SOCIOLOGY

“ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION”

GUIDED BY:

Prof. M. Lakshmipathi Raju

By

Name- Abhipsha Mohanty

Semester- II

Roll no. 2015004

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our faculty coordinator for his valuable
inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole hearted corporations and constructive criticism
throughout the duration of our project.

We deeply express our sincere thanks to Registrar of our university Dr. Dayananda Murthy C P
for encouraging and allowing for the Sociology project on the topic “ALCOHOLISM AND
DRUG ADDICTION”.

I take this opportunity to thank all our lecturers who have directly or indirectly helped me in the
particular project. I pay my respects and love to our parents and other family members
throughout our career. Last but not least I express our thanks for their love and support.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement 2

Abstract 4

Objectives Of The Study 4

Significance Of The Study 4

Scope Of The Study 4

Research Methodology 4

Hypothesis 4

Chapter 1: Introduction 5

Chapter 2: Etiology 6

Chapter 3: Effects of Alcoholism 7-11

Chapter 4: Treatment and Education options 12

Chapter 5: Driving Under Drug Addiction 13-14

Chapter 6 : Criminal Responsibility 14

Chapter 7: Legal Provisions and Case Laws 15-18

Conclusion. 18

References 19

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 ABSTRACT

TITLE: ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol dependence syndrome, is a
broad term for any drinking of alcohol that result in problems. It was previously divided into two
types: alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. In a medical context, alcoholism is said to exist
when two or more of the following conditions is present: a person drinks large amounts over a
long time period, has difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great
deal of time, alcohol is strongly desired, usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities, usage
results in social problems, usage results in health problems, usage results in risky situations,
withdrawal occurs when stopping, and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use. Risky situations
include drinking and driving or having unsafe sex among others. Alcohol use can affect all parts
of the body but particularly affects the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, and immune system. This can
result in mental illness, an irregular heartbeat, liver failure, and an increase in the risk of cancer,
among other diseases.

TYPE OF RESEARCH METHOD DONE:- DOCTRINAL STUDY

RESEARCH PROBLEM

ALCOHOLISM IN SOCIETY STATUS CHECK

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIABLES

a) DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Health Problem, Anxiety.

b) INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Environmental Factors, Social cultural, Behavioral
Influences.

HYPOTHESIS

“role as providing part of the context to a legal discussion”

“the distinct place to be given to environment and crime interests in legal analysis”

RESEARCH QUESTION

“Why is alcoholism and drug addiction important for law?”

COLLECTION OF FACTS

Books, Articles and Secondary Sources.

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ANALYSING OF FACTS

Include classification and tabulation of data.

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This problem is happening across the worldwide. It is more common among males and young
adults, becoming less common in middle and old age. There is lot of environment problem
arousing from this activity which is suffered by the whole society and the man himself.

RESEARCH FINDINGS

Alcohol and drugs are the leading causes of crime among youth. It is the leading factors in
teenage suicide. More than 23 million people over the age of 12 are addicted to alcohol and other
drugs, affecting millions more people…..spouses, children, family members, friends, neighbors
and colleagues at work.

1. INTRODUCTION
ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION

Substance Use: A reasonable ingestion of alcohol or a mind-altering drug, for a clearly defined
beneficial purpose, that is regulated by that purpose.

Substance Misuse: Inappropriate use of any substance, such as alcohol, a street drug or misuse of
a prescription or over the counter drug.

Substance Abuse: Unreasonable ingestion of a mind-altering substance that causes harm or

injury to the health care professional.

Addiction: A compulsive or chronic need for, or an active addiction to, alcohol or drugs.

Enabling:The reactions or behaviors of family members, friends or co-workers that shield the
health care professional from the harmful consequences of the alcohol or drug use.

Intervention: Helping a health care professional who is in denial as a result of his or her
addiction, recognize their need for help and treatment.

Treatment: Education, counseling, structured programs and recovery groups designed to

overcome alcohol and drug abuse and arrest addiction.

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Recovery: A voluntarily maintained lifestyle characterized by sobriety, personal health, and
citizenship.

Sobriety: Abstinence from alcohol and all other non-prescribed drugs.

Relapse: A recurrence of the use of alcohol or drugs and the symptoms of addiction after a
period of sobriety.

2. ETIOLOGY

The reasons for excessive drinking are not easy to define.

Samuel Johnson once said, "In the bottle, discontent seeks for comfort, cowardice for courage
and bashfulness for confidence."
The common explanation that alcohol provides an escape from the problems of one's existence
does not explain why some people resort to it while others do not. Nor does it explain why some
people resort to alcohol in times of stress and do so with impunity while others become chronic
alcoholics.
Sociologists stress the importance of various sociological factors and there can be no doubt that
social and cultural factors influence the incidence of alcoholism. The idea that alcoholism can be
inherited as a unitary trait is no longer seriously considered. Metabolic, hormonal and allergic
theories of causation are not supported by adequate clinical or experimental evidence.
Alcoholism is not a single entity or disease, but a symptom of mental illness or personality
disorder. Thus it may occur in the background of neurosis, as for example anxiety state,
psychosis, such as paranoid schizophrenia, or character disorder. Although many psychiatrists
believe that there is no one typical pre-alcoholic personality, this viewpoint is disputed. There
may be some truth in the statement that many a person is an alcoholic even before he has
consumed a single drop of alcohol.
The causes of drug addiction are similar to those of alcoholism. Physicians, nurses and others
who have ready access to drugs have a relatively high incidence of drug addiction. Unwise
prolonged administration of narcotics to patients with medical or surgical disorders sometimes
leads to addiction. In both groups personality factors usually play an important role in
predisposition.

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There are also several factors in the environment, which contribute to a person developing
alcohol or drug addiction. Availability and accessibility of mind-altering drugs are two strong
environmental factors.
A psychological factor focuses on a person’s psychological needs. The person uses alcohol or
drugs to self-medicate emotional voids, such as sadness, loneliness and depression.
There is no reliable way to predict who will develop an alcohol or drug addiction. There is no
typical personality or set of physical attributes. There are also many health care professionals
who are susceptible to developing an addiction.
Individuals do not necessarily become addicted to a certain substance. However, they can
become addicted to the feeling it produces and will seek out the same or similar substance to get
the same feeling.
Addiction is a primary disease. It has specific symptoms and is not to be confused with stress,
poor relationships, or unmanageable work demands.
Addiction is progressive. If left untreated, the symptoms of the disorder will worsen.
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder and it cannot be cured. Like many other disorders, the
symptoms of addiction can be temporarily stopped, but without significant lifestyle changes and
continued recovery maintenance, the symptoms will reoccur.
Addiction can be fatal. Many alcohol or drug overdoses, deaths by accident, and suicides involve
an individual who has an addiction. Additionally, long-term use of alcohol or drugs can affect
certain body systems or organs and lead to illness and death.

3. EFFECT OF ALCOHOLISM

Addiction affects a significant number of health care professionals. Available literature on the
subject estimates that between 10% - 15% of health care professionals are afflicted with alcohol
or drug addiction.
Health care professionals are at particular risk for alcohol/drug abuse or addiction for many
reasons. Drugs are one of the primary tools used by health care professionals to treat and help
their patients. They prescribe, administer and dispense medications every day. When health care
professionals find themselves in need of relief from pain and emotional stress, they may find
themselves self-prescribing or diverting medications from patients or from drug supplies. If

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health care professionals do not suffer any negative consequences while self-medicating, they
may start doing it on a regular basis.
Many health care professionals do not receive the appropriate intervention and treatment needed
due to the lack of proper identification of abuse or addiction. Data gathered from reporting state
agency disciplinary action reports show that a majority of health care professional license
revocations are related to alcohol or drug addictions.

 Physical and Behavioral Indicators of Alcohol or Drug Addiction:

There is no single indicator for a diagnosis of alcohol or drug addiction. If an indicator is present,
then others are usually present also.
 Personal
• Deteriorating personal hygiene
• Multiple physical complaints
• Accidents
• Personality and behavior changes
• Many medication prescriptions for self and/or family members
• Emotional or mental crises
• Deceit, lying, or denial
• Using behaviors excused by family and friends

 Home and Family

• Drinking or using activities are a priority
• Emotional outbursts, arguments or violence
• Hiding use of alcohol or drugs
• Fragmentation of family and eventual withdrawal from family
• Neglect or abuse of children
• Abnormal, illegal, or anti-social actions of impacted children
• Sexual problems or misbehavior
• Unexplained absences from home

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 • Extramarital affairs
• Separation or divorce

 Medical/Physical
• Atypical weight changes
• Pupils either dilated or constricted; face flushed or bloated
• Drug seeking behaviors, such as seeking medical treatment for migraines, back or other
pains or illnesses.
• Emergency-room treatments: overdose, gastrointestinal problems, systematic infections,
unexplained injuries and accidents.
• Inability to mentally focus and keep track of a conversation
• Shakiness, tremors of hands, agitation
• Slurred speech
• Unsteady gait, falls
• Runny nose and constant sniffling
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

 Friends and Community

• Embarrassing social behavior
• Driving while intoxicated or drug impaired
• Alcohol/drug related legal problems
• Neglect of social commitments
• Unpredictable behavior, such as impulsive spending or missing dates with friends
• Workaholic behavior

 Office/Health Care Practice Setting

• Disorganized schedule
• Unreasonable workplace behavior
• Inaccessibility to patients and staff
• Frequent trips to the bathroom or other unexplained absences
• Decreased workload or workload intolerance

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 • Excessive drug prescriptions and supplies
• Excessive ordering of drug supplies
• Frequent complaints by patients or clients regarding the professional’s behavior, such as
professional manners or treatment disputes
• Prolonged breaks from work station or work setting
• Frequent absences or illness
• Sporadic punctuality
• Unsatisfactory documentation performances
• Withdrawal from professional committees or organizations
• Defensive if questioned or confronted
• Less creativity; coasting on reputation from previous work
• Questionable practice judgment
• Short absences from the work setting followed by inadequate or elaborate explanations
• Alcohol on breath with attempts to cover with mints or mouthwash
• Observed occurrences of intoxication, drowsiness, or hypersensitivity during work
hours
• Deadlines barely met or missed altogether
• Illogical or sloppy documentation with regard to accountability of controlled substances
• Increased interest in patient pain control
• Patient complaints of ineffective pain medications
• Discrepancies in treatment orders, progress notes and medication records
• Frequent incorrect medication or narcotics count
• Appearing at the workplace on days off
• Frequent job changes or relocations

 Other Professional Problems

• Impatience for state licensure by endorsement prior to verification of credentials
• Unusual medical history
• Vague letters of reference
• Inappropriate or inadequate qualifications
• Deterioration of professional reputation

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 • Increasing malpractice claims
• Licensure issues

The most critical component in identification of addiction is to identify the personal and practice
baseline from which a person has normally functioned. Negative behaviors and practice that
clearly move away from the individual’s baselines are common indicators of addiction,
especially if they appear related to use of alcohol or drugs. Health care professionals will work to
maintain their personal, family, and professional standards, and may continue functioning
successfully for a long time in spite of their active addictions. Eventually, they will reach a point
of personal or practice deterioration that is impossible to ignore.

 Reasons why Peers, Supervisors, or Employers Don’t Identify Health Care Professional
Addiction

• Uncertainty or disbelief about signs and symptoms

• Reluctance or refusal to identify signs and symptoms

• Hoping that “things will get better”

• To avoid the licensure or legal sanctions for the professional that might occur

• The risks of involvement with an addicted colleague’s case

• Enabling the addicted health care professional’s behavior

a. Ignoring it

b. Covering up for it

c. Trying to protect him or her

d. Making excuses for him or her

e. Supporting the colleague by doing their work for them

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4. TREATMENT/EDUCATIONAL OPTIONS:
Several levels of treatment and self-help recovery groups are available for someone who is
alcohol or drug dependent.
Inpatient/Residential Treatment: Inpatient treatment usually consists of a minimum inpatient
stay of at least 28 days and medical management of detoxification. Residential treatment
provides medical supervision of detoxification. The professional receiving inpatient or
residential treatment is removed from the availability of alcohol or drugs and daily outside
distractions. This setting gives the individual the time needed to focus on the task of
understanding and accepting the addiction and working on sobriety and recovery.
Extended Treatment: This type of treatment usually is recommended at the conclusion of a 28-
day inpatient or residential treatment program. This treatment option is very structured and can
range in length anywhere from two months to two years. During the period of extended treatment
and recovery, the individual moves into a halfway or three quarter way house and obtains
employment prior to completion of the program.
Outpatient Treatment: This type of treatment offers more flexibility and provides less disruption
to the individual’s everyday life than residential or inpatient treatment. Those receiving treatment
are able to remain living in their home environment and may also be allowed to continue to
work. The individual receives treatment on a two to three hour, three to four days or evenings,
basis at the treatment provider’s facility.
Continuing Care/Aftercare: This type of treatment is a vital extension of the primary treatment
program and ranges from six months to one year in length. Continuing care usually involves one
weekly aftercare group meeting and may also include individual counseling sessions with an
alcohol/drug counselor.
Twelve-Step Meetings: Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) and Narcotics Anonymous (N.A.) are
self-help recovery groups and are an integral part of maintaining sobriety and a healthy recovery
from addiction. Generally, a minimum of at least two meetings per week are required throughout
treatment and continuing care programs.

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5. DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS

A widely accepted decision with reference to drunken driving is that of the Arizona Supreme
Court."
The expression "under the influence of intoxicating liquor" covers not only all the well known
and easily recognized conditions and degrees of intoxication, but any abnormal mental or
physical condition which is the result of indulging in any degree in intoxicating liquors, and
which tends to deprive him of that clearness of intellect and control of himself which he would
otherwise possess. If the ability of the driver of an automobile has been lessened in the slightest
degree by the use of intoxicating liquors, then the driver is deemed to be under the influence of
intoxicating liquor.

As the diagnosis depends on a number of symptoms and signs which may be produced by other
medical conditions, a thorough history and careful examination is essential. The "Alcohol
Influence Report Form" of the National Safety Council provides an excellent outline for this
purpose. Care should be taken to determine whether the abnormal behavior is the result of head
injury, organic brain disease, diabetes, an overdose of insulin, carbon monoxide poisoning, or
other disorders which may simulate drunkenness. Tranquilizing drugs, now in widespread use,
potentiate the effects of alcohol.
The Nalline test is of value in the diagnosis of addiction to morphine and related narcotic drugs.
Injection of nalline produces the appearance of withdrawal symptoms in addicts within thirty
minutes. Chemical tests of intoxication are usually reported in terms of the equivalent blood
alcohol concentration.

6. CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
Many crimes are committed under the influence of alcohol, but drunkenness, in itself, does not
relieve the suspect of legal responsibility for his criminal act. Involuntary intoxication is a
defense, where by reason of such intoxication, the defendant was unable to understand the nature
and consequences of his act.
Intoxication is involuntary only if the intoxicant has imbibed as a result of duress, fraud or
mistake. It is not sufficient that one was persuaded or advised to drink.' In many crimes the

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intention to perform the criminal act is an essential element of the crime. As chemical tests for
intoxication are performed more commonly than medical examination following arrest of the
suspect, the chemical test results may become a focal point of argument in the trial. The
relationship of criminal responsibility to test results is further considered in the section on these
tests.
Alcoholism resulting in delirium tremens, alcoholic hallucinosis, dementia or Korsakoff's
psychosis may relieve a defendant of criminal responsibility. Similar disorders may arise from
drug addiction. In support of an insanity plea it is sometimes claimed that the defendant suffered
from pathological intoxication. This term has been used to describe the appearance of extreme
behavioral reactions with subsequent amnesia following the drinking of small amounts of
alcohol.
Critical study of the various descriptions of pathological intoxication tends to create the
suspicion that a naive and credulous belief in the magic powers of alcohol and the diagnostic
value of amnesia has resulted in a blending of the symptoms and characteristics of different
reaction types to create an entity that bears more relation to legendary composite figures, such as
the minotaur and the centaur, than to clinical reality.'
When a pre-existing psychotic, psychoneurotic, or personality disorder is made more manifest
after minimal alcoholic intake, the case will be classified under the diagnosis of the underlying
condition.
Although there may be no apparent pre-existing mental disorder, adequate psychiatric
examination should reveal those psychodynamic factors which are responsible both for the onset
of the behavioral reaction and its symptomatology. May and Ebaugh attribute failure to evaluate
psychodynamic factors as accounting for the legendary effect of minute amounts of alcohol that
is mentioned so frequently in discussions of pathological intoxication. A careful history
supplemented by additional information from outside sources may clarify not only the particular
conflict and precipitating circumstances involvedbut also the correct clinical diagnosis.

Explosive outbursts of rage are not uncommon in sociopaths when their ego control has been
weakened by alcohol. Dramatic histrionic outbursts may be shown by hysterics under the effects
of stress and alcohol. Aggressive behavior and amnesia may have an epileptic origin. Following
severe head injury there may be greatly reduced tolerance to alcohol associated with behavioral

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reaction. The possibility of a short-lived delirious reaction with bizarre behavior should not be
overlooked. Even small quantities of alcohol may temporarily release a schizophrenic reaction or
exacerbate the symptomatology in cases of ambulatory or pseudoneurotic schizophrenia. The
association of amnesia, violence and alcohol does not justify diagnosis of the dubious
hypothetical syndrome, pathological intoxication.

7. LEGAL PROVISIONS IN INDIA

ALCOHOLISM LAWS
Alcohol is a subject in the State List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Therefore, the laws governing alcohol vary from state to state.
 Drunkenness ( the Bombay Prohibition Act 1949):
Drunkenness is defined as the condition produced in a person who has taken alcohol in a
quantity sufficient to cause him to lose control of his faculties to such an extent that he is
unable to execute the occupation on which he is engaged at the material time.
Section 84 of the Bombay Prohibition Act 1949 provides that any person, who is found drunk
or drinking in a common drinking house or is found there present for the purpose of drinking,
shall on conviction, be punished with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.
Section 85 provides that any person found drunk and incapable of controlling himself or
behaves in a disorderly manner under the influence of drink in any street or thoroughfare or
public place or in any place to which public have or permitted to have access, shall on
conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one to three
months and with fine which may extend to two hundred to five hundred rupees.

 Drunk Driving Law

Under Motor Vehicle Act (MV Act), the Union Cabinet approved proposed changes on 1
March 2012. Higher penalties were introduced, including fines from 2,000 to 10,000 and
imprisonment from 6 months to 4 years. Different penalties are assessed depending on the
blood alcohol content at the time of the offence.

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  Alcohol Advertisements

Advertising alcoholic beverages has been banned in India as per the Cable Television
Network (Regulation) Amendment Bill which came into effect on 8 September 2000. Private
channels often permit alcohol companies to advertise using surrogate means like selling the
brand name for soda or water or music.

DRUG POLICY:-

 The Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Bill, 1985 was introduced in the Lok Sabha
on 23 August 1985. It was passed by both the Houses of Parliament and it was assented by
the President on 16 September 1985. It came into force on 14 November 1985. Under the
NDPS Act, it is illegal for a person to produce/manufacture/cultivate, possess, sell, purchase,
transport, store, and/or consume any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.
Under one of the provisions of the act, the Narcotics Control Bureau was set up with effect
from March 1986. The Act is designed to fulfill India's treaty obligations under the Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and United Nations
Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The Act
has been amended three times - in 1988, 2001, and most recently in 2014. The Act extends to
the whole of India and it applies also to all Indian citizens outside India and to all persons on
ships and aircraft registered in India.

 Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2014
The Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act is a
drug control law passed in 1988 by the Parliament of India. It was established to enable the
full implementation and enforcement of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
of 1985.

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is the chief law enforcement and intelligence agency of
India responsible for fighting drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances. It was created

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on 17 March 1986 to enable the full implementation of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act (1985) and fight its violation through the Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1988).

8. RELATED CASE LAWS

 Robinson v. California
The Supreme Court's decision in reversing a conviction for narcotics addiction, the Court
asserted that because addiction was a disease, the eighth amendment forbade subjecting an
addict to criminal sanctions. The California law making the status of drug addiction a crime
was found unconstitutional because it punished a defendant solely for having a disease, thus
inflicting "cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.'

 Easter v. District of Columbia,'

The District of Columbia Circuit held that "one who is a chronic alcoholic cannot have the
mens rea necessary to be held responsible criminally for being drunk in public."'

 Seattle v. Hill,
However, the Supreme Court of Washington interpreted a local public drunkenness
ordinance to require only a showing of volitional conduct. The court addressed itself to the
fundamental distinction between mens rea and actus reus and found that the former was not a
necessary component of the offense. Guilt was established once it was determined that the
offender "possessed the copobility of avoiding public drunkenness because actus reus, the
volitional conduct, was present."'

 Powell v. Texas'"
The supreme Court reexamined alcoholism as a defense and concluded that "the entire thrust
of Robinson's interpretation of the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause is that criminal
penalties may be inflicted only if the accused has committed some act . . .some actus reus."'

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 Mr. Justice Marshall's opinion took the approach that Powell's constitutional rights were not
violated by his conviction for public intoxication."

9. CONCLUSION:-

The challenges posed by the interaction of alcoholism and drug addiction in our jurisdictions,
and in international law, are essential challenges raised by an increased respect for the increasing
fact of environment conflicts within each jurisdiction. Parents are the most effective force in
preventing and reducing adolescent risky behaviors and helping our nation’s youth lead healthy
drug free lives. The police are as much and possibly more concerned with the impact of
alcoholism than any other body. The problem can be checked with the corporation of everyone in
the society. There should be proper awareness regarding alcoholism and drug addiction through
medical camps and assistance by the doctors as well as psychologists. Let us move together to
protect the lives of the individuals in our country and make free from this addiction.

“NO ALCOHOL, NO DRUG ADDICTION, NO SELF DESTRUCTION”

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10. REFERENCES
 http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3003&context=ndlr , Alcoholism
as a Defence to Crime.
 http://employment-law.freeadvice.com/employment-law/firing/firing-employee-
alcoholism.htm , Employees with drinking problem.
 Colonel Peter Perfect, “Alcoholism And Drug Addiction In Society”,
http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ohslj21&div=14&start_page=96&coll
ection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults
 Alcoholism and Medicine,
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholismandalcoholabuse.html
 Treatment of alcoholism, http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157163.php
 http://www.helpguide.org/articles/addiction/alcoholism-and-alcohol-abuse.htm
 http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/features/high-functioning-alcoholic
 http://alcoholrehab.com/drug-addiction/drug-addiction-in-india/ , Drug addiction in India
 http://www.childlineindia.org.in/children-affected-by-substance-abuse.htm

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