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Resistance: Overview
1 Resistance
I Overview (Sept. 14)
I Modelling the flow (Sept. 18)
I Frictional flow and wave making (Sept. 21)
I Evaluation of the resistance (Sept. 25)
2 Propulsion
3 Ship dynamics
Additional reading
Matusiak, Jerzy (2008). Short Introduction to Ship Resistance and
Propulsion. Sections 4.1-4.5. (English lecture notes in Noppa)
Matusiak, Jerzy (2010). Laivan kulkuvastus, M-289, Chapter 1.
(Finnish lecture notes in Noppa)
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
6 Summary
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
6 Summary
Drag
is the retarding force acting on a body that moves through a fluid.
acts opposite to the relative motion of the body.
Weight
On the terminology
Drag of a body, drag of a flat plate, drag of a wing, ...
Resistance of a ship
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 6 / 45
Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?
Drag
is the retarding force acting on a body that moves through a fluid.
acts opposite to the relative motion of the body.
LIFT
DRAG
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
6 Summary
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
6 Summary
Still water
Constant velocity of the ship
No drift angle
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
6 Summary
Weight
In the first part of this course, the main focus is in the total resistance
with no propulsor. It is called ”the total resistance”.
Thrust deduction
Non-dimensional resistance
Resistance and its components are usually presented in a
non-dimensional form
Dimensional analysis (presented later) forms a background to it
Total resistance in a non-dimensional form:
RT
CT = 2 S
0.5ρVship
I ρ: density of water
I Vship : velocity of the ship
I S: Wetted surface area of the hull
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example
6 Summary
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 20 / 45
Outline
1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example
6 Summary
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 21 / 45
Total resistance = frictional + pressure resistance
~ can be split into shear stress τ and pressure p.
Stress q
Z Z Z
RT = qx dS = τx dS + pnx dS
S S S
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example
6 Summary
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 25 / 45
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
William Froude was the first to conduct and analyse model tests of a
surface ship in a reasonable way in 1871
He divided the total resistance into two components
CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Compare:
CT = CR (Fn)+CF (Re)
and Z Z Z
RT = qx dS = pnx dS+ τx dS
S S S
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example
6 Summary
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 28 / 45
1
Detailed division
Froude’s hypothesis
RP + RF
1
Chart according to Larsson & Baba (1996)
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 29 / 45
2
Detailed division
CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re
* examples on these.
2
Chart according to the lecture notes of Matusiak
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 30 / 45
Detailed division: On the effect of the free-surface
CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re
*Wave
C (Fn,Re)
W CS(Fn,Wn) CV(Fn,Re)
resistance Spray Viscous resistance
————
C (Fn,Re)
* Wavemaking
WM C (Fn,Re)
* Wavebraking
WB CVP(Fn,Re) CF(Fn,Re)
Viscous pressure Frictional
resistance resistance resistance resistance
1. No boundaries
→ no reaction forces
2. Vicinity of the free-surface level
→ different pressure distribution, deformed free surface
→ drag of the body: wave resistance
CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re
*Wave
C (Fn,Re)
W CS(Fn,Wn) CV(Fn,Re)
resistance Spray Viscous resistance
————
C (Fn,Re)
* Wavemaking
WM C (Fn,Re)
* Wavebraking
WB CVP(Fn,Re) CF(Fn,Re)
Viscous pressure Frictional
resistance resistance resistance resistance
Wake
CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re
Inviscid flow
→ no reaction forces (compare the former example on a hydrofoil)
Frictional flow
Shear stresses affect the object → Frictional resistance of the object
(RF )
The velocity of the flow is decreased due to the viscosity of the flow.
This affects the pressure at the rear edge of the hydrofoil. → Viscous
pressure resistance (RVP )
CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re
Depending on the hull form, the retarded area of the flow can be
large and strongly 3-dimensional in the area of the stern.
Separation of the flow affects both the frictional and pressure
resistance.
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 41 / 45
Outline
1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example
6 Summary
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 42 / 45
Example: Importance of different components
Tanker Container Trawler Hydroplane
Fn=0.15 Fn=0.24 Fn=0.34 Fn=1.5 Friction
(flat plate)
Effect of
the form
Effect of surface
roughness
Wave resistance
Air resistance
Resistance due
to appendages
Length L
Vel. V
2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?
5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
6 Summary