AULIA DYAH ANGGRAINI I / 14.1.01.08.

0075 / 4C

SENTENCE AND UTTERANCE

1.3. Sentence and Utterance
There are two different things between sentence and utterance. Sentence is
considered as written product while utterance is spoken. Sentence here represents
system-sentence linguist or grammarian, while utterance represents text-sentence
linguist or discourse analyst. The grammarian will account for all and only the
acceptable sentence in his data. While discourse analyst, the goal of his data is include
physical context.
1.3.1. On ‘data’
In this section, we will focus on the two point of view. That are from
grammarian, a person who studies grammar and usually writes books about it
and discourse analyst, a person who analyses a discourse in a professional way.
The grammarian’s ‘data’ is the sentence, while the discourse analyst’s
‘data’ is the utterance. For the grammarian, they will analyze language from
their sentences, or a set of single sentences illustrating a particular feature of
the language being studied. while, the discourse analyst’s will analyze the
language with include all aspects of linguistics or performance data. The
discourse analyst’s data is typically based on the linguistic output of someone
other than the analyst. Discourse analyst’s data include physical contact,
gesture, and some features like hesitation, slips, and other non-standard forms.

1.3.2. Rules versus regularities

Just as the grammarian’s ‘data’ cannot contain any variable phenomena,
so the grammar must have categorical rules, and not ‘rules' which are true only
some of the time. In this sense, the ‘rules’ of grammar appear to be treated in
the same way as ‘laws’ in the physical sciences. It means that, to analyze the
language, the grammarian need to considerate of the sentence-grammar. Like,
they have to determine the rules of grammar. While, Regularities, the discourse
analyst will typically adopt the traditional “If methodology of descriptive
linguistics. He will attempt to describe the linguistic forms which occur in his
data, relative to environments in Which they occur. In this sense, the analyst
must considerate to the phenomenon that happened in whole environments to
analyze their ‘data’.

1.3.3. Product versus process

The regularities which the discourse analyst describes will normally be
expressed in dynamic, not static, terms. Since the data investigated is the result
of ‘ordinary language behavior, it is likely to contain evidence of the
‘behavior’ element. While, the sentence-grammarian does not in general take
account of this, since his data is not connected to behavior. His data consists
 of a set of objects called ‘the well-formed sentences of a language which can
exist independently of any individual speaker of that language.
It means that, there are two differences between grammarian and
discourse analyst in investigated the language. The grammarian usually just
focused on the product of their ‘data’. They just analyze how grammar used in
a language and they didn’t care about the process of how the language is
formed. It different with analyst that investigate to how the language is form
with considerate to the social phenomenon. So, means that the analysts focused
on process to investigate their data.

1.3.4. On ‘context’
Environment, circumstance or context, it constantly referred to the
language is used. Any analytic approach in linguistics which involves
contextual considerations, necessarily belongs to that area of language study
called pragmatics. In discourse analysis as in pragmatic, we are concerned with
what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic
features in the discourse as the means employed to what they are doing. It also
occurs for grammar, If the sentence grammarian wishes to make claims about
the acceptability of a sentence into determining whether the strings produced
by his grammar are correct sentences of a language. He is implicitly appealing
to contextual consideration.