1.

0 OBJECTIVE

 To determine the important of having plant utilities in a processing plant.

 State and understanding the definition of each plant utilities based on the scope
given.
 To determine the application of Plant Utilities to the industries.

2.0 INTRODUCTION OF PLANT UTILITIES

Generally, every industrial plant, whether it produces chemicals, food, textile, or

computers, it always depends on the unit operation on one or more utility systems.
All plants require energy and need the most water, compressed air and other utilities
in order to produce their production. All of this need to be supplied through utility
network and their equipment. Another example of the utilities mostly used in the
industrial are steam, condensate recovery, fuel gas, plan and instrument air,
nitrogen, feed stock storage, flare, product storage and electrical supply and
distribution. So, plant utilities play a major role in supporting the operation of the
facility. In order words, all chemical plant is started with plant utility, without it of
the system utility, most of the equipment cannot be operate. Therefore, the
reasonable needed plant utilities to the industry is to give the efficiency of
production include to avoid energy wastage.
3.0 DISCUSSION.

3.1 Water
Usually, the water is required for general purpose on a site taken from the local
mains supply, unless a cheaper source of suitable quality water is available from a
surface water such as river, pond, lake where the particle removal or filtration.
Another source of water is from the ground water which used for removal or filter
of dissolved inorganic contaminants. Therefore, the source need to be purify raw
water for some reason such as seasonal variations may occur in water, some regions
have very poor quality water and it must be remove impurities to prevent
contamination. This raw water is brought in to make up for losses in the steam
cooling water systems and also treated to generate demineralized and deionized
water for process use. Besides, water also used for process clear operations and
supply fire hydrants.
In order to get the purity raw water, the source of water need to be treatment
which call water treatment process. In this process, there are required four levels of
waste water treatment which are for level 1: preliminary treatment, level 2: primary
treatment, level 3: secondary treatment and level 4: tertiary or advanced treatment.
The objective of level 1 is the removal of coarse solids and other large materials
often found in raw waste water. This removal is necessary to enhance the operation
and maintenance of subsequent treatment units. Meanwhile, for the level 2,
typically it remove of settle able organic and inorganic solids by sedimentation and
removal of the materials that will float by skimming. Besides, at this level, it also
removal fats, oils and including human waste. Level 3 is secondary treatment that
mainly focus on removal of residual organics and suspended solids. In most cases,
this level follows the previous level which is level 2 and level 1 and involves the
removal of the biodegradable dissolved and colloidal organic matter by using
aerobic biological. For the last level which is advanced treatment mainly focus on
the removal which cannot be removed by secondary treatment such as a tiny
materials which include nitrogen substances. The price of water varies strongly by
location, depending on fresh water availability. Water price usually often set by
 local government bodies and it include a charge for waste water rejection. This
charge is used on the basic of water consumed by the plant.

3.2 Steam
The word steam is refer to the vapors into which water is converted when heated,
forming a white mist of minute water droplets in the air. It is most widely-used heat
source in most chemical plants. Steam also has a number of it advantages to the
application in the industries as a hot utility. Basically, the steam is used for
generating and supplying at three different parameter which are pressure and
temperature with the different levels. The heat of condensation of steam is high,
giving a high output per pound of utility at constant temperature. The temperature
at which heat is released can be precisely controlled by controlling the pressure of
the steam. Condensing steam has a very high heat transfer which lead to cheaper
heat exchangers. Steam is nontoxic, nonflammable, visible if it leaks externally and
inert to many process fluids. Usually, in industries, most sites have a pipe network
supplying steam at three or more pressure levels for different process uses. For
costing, the prices of medium and low pressure steam are usually discounted from
the high pressure steam price, it to allow for the shaft work credit that can be
expending steam through a turbine.

3.3 Condensate Recovery

Condensate can be define as the liquid formed when the steam passes from the
vapor to the liquid state. In a heating process, condensate is the results of the steam
transferring a portion of its heat energy, known as latent heat to the product line or
the equipment being heated. Meanwhile, for the meaning of the condensate
recovery, it can be summaries that the amount steam is supplied to the equipment
for the heating process, then the same amount of condensate needs to be discharged
from the equipment. In order word, this condensate recovery is a process to reuse
the water and sensible of throwing it away can be lead to significant savings of
energy. It also can be reuse in many way such as heated feedwater, by sending hot
condensate back to the boiler’s deaerator. There are several benefits by using
 condensate recovery as their utilities such as it can be reduced fuel cost where
condensate contains a significant amount of sensible heat can account for about
10% to 30 % of the initial heat energy contained in the steam. Therefore, lower
water-related expenses is one of the benefit from used this condensate recovery. As
long as any impurities picked up during condensate transport are removed,
condensate can be used as boiler feedwater, reducing water supply and treatment
costs.

3.4 Fuel Gas.

Fuel gas can be determine as any number of fuel that under ordinary conditions are
gaseous. Many fuel gases come out from composed of hydrocarbons such as
methane or propane. Meanwhile the word fuel is refer to the conventional diesel in
which the mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum. The source
of fuel gas is from the potential heat energy or light energy that can be transmitted
and distributed through pipes from the point of origin directly to the place of
consumption. This fuel gas is important to the industries in order to generate energy
such as generate electricity by using gas methane gas as a fuel in a gas turbine or
steam boiler.

3.5 Plant and Instrument air

Plant and instrument air is refer to the clean supply of compress air that is free from
any contaminates such as raw particulates. This plant and instrument air mainly
supplied by air compressors. This compressor is driven by using steam turbine or
motor. Air is filtered compressed and dried before being supplied to the plant air
distribution system throughout the plant. Therefore, there are three type of air
compressor that generally be used in the industry, such as centrifugal compressor,
reciprocating compressors and rotary screw compressors. It have a different
function each of type air compressor based on the suitable equipment to the
industry. For example is the reciprocating compressors have effective multistep
capacity control but it is high cost with the special foundation for vibrations and
need routine maintenance.
4.0 Conclusion

Hence, the utilities play as a very important factor in every process of the plant system. For
example, textile plant where certain utilities such as the electrical utilities act as the main power source that
make sure every part of the machine will run smoothly. Besides, other utilities section such as steam, water
and compressed air also the important section in the textile plant. So, in every plant system there will be
several utilities that involved in the process system. All utilities that get involved in the process must
running and functioning well. Otherwise, all the equipment will not run properly.
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