom - ampere last guler : Brihodrada Sourmapdems sean) # ww “Troo imp features « Adin && highly seeded Adinn 1s highly Buceauczatised . Some trp officers: Samahatte > head q baa systea Sannidhata —> chief treasudary officez Naha mattata —> officers f high rank inang alepl-Apart ca them 5 34 Adhyaksha: headed by onepersn . Akaza — Head ef mines dept : Kupya — Forest dept Pau tava -— weights and Measuwes pattana, . Sitadhyokeha — Agucutture dap Larshana Vivata — grassland , patos Tanya — Trods. dapt Yovindal and local odin : Provinces. h provinces 4 vitavapode ~ Tashasila (capital “et frvantipoda. ~ Uysain . Gramas Dakshinapada (sadavon) — Suvarnagiai " Prackyapada - Techhali (chau) Head of these provinces — Aryoputia Pkoulmces ave divided into Ahasas{districy) . Rojuka — Inchasge F Revenue adm + Prodechika — police adm Gramas administrated by Gvarani Acc to mogeitanese ~ ~Indica ; eveny city bad Urban admn ie Municipal counad , Consisted of 30 members. “these members dividdd tulp 6 boardsBeard F Tazes Board ¢ Foreigners Board q census tI sa Tadiciowy adimn ¢ Maurqors* Civil eousts — Dharmstya ° Caiminol.coust ~ Kantakashodona. Acc ts Megastanese-Indita, ak thak time there wos less extme sate ond -thett wert trton to them because 4 hah penod code punishment - ; * Teail by Ordeal system [Biggest defect ¢ qjudicianysyster| Be Agnidivy a — tect by Ftre. “Thin wac abolished by Brittshers . Miltkasy admn ¢ Acc to Koutilyn > ‘wings ~ chakuranep bala Acct Magatkanese, GC WHYS — choturangatoha 2: Nawy € Transpo Espionage - Entelligence cept Roatilya _ quia Mega Skanes. — overseers tet @ Architecture : nas History ef Avt ¢ Awthitecdure started IndiaPillars — All piles. were made. by Red- sand ‘stone stupac o { Available tm mathuxa'} Caies so" aS , Sculptures aha Rillarss www ak is a huge finolithic. Column 5 colernn, Height = Soft errata wseighk > 5o.tones : Glassy polish finich given to these pillars Evexy ptilay wos crowned by an element ie tapitad ( antral] Columnes kame for each pillar bu capital ts diff * Bull capital — Rampurva {eihox] # Single Lion capitol in seated posture — Leusgign Nandangoth . * elephant capital — Sonkissa {uP}. (ethos * Horge copital -” Remmendai : # Seronath copitul mH kashi — Beck g tmp capital . 4 Aasing Uons [standing pasture] faced to 4. direction Dharma chakra} Ashoka chakra { belo the tions} Sour animal Symbols avound the chakra Horse , built , elephant, lton. At bottom — Inverted Cotus Aftex “Independence, the Govt of 2ndia taken this fymd AS - emblem r9ith two raed ff caliont.TTndo - ce + (sndo- tocar Demiérius , te gactrian King ssho conguised North fridzan and ¥eturned t homeland after appointing a foxoed! goveanch . q ‘Menonder ' %® Mergnder? {e%e. a) After some period, he wac declared independence Capital: sakala. +n “ndion literature , Menandee known oy Milinda + Second Greet hero who conquered India - Demi trius “Menandet. — follower 4 Quddism Nogasena Bikshu — a ment m his cou Mailerdaparho > which contains ‘the dialogues &. philosophical AtAceumions in ‘the form questions and answers Hw monk and king : = pali, panho means qprestions ThYs Is Secrate book for Buddist &® Goldcotms : Indo- Grecks weve -firsk people toho introduced Te Grld._ coins wr India - * Double die struck coin’! the cotne contain come. inf on both sidec Titles encoinc: Deva Yaata Sudeva vacta Kings tf on one Side Religious ing Gymbols) on anotut,/ “he wale of coms dep onthe sents metal in, marke - Posthians ¢ Ven Nosthern pxivatnees f Tron ~ Parthia” * Gondepharnis fiq-ysay] Acc te Syrian text , Saint thomas nate | Marcopolo coup Sab Madras he sate the holy tomb & Saint thomas “ im his book. He stoxted praising “the gen eho was ruling Mokupallt ty Prakacam det ot that time. te Rudramma Bevi (Kekoutiya dyrasd] 2A Septtane Shas 2 Around aao8e , *shih-Hung-7 tho built the Great wall of chin te proted the China from the attacks ¢ shakos ard Yuthier’ So shakac came to India: 5 tdependent Kingdoms ¢ shakas in Indio. * Kapisa, kingdom i Afganistan} © Taxila kengdom + Mathuza Kengdom . * Bayein [ Gygatat ¢ Malwa regen] Most powerful and Giggest kingdemn © Bavekachcha Rudradaman 1 the king Uyyetn in ott AD His inscaiption “ait Tamaighied THhic be oeeek one 2 omSudarshana “historical tate rash was te . Manryans ‘and he. repaired: thet lake. cies | kash kingdom > Indo- Content : Sangh. region ts Central Aisa foxus reve) Tizo capttale : Purushepura ti Peshvat] Matha. Foundex : Kuga lab daphysi s : - and zing — “Roem, 2 king — kanishka ¥ Dinars : the geld toims ¢ Kushans boima s ~~ TtHe : Mahecwore Othey stda ¢ coin has tnagerg Soivas Kanishka stle: Sak yo Buddlo Homan ‘form ¢ Budo deterature *. [aetna Couple ¢ Buddist stholars én Kanishka's coust * Vasumitra ioxolk a book: Maha Vibhasha Sastsa + Ashvaghosha S ftssk dramas trol. by him in India. Eawliect dramac: Sundaranandang Stuiputra Prakarana Kavy as: Budda chosita Vojeg suchi. ae a. Dynacty : [Bratman] lo kings. Capetal : Vdisha Pashyarnitra Shuega — Anall titeralures he mentioned er Senapats s * Atleast a couple 4 tec he defeated Yavanay * Performed too Achuamedayagas ot Ayodhyp.- “the revival ¢ Brahmanism was because f Shungas ond Shatavaharas. Ratanjali , EAs pushyamttro, Shunger Reok .* Mahabhachya ° this waca great comment ry On a book called Ackadhyaye vattten by Panini {5tbe- Bc} Ls source te all books on Grammoa_ 4S book on Sainckat Grammar. Panini proud graduste f Taxila university - Teaila university [soo8c -5000} : First onivery In India Graduates from thie universily - ¢ Ttvaka{ etc} — pocket. © Panini [ste - Grammasion ° Katetilya (4) ~ Public Ad ministration + choraka (1 ao)- Dect. 59 OnAce la Divyavadana (oeek), + pushyamitra shonga destroyed atbou! 84,000 stupas “which Weve built by Ashoka - : : Bur archaeologrcal studies” date that Pudrgdinttiaticaj religious tolerant and he built many Buddish stupas , even tclay ‘these Stupas were suaviving . én stupat at Goya. x . Agnimitra Shunga: * : . (sonef puchyamitxay He was a hero of a drama wyqilten by Kalidasa * Hala Wkagnometram * Bhoga Bhadya ¢ (s ring] Hts cotns were foundin Korim naget. Greek amboscddog in hs couxk s Heliodorous * An insciption of helzedorous cas found at Besanogat village neae vidisha. Devabhuki (Last king) Senapati — Vasudeva Kanva ascagsinate him Kanva, Oynast Aan daw No absolute tnf about this dynasly Susharma f last ting) Ace te Véshrupurana , he tas assacsinated by an Andhra, king. Shatavahanas aere mentioned in puranas ag “andhras*, $0 the king aeoy be Shatavahana king .-valelt chatavahanas ! Bokings enn , neta » [225 Bc'-22sap] Capttale: Prat’stanapuca [onthe bank ef: upper gedavari] Oharyakatq [Amaravatt m Guntur] * Szrmuka rR v, cotns : polin g lead These corms were -fourd at Kotrléngala’ Kasimnagas dst * Shatakosni-d , eee Namaghat Fnscuption (near Nasik] sehich was: tasued by ht wife + Nagomika* ‘deccatber the victories of king co Dakshina pagapati : . * He pexformed oreRojasuya Yogac, a- Ashwamedagag as and other rituals. He gave cous, elephank and villager to priede. ® Land grenti u eye: qven by this king ferst tite. * Bertala chateteva! [ribting] Tteo scholars inhie courk , ° Gunady a — Beek: Brohat 0 [Patsachi form £& Praksit language Eady language has many idleds avea'] Magadhi — Ashoka insceiptions > aneds 5 Arda magadbi — yainleteratwe pransit Sauyasenf — spoken in Mathura region Mahoractri — shgjavahana titsiption were PRR we es ee, nA© Sharva Varma ‘uthos # “aorta Wyekonra i C Simple Sramm. as) moe i9th'ing] ove Tite: Kov' Roja Beck? Godacopta-cabi * Goutamiputra shatukoy-n? {osticng] Metron yentes — toning name @ the mother befSa his name ex: goutami this Lime , the society boas highly POLYTITY taw connok Change. the soxidly . Nastk inscription by bis mother, Gautam: Balas! , describes "her. Son's victories - Gtles: Eka Brahmne. ees Pa a Dvija kula vadhana Trtsamudra togtpita Vahana { keng who has a horse tohith obrink the 3 Seas woater J * Yognasst shatakarni [24 xing) Cotns: mada. by potin , Keith ship image b inatcakes “he ~preien trade Acc te atradition , * Achawja Nagaeuna * lived tm his cough Achanje Magaxjuna: ord tatang ata Sndtan- Ciensten a ; He developed newngchilee so Med... LeHe wrote 24. books Kadkhy ame ha ‘Kavita, ‘Shun ya Soptathi SubruUekha [good letters} Profna putamita * Pulomayi BE flast ttag) Kingdoms * Abhiza — Nasik [moharactad} ° Ikshveku —Uijayapuas Ertagasjuna vende) a°F Hindy temples were built tn indiq by 2tshvakiy ’ chutunaga Aynasty — Banovasi fmysore, Rornabako] Maho meghavarma Synasy % Hatigumpa. * the place shere on Enscaiption was founded - kharaveli —King Capital : Kalinga Nogett ths tascauptton gives inf about his victories » Defeated shatavahanas « Norce conguered magedha * Defeated Tamiaadesha Sanghatom He promot eel qoanism ry ovis . tetzaleli BRED capital gotten Great heng: (ES choles Northern : Kavecipat Te 7 “Tamil nadu ntnom Tier. Kaxthalachola & Rand: Southern . e Tamilnad, ‘Madhumai Corp Negungelz {2 fise] a 7m 3. chera K la Vanji Bows and Ss _ a Qrrcis “4 “ liaven Famtl literatuse g Ancient mostzpoken language in India — Toul Aryan Group — North Indiah languages Drovidian Group — south Indian languages Tami | — Bc kannada — fhe. ad ° Telugu « Whe. ad talayalam - 1g ead Tamtl was vetogmined Qs the classical language by the gor + Inde Im 2004-05 - Rules fel classical language : G Language must be a5ours dl . Indep enclent titegature Sangom literature — Earliest kterxatuse in this pecs ed L, meetings 4 a Ramil poets , aecto one tradition ob . Madhurat city£ Sangam: [ay thotogical’] * Agastya Mahamun}j . Fersk Arycin. tame & South and introduced organ Culture Aeculted 2n castesystem, sltuals, Brahmin Soenely eke. 204 Sangam: Tarmil text on qramimoa_ ° Tol kkaptyom —éaslest teat of Tamil Gteratue woutten by. Tlktapiyar 34 cangams Vary tmp ,and Mamrive Literature was introduced - cthree groups < 18 mojox wosks ® 48 minon works + 3 Epics 48 mojoa works 4 Tou marugaruppadot A Book on Tamil god - Murugon waitten by Nakkiror , president sid sangam. 18 minos works’ # Tru kuzal [the Bible ¢ Tamil tbecahus] -wositten by Tizuualluvar Rens # stltippadikaram ty Hllange Adtgal [ story ¢ kannaki dsMontmegaloi by Saltalai Sattanaa * ba ctory f adancer, mantmegaln: + . | She become a boddist nun * Sivaga $indamant by Firuttokadevat, L+ sroay ¢ heen called Stoga/ yivaka [ral nak] Economy: . ye . ‘Most prosporous age ¢- Indien Hiskeoy. Reason: Tode. — Trade with Roman empe : Roman empire — Matn partner Moze nog Roman coms wese fourd - + chino, : Equpt ¢ Ethiopia * South-East Asia including Barma 4 Stilante . : Spices? Peppex [ Yavanapeiya] ty cheza Kingdom ThIS was most imp item cn exports Teattless ‘High quectety cotton — Muslin leading eaposters— satavahonas ¢ cholas Peas: ? beading euporters + Pandycing. Very demanded item ia Earope.Gupean Age (00-Ss0any “Two Capttals:.‘Patalipubta Uygoen Sources: wn diterory eptropy Cea] Nomismaties (cotns) intomry Soxpees: Scholay Book Content Kamandaka = Nitasarzo Administration Nagjika Roumudi Mahostsava Coxonation ef changga Gupka-2 Vishakedala Devi chandraguptom -Stoay chondro. Gupta i ard [Drowa} qpeen: Dhruva Devi Basa Svwoapra vasavadalig The dream ¢ vasovodatia Terama + sShodsaka Merichachokatin, (story Bzahman charodatta : s9ho Loves Vasantasena} “Imp source ty know sodal issue * Somadive _Kathasant Sogate Spread Indian eultute Recher ; towards fouth-east hte nic- Ad # -Angkorat tm kambolta, ishnu temple Ciggest temple. tn ooeld } butt by Suxyavasmna in i2'bc. * Roxobodua. (andonesta) 24 Biggest Buddist sFupa built by-Fabien _ [399-414.) | Chinese Buddisk Bligam (+ ~ Comets India tw chondaaGupta -D period Book: fu-Kuo-kt ‘ VARIN oe 2 Ls commontnan life and untoetthabilil After Guptans , no dynasty was discussed ty purwnas Feisraplica sous: 4Q inscaeptions Inscriptions of Soroudza, Gupte. ® Allahabod — Prachastr List king dows he conquered} € Goya. topper plale inxsiption — Londchaster. A village has donated th Guddist vihota at Goya Vihava was built by Mahameqha vasma [Srilanka ki] # Mehrauli Sron pillag tnscaiptin —-Prashast * Bhitaxi — prashasti inf about znvosion f Hons Repeated nvasiom ¢ fom beads. Bendd Geptan pecitd . Tioe Leaders ¢ Hons , * Toramana -- - - Jainiem * Mehirakulg 72 -~-. ShatvismSnscaiption of Bhanu Gupta: * Exon Feces - sx0AD Prashasti nthe feast Eptgrophical evidence 4 Soli Numismatic Sources’ nan nnn Totem ¢ Guptans — Dinars Gold cotns cours 4 shanden Gb Pokriat: of King and queen 5 [komara des! cake. Somadra. Gyn | * playing seith vena {tute} @ Tees Kavt Roja a Pesforming situals Title: Aswamedha Pasakrama Steet charges, Goitar8 Hunt ing leon Title: Stmha chanda # 25 Keng ef gupkans who Wuued Stlues coins —> Rupaya coins ¢. Kemaza Gupta: Performing Aswameda, yaga Title; Agwameda mahend£a. Political, History? i King — Sei Gupta Title : Aaharaja 24 king — Ghatotkacha 4wthis ttle indicates. the political Status of these. two kirgs Ye not. independent - they Weere -Samantas: t Koshans _ % chandra Gupta-2 [1 andependient King of this dynastj) Tie: Maha Rajadi Roja ¥ Samudta Gupta Allahabod tnscaiptton was issued by Harisena , who woos Sandivigaahaka Cministes of extemal far) of Somudan Gupta Acc to this insceiption , the king Congpered 100 kingdoms - 8 Aryovorta. kemgdoms Ls tand bho Himalayas §. vindhya e 6 Pratyanta kKengdome “s Border eater - 4 Ganarajyas [Republican states] * 48 Atavikasajyas [ yabalput. region) * 48 Dakshinapoda [South skates} VE A- Smith , a British Historian descatbes Samudaa Gupta os “Tndtan_Napdean * * chandra Gupta- He coptured Uyjain g took two ate + Sakari [destroyee f shaka‘| ° Vikvamactitya Ugyain become Cultural capital ¢ Guptans . 4 Great scholars tm his court “nlovaxatnas”casey a} 4- Kalidasa . : “three dramas’ — Natokabiasa “ , ‘+ Abhigiana, Shakontalom * Malavikagna mitram * vikrama wurvach} Royyas : : ° Megadbutam . Raguvamsha + Komawra Sambavam » Rutu Samhato a. Vishnu sharma: Panchatantaa * tease Song Tictionasy: Amarakosha. 4 Vara Rucht Book: Prakcuta Pinkaso, 5: Subruta {doctor} Book on Surgery: Sustuta Samhita 8- Dhanvantsi [dockox'} Medical dtetionayy. Nighantu # Arya Bhatta [sthe.ao] . Surya Stddanta fon Astronomy} + “Asya Bhatttam [on maths} ‘O” (exo) was wvented by unknown Indian and it was used 7 by Arya Ghalta tm his book.8+ Varaha Mibjva. Arwen ) Brihak Sombita- = ~ soa woth every stlence | te: Eneylopedio ° Reawshivsteanandttn [actronemy) 4+ Brahoa Gupte [aha * Handang Khonda Khavya, He was ‘noun a: Indian Necton * : Beeimal system was invented by Asabs C+ Hindso. Wikmut — dloning rmasket * Komata Gupta? a Keng who placed problems dus te Huns Nalanda university, belongs to Nahoyara Boddism- Acc te Hyen Tsang » the strength of this university i 8500 Atudenh, Is00 teaches - - -- fromdiff places ¢ tooxtd. Roo villages under this University -for maintenance purpose Archaeologist cold the capitity of this Uriversily = 2000 They exclavated entire Universily - * Skanda Gupta * Vishnu Gupta { Lack Kiug]Hendutism ! Nék-a reltaton, VE We a teay of Wifes ee, * Medic ritual without antmal Satatffee + Bhakty * Rodeo + shiva * Vishnu + Krishna +Budda Conflicts bw worshipers — a imp seek * shaivism * oN ishnovism Buddist - Brahmantcal Acchitecture mg pes ° Cave temples + Structural templer Cavetemples? Large nog Guddict caves - # Ajanta fmaharastza] 34 Gvddist caves teday . Some of them were built by Guptans - * Bagh (mp) - J Buddist cave temples Hindu caves * Fivst hindu caves wn India butt by Guptans wm Udayo.gice t [me] Dp structural temples * Tkshvakw dynasky , bult first hindu ctruchural temple in “Rlagasfuna kenda * (ert) * 3m ythe | Guptans bulll7 thece ctemplee in North Indio,+ Kankalidevi temple [Tabatpuc] + vighnu @ vavaha-teiple [eran] * + 2. shiva-temple (Bhumoed) « Pasyvati Mahadeva temple [Nathnakutara] * Dashevakas temple (‘Dueghas} © Ruined termple ( ehttet ow] { “ y Shika] riagngn — style mented by, gurtgre futh-sfe] TM! Nowth- “snda vimana Shape ~ fx aT + Drovida —ctyle mvented by Pallayas. tm South. Cath ave] vimana chape - / \ ¥ Tn Deccan, Vesasa style Invented by Badami chatukyans won (‘composite style f Architecuse] me ") # Acopper Budda — * sutton Suny ‘ Alou, this fc Queenie palace [Bakenghem polar] # stone suitptuve ¢ Mawaha at Ldayagiai Paamtings _ Ajanta 4 -Bagh[Not survivirg] # Ayanto * choskyar BA caves <= veharas Musal Fresco painting —> parnttag on vocills storie ¢ Gudda, Bodistvas peined on eenillcef comes 78 Called ~-ratatac”™feve te: shavastt chamatkot . a ; { one big Budtda: $100 anotties. buddoy} CONE 6 + Mahapasinixvana caVe9 £16 were built by Shaka vahoma paved ath_ Lathe. these caves were mincad . ™ 1¢te @ QBretih officer. ‘digovered these coves .Pk gupsindge “$50 2150] Some gon i Nath - India, ~ fushya that — sthanecnne. Moukhost — Konout Gouda (Bengal) — Kaxnasuvazna[mushyrabad} Ramorupa(Ascom)- fag Jyptishapuaa (qowhati) Moitrekea — votlabh} [ Aunteat Boddick universilg Vollabht \-fovnaiad lay Maitvete) By Deccon, Badamt chalukyan Kingdorn tne most tmp- an douth , “ Pallavas g- Kanchi “ Great Horshayordhana belongs te Pushyobhutt kingdom . # Puchyabhutts q Nowh Sndia Ly samantas in Gupkan period Harzhavardha came ine power. avd the Kingdom got : nop . 05-647) Poltttcal Coreets “ee he copie Kanauj (Copital) , Bengal, Assom , Ggarat, Bihos, Rojastan. tohen he concprered Guicuak , the king woos Pulakestith-— 4 Batami charlltkyouns : a -Horshavacdhan dafeaked by pulateshih-) and made = oun agreement thot =" Narmada nx border .ThA Sof was known--from “LAthole " énscriptten, which war on the “walls 4 Fain temple. Th thal tnsciiption * sualettara fadzeshwara" refers 4% Haxshosauh Sakola -iwhole , uttara— vttaxra(lord of Nalth 2ndiad) Ltteratuve ¢ ee Harshavoadhana wrole 3 dramas only + Prtyadassbini =. Nagonanda. . + Ratnavalé Bana Bhalte’ who war a greak scholar in his court . Somme g- top books weote , ® Harsha chaasita. * Kadamboai * Pazvati Pasireyom Welfare, ¢- the. poo people ? Apex Ashoka, Harshavo Measures - * Mahamptsha. paxichad “> A programme. conducted vegulosly tal evety S years without failuse. so this wor Kngtoias Pope this won taken -fos dog ok proyoga. Jin this period , be dintiitbube all wealth to the poor people . Kanauy Assembly Around 643aD, he hed Kanauy Assembly at kana a religious Conference - AU. veligeous peoples come and share ‘heir ideas. Huen Ts a chinese plgenen Hive in India descr tg Huen Trang 0 {eacr ea) adhand \e the kirg iho take woe fare. ug sohich onsHUD “Lang woot the, president Konasg Assemply - i Tn 647A, Harcha was died - : : Beaters the period (ésp-se080) History qf sbxth India 008 not know: the art chives pigeon “aber Ceipe-tas) cles nok qb ay ent abouk kings. : round FOOAd, a King called” Yashovoxma™ suled Fanauf. He may|may ot bong -to Harchale dignasty He himself oc a great Scholes He. wrote a book collect” Rama bhyudayarn wah this be decsestbed himself at a King # Kanauj. Simp Andent rane pulakeshih -E He war a great warrior , and congured mang kangd ornd ccorcleng to ~ Athole eseription, ' This inscription was authored by *Rovt ktrti ‘ described the victoxfex G hia master. 82* Kodamba. (as) - Banovast * | Garp (impsoord) * Alupa kingdom * ” Harshavaedhava iar defeated " —ishich war a greatest vickany * Coattal dishici of ne Kuo province has creaked , Vengi at tapita) and oppornt ed Kujo Vishres Vordhana® ct Governoi- tahnu Vardhon. dedaved fF ax atoul 400 qos « ¢ after. pulakeshib B, Kubjav independent and wled by vengt chalubyen “In thts period only, telugu (eleratvre war developed. Around 1% “the. king , “Rojo. Raja Narendra.” hac ‘tio tugu prot in bis couad-. 4+ Nannaya ~» “Adtkavt , te. translakeol Some pak +t Mahabharat &n lo Telugu . ghis wat at qwailable book in telugy 2 Paluleat Mollanna -tramlated “Ganita Sava sangraha * ink telegy L, Cesonekait) : toritten by « Jain schlor. re, atkkana -» transiaked another some part: ¢ Mahabhost igthe , Ervana => 4 remaining 4 a Kovitvayam > Nannaya, Ttkkena & érrana” * Pulakeshih—n's wors usith patlovas 2 Temp wars ‘ 4. The battle ¢” pullaleau ” Mahendraverma Foibas Killed gn this wad.a oe “mariana” jovound Gyr Navasimba-f killed # pulakeshih-B omit + Vatapt Konda (non ‘ AfteS pulakechih i imp kt Ronda copii) vinp Kings & Badanfi chalikyans dyanaty , Vikramaditya 2 Vinayaditya, vi tjoyadiega vikramaditya-1 Keestivarma-3 —> he was aasaminaked by hie gemma * panbsdauaga’ oreund 95570- He was the inchowge & Ractro , his dupraasty ae *Rasteakuka "capital ax “ellera.” fet and -Archi tecture 3 ebond pir aitecurs Badamt chalukyans bultd “boo types ¢ ae 1. Rock cuz cave type Lemples Nagao | sikhawo. 2. Stractural Type templs pravdian style Vesava. = Wide g 2 goin semle Struckural -temples: nape % Athole in Karnataka e Durga temple. 2 Hucimalli qe + Ladhienan -temple (sive temele) 1 ain temple. (on which efihole inscription ia feud) « Pattadokal aThe best tele. tn antient India was” Kailasaonatha te, rople. ak Konoha. bila: by * patlowes " x eo Veeupaksha, -templé ty qpiet Inittation'¢ Kailasanatha se + Alompux, Mahabubnogat distick in AP ¢ Nova Bhrahmecwora temples onthe tank 4 Ti rea, © Sangamecwora temple at "Kuda Sangam . Lathe mucking point “Tangothobra and Syichna rivers. Ceouth> “Pallovas, kaneli ( PBErundevangs contemporedte this me wee ; el - - << ew ee eeAck 'g Architedure ¢ nitially the passionate only Roek-cut cave.temples. * Mahendravarma -2 1. Siva “Femple. at Sittomovaral thi temple had pouting £ Murals 2. Anonta shayana cave temple ok Undawall: Cs Best cave temple * Noxasimha Varma -2 4. Hohabtlipuram — many cave temples ave build . 2 . simp coves» Pandavas Caves @ cowes) Huge monolithic chariot Sach chastol carved -from tingle rock 4 qreat Wuge Sculpture & also found ~Th left side A mont with penance Sn wight side —> kailacam, sive with porvall aud water flows from civa to Muni . oth * Aci : This Buulptuye woos tnoun OF rjanas penance ws) Gauge ovabarane)” Beseent of Gorge * Structural -temple build by Narocimhaverma -2 B He. developed a mew plan for tHindu temples — @savidex syle J Hin temples were fourd ak tH rfahabalipuram 2. Kanchi ® Makabolipuram ts kmecn cu” Bath place ¢ Bravelan Ardhitectuve ! The best temple wot ies = temple . & toth siva ¢ Vishnu temple ovefoud* *reegin varma (last king) : / sf Tora, « sanate og “Ses” aaasirabe otha wing 7 5 =o the. vule of cholds began : capital = Tanjoyar Lttexakure : : tee ae : * pallavas gore importance to Sanakyit. * Two great Sanskrit Scholors , + Bhovovi —» wrote a book. “Kevabasjaneeyom * 2. Bande Author of “Dasha kumacachorita ” This book was ‘translated inte many languages. in 127% wekath Keohane s Ariple d¢ Tikbana tronstated this book Sto telugu. co he wor called os “Abhinava Bandi * WA A x» Tomit literakuve Some. seligious Lterakure war compoted inte Tomit 4+ Prabandham Naloytra Rivya prabandham. 000 ths was composed by 42 Vyshnova, gaink ako poet soink Popularly Known ar “clvars* Cana Alvars were treated as Semi gods now - Among 42, one woman soa “fede * 2+ Tevavam | rirumuzat | Bravida Veda thia was tandl syvom Ukeratae Composed by “6s Naysrats * Nayanass were alsB Qoorshi ped in templesMazine archagnlogy studied thay. many seria souks fovined ave submerged % this wos ound after Toonami Pa-200u 22 2 Kaneht cae ot, Pens Sah oc, We gg 2 Best temple In ancient period - Keilatanatha temple on. Raya simheawara temple .. Z ‘Temples ¢ Nasa timbo. Yarma-® In kanthe :.. “A o Vykiemka pevumal « Mukhtecisara teniple. . Makongeswora, temple ae Pakosuramenware teniple ak Gudimattam » Chit, dichick In AP AE Gudimatiam ,the 15 sivaliugam war excavated , velsich nd : belougs tp ec ap aud it wos ékamuthe, frge ao