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Article history: This paper describes results of testing and analysis of reinforced concrete beams contained PET waste
Received 7 March 2017 particles. The beams were lightly reinforced with steel rebar and designed to fail in flexure. Test results
Received in revised form 10 August 2017 showed that as a result of using PET waste shredded particles in concrete as sand replacement there is a
Accepted 17 August 2017
reduction in compressive strength in the range of 12–21%. Properties of stiffness and mode of failure for
Available online 23 September 2017
recycled PET waste reinforced concrete are almost identical to those of normal beams. Ultimate load
capacity was reduced moderately, and load-deflection response was slightly changed as a result of using
Keywords:
PET waste particles up to 15%. Regression analysis was made for developing equations for calculating
Compressive strength
Flexural behavior
compressive strength and maximum compressive strain of concrete containing PET waste. Later, analysis
PET waste was made for calculating ultimate moment capacity of under reinforced concrete section. Making a com-
Regression analysis parison with the test data showed that the predictions of moment capacity are accurate. The difference
Reinforced concrete beam between calculated moment based on test and that based on calculated compressive strength was found
to be not important. It is concluded that up to 15% well graded PET waste can be added safely to produce
this type of recycled reinforced concrete beams for structural applications.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction over the world, accompanied with large quantity of related wastes.
This type of wastes is considered as one of serious threats to the
The growth of daily consumption of different types of plastic land and water. Plastic materials are non-biodegradable in nature,
containers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is observed and burning is not a solution to consume such waste because this
process will release dangerous chemical gases into the air. The pro-
E-mail address: azad.mohammed@univsul.edu.iq cess of recycling plastic containers seems to be a good solution to
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.096
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
594 A.A. Mohammed / Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 593–604
Notation
a and b Regression analysis parameters ecwu Maximum compressive strain in PET waste concrete
As Area of steel rebar fc0 Compressive strength of control concrete
0
a Depth of equivalent compressive stress block fcw Compressive strength of concrete containing PET waste
b Width of the beam section L Span of beam
c Depth of compression zone Mn Test ultimate moment capacity
d Effective depth of the beam section Mn,cal. Calculated ultimate moment capacity
es Strain in steel rebar ccw Density of concrete containing PET waste
esy Strain corresponding to yield stress of rebar q Flexural steel ratio
Es Elastic modulus of steel Vw Volume of PET waste
fy Yield stress of steel rebar
rescue the environment against pollution. However, using crete mixes. Firstly, tests were carried out to evaluate the mechan-
degraded plastics to make a new product is considered to be not ical properties of concrete reinforced with PET fibers to select the
economical, and there is a need for other methods of recycling. optimum fiber content. Later, the behavior of exterior reinforced
Using plastic wastes in conjunction with the other building mate- concrete beam-column joints containing 0.5% fibers at the D-
rials such as concrete has a promised future in construction region subjected to cyclic loading were studied. Three cases of
because important properties of the new composite are now the exterior beam column joint with deficiency, to be strengthened
understood through many laboratory tests. One of the methods with PET fiber were studied, namely beam weak in flexure (BWF),
of recycling is the use of plastic containers as an aggregate replace- beam weak in shear (BWS) and column weak in shear (CWS). The
ment, fibers or shredded particles in concrete or masonry blocks. If addition of PET fiber enhanced the load resisting capacity by 27%,
the process of recycling is dune successfully, a special type of struc- 10% and 10% for BWF, BWS and CWF respectively. An overall
tural lightweight concrete or blocks can be produced. Different enhancement in toughness and displacement ductility were
mechanical properties of concrete containing PET waste are well observed as a result of reduction of macro cracks due to the fiber
understood through many experimental tests [1] and equations bridging action. The lateral stiffness and its energy dissipation
were proposed for mechanical properties of elastic modulus [2,3], potential of the connections were enhanced due to the addition
splitting and flexural tensile strengths [3,4]. of PET fibers.
With regard the compressive strength of PET waste concrete, This research is an attempt to throw a light on the behavior of
this property is considered as the basic property studied by the reinforced concrete beams made from concrete containing PET
earlier researchers. Test results [4–13] indicate that, in general, waste particles. The main objective of the present investigation is
the addition of PET waste particles to concrete is not helpful for to compare the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams con-
the compressive strength enhancement. taining different ratios of PET waste with that of conventional rein-
However; the issue of the behavior of structural members made forced beams to search the effectiveness of PET waste concrete
from concrete containing PET wastes is new and researches in this beams in construction industry. For this purpose experimental
context are limited. Few number of research works are available in tests conducted in the laboratory on eight reinforced concrete
the literature [14–16] deal with some structural properties of con- beams. Flexural strength and deformations as well as mode of fail-
crete containing PET waste in the form of shredded particles, fibers, ure were assessed carefully. Available test data on compressive
or strips. Researches in this context should be continued to high- strength of PET waste concrete were collected, analyzed and uti-
light the important structural properties of concrete, containing lized to develop models for calculating compressive strength. Later,
different plastic wastes. an analysis was performed to predict the ultimate moment capac-
A simple model for calculating load-deflection response of ity of a rectangular concrete section lightly reinforced with steel
beams reinforced with continuous recycled PET strips, up to 1%, rebar. Accuracy of proposed models for analysis was checked via
was developed by Baldenebro-Lopez et al. [14]. They found that making a comparison with the experimental test data.
reinforcing plain concrete beam with PET strips lead to increasing
flexural cracking stress and reducing the corresponding deflection.
Nibudey et al. [15] studied direct shear behavior of concrete rein- 2. Experimental works
forced with PET waste fibers. PET fibers were added to plain con-
crete in proportions up to 3% at an increment of 0.5% with aspect 2.1. Materials
ratios of 35 and 50. Test results showed a shear enhancement of
27.25% related to 1% fiber addition with aspect ratio 50. For this Materials used for fabricating reinforced concrete beams were
fiber type and ratio maximum compressive strength enhancement cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, steel rebar and PET waste
of 7.35% was observed. It should be noted that for PET fiber aspect particles. Ordinary Portland cement locally available was used for
ratio of 50 the reduction in shear stress was maximum which was all concrete mixes. Fine aggregate used was clean river sand of
found to be 16.35% at fiber ratio of 3%. No attempts were made to medium grading passed by 100% on 4.75 mm sieve and dry density
measure slip deformations and investigate the effect of steel bars equal to 1727 kg/m3. Crushed gravel of 12 mm maximum size was
provided to shear plane. Equations were proposed by the research- used for all mixes. Results of sieve analysis testing indicate that the
ers to calculate maximum shear stress depending on cube com- grading of fine and coarse aggregates conform to the ASTM C33
pressive strength and PET fiber volume ratio. Marthong and specification limits [17]. Fig. 1 shows the actual grading curve for
Marthong [16] conducted tests to search the behavior of reinforced fine and coarse aggregates used in this study and limits of ASTM
concrete beam-column connections contained PET fibers. Manually C33 specification [17]. PET waste particles used were shredded
cut fibers of 0.5% and 1.0% by concrete weight with aspect ratio of square shaped particles obtained from PET bottles. The neck and
25, obtained from post-consumer PET bottles were added to con- the bottom of the bottles were excluded and the remainder body
A.A. Mohammed / Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 593–604 595
Fig. 1. Actual grading curve along with ASTM C33 limits for (a) fine aggregate and (b) coarse aggregate.
for each bottle was shredded, in order to obtain homogeneous par- tensile strength of the steel rebar were 516.14 MPa and
ticles of constant thickness. The bottles were washed to remove 559.9 MPa, respectively. Fig. 3 shows the tensile stress-strain rela-
the clayey layer and dust and were shredded to three sizes of tionship for the steel rebar used.
12 mm, 6 mm and 3 mm. Fig. 2 shows the three shredded particles.
A mixture of constant weight for each size particle was prepared 2.2. Concrete mix proportions and mixing
(Fig. 1d) and used as graded PET waste particles in the concrete
mixes. Table 1 shows cumulative percentage passing of single sizes In the present study tests were carried out on normal strength
and mixed PET waste particles. The dry density of the mixed PET concrete of design compressive strength equal to 30 MPa. Mix pro-
waste particles was found to be 353 kg/m3. The PET waste particles portion for this concrete was 1:1.25:2.5 (cement: fine aggregate:
used in this study are especially prepared for using in structural coarse aggregate) and water/cement ratio was 0.5. Mixing was
concrete to diminish the effect of bad preparation accompanied made manually, for each mixing batch coarse aggregate, fine aggre-
with this novel material. U8 mm steel bar was used for flexural gate and cement were mixed for two minutes, then water was
reinforcement and shear stirrups for all beams. Yield stress and added and mixing continued for another five minutes. Later, PET
Table 1 contained different PET waste particles. For each concrete mix
Grading of PET waste particles. batch three 100 200 mm cylinders were cast for measuring con-
Sieve size (mm) 12 mm size 6 mm size 3 mm size Mixed crete compressive strength. For casting beams wooden molds were
12.5 100 100 100 100 used, and after 24 h from casting concrete beams and cylinder
9.5 0 100 100 67 specimens were kept in water tanks at 25 °C temperature for
4.75 0 0 100 33 28 days.
2.36 0 0 0 0
Table 2
Results of concrete compressive strength and ultimate load capacity of beams.
Beam Height (mm) PET Volume Compressive strength (N/mm2) Concrete Density (kg/m3) Load capacity (kN)
BSC 100 – 33.07 2375 40.43
BSPET5 = 5% 27.05 2362 41.68
BSPET10 = 10% 31.82 2407 39.86
BSPET15 = 15% 32.57 2348 42.24
BLC 200 – 31.36 2350 112.8
BLPET5 = 5% 23.81 2303 105.14
BLPET10 = 10% 24.92 2317 100.07
BLPET15 = 15% 23.66 2314 96.02
A.A. Mohammed / Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 593–604 597
waste increase. The reductions in the load capacity are 6.8%, 11.3%,
14.9% for 5%, 10% and 15% PET waste content respectively. The
reduction in load capacity up to 15% PET waste content is not high, PET waste content. The reason of this evidence may be due to
indicating that in tension controlled concrete members the moder- the fact that elastic modulus of concrete is not changed consider-
ate change of compressive strength has a margin effect of the load ably as a result of the PET waste particles addition.
capacity. Accordingly, reinforced concrete beams containing PET Figs. 7 and 8 show cracked beams after testing. Few number of
waste particles up to 15% behave like normal concrete beam. It cracks appeared after testing in the tension zone. Diagonal tension
should be noted that in beams of sufficiently high compression cracks observed in some beams but this evidence is not attributed
zone depth related to a high amount of steel area, the change of to the effect of PET waste particles. In general, similar to the other
load carrying capacity may be different from that observed in this properties of beams containing PET waste, cracking pattern
study, because the reduction in compressive strength due to PET behaves similar to that of normal reinforced concrete beams. With
waste will affect more on the final behavior of tested beams. It is regard the deflection at peak ultimate load, such deflection is
followed that the conclusion drawn in this study is not applied higher for control beams and the PET waste inclusion has some
on reinforced concrete members subjected to flexure and compres- effect to reduce this deflection value, as observed from the results
sion. Any structural member of failure governed by compression of Group (2) beams. Maximum deflection for all recycled concrete
such as columns the undesired effect of PET waste should be kept beams are nearly the same and slightly lower than that of control
in the mind. In contrast, the provision for the PET waste effect is of beam. Since all beams are identical expect the compressive
lower importance when failure is governed by tension such as strength, the change in deflection corresponding to peak load and
lightly reinforced concrete beams and slabs. From the results of maximum deflection values may be attributed to the change in
load-deflection curves one can find that the stiffness of Group (1) the compressive stress- strain relationship of concrete as a result
and (2) beams is not changed widely as a result of increase in of PET waste addition. Further researches in this context are
A.A. Mohammed / Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 593–604 599
Table 3
Description of test data used in the present study.
Type of specimen and Concrete Age PET Waste particles size Waste particles Density Data Reference
**
dimensions (days) volume ratio Point
150 300 mm cylinders 7, 14, 28, and 2.6 mm, 11.4 mm and 50/50% of both sizes 10% and 20% N.M.* 48 Albano et al. [5]
60
100 200 mm cylinders 3, 7 and 28 5 mm to 15 mm 25%, 50% and 75% M. 27 Choi et al. [6]
ASTM C-39 M-01 7 and 28 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mm 1%, 2.5% and 5% N.M. 18 Cordoba et al. [20]
150 mm cubes 28 and 365 Graded 0.1 mm to 5 mm 10%+ N.M. 8 Frigione [7]
150 mm cubes 28 19 mm max. size chips 0.4%,0.8%,1.2%,1.6% N.M. 5 Hanna and Mosa [8]
and 2%
150 300 mm cylinders 7, 14 and 28 Graded 6 mm to 10 mm 0.5%,1% and 1.5% N.M. 9 Irwan et al. [9]
100 200 mm cylinders 7, 14 and 28 Graded 6 mm to 10 mm 0.5%,1% and 1.5% M. 27 Irwan et al. [21]
100 200 mm cylinders 7, 14 and 28 5 mm 25%, 50% and 75% M. 27 Juki et al. [10]
100 mm cubes 28 5 mm 25%, 50% and 75% M. 3 Juki et al. [11]
150 300 mm cylinders 28 7 mm max. size 5%, 10% and 15% M. 6 Rahmani et al. [22]
150 mm cubes 7 and 28 N.A. 0.5%,1%, 2%, 4% and N.M. 10 Ramadevi and
6% Manju [23]
150 mm cubes 28 0–5 mm 5%, and 10% M. 9 Sadeghifar and
Suhrabi [12]
150 mm cubes 7, 28, and 91 Passing by 100% on 16 mm or 5.6 mm sieves (and 5%, 10% and 15% M. 27 Saikia and De Brito
heat-treated-pellet) [4]
150 mm cubes 7, 28, and 91 11.2 mm and 4 mm max. size (and heat-treated- 5%, 10% and 15% M. 18 Saikia and De Brito
pellet) [13]
*
N.M. = not measured, M. = measured, N.A. = Not available.
**
Excluding the control specimen
+
6% by weight was reported by the author.
needed to highlight such effect on the load-deflection response of PET waste concrete is based on compressive strength of plain con-
PET waste recycled concrete beams. crete modified with the existence of PET waste particles. In the sec-
ond model, beside the mentioned variables the effect of concrete
4. Analysis density is included.
V 0:0302
x¼ w
00:39
ð4Þ
c0:065
cw f c
Fig. 12. Variation of dependent variable (y) with independent variable (x).
V 0:0121
x¼ w
00:175
ð1Þ
fc
in which Vw is the percentage of PET waste volume and fc0 is the
compressive strength of control concrete measured in MPa. Varia-
tion of dependent variable (y) with independent variable (x) is illus-
trated in Fig. 12. It is assumed here that the power equation shown
below is accurate to correlate dependent and independent variables
y ¼ bxa ð2Þ
Fig. 13. Variation of f0 cw with fc0 .
A.A. Mohammed / Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 593–604 601
Fig. 19. Stress and strain distributions acting on RPETWC beam section.
A.A. Mohammed / Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 593–604 603
Table 4
Test and calculated ultimate moment capacity of beams.
Beam 0
Test fcw 0
Calculated fcw Test Mn a1 (mm) ecwu1 es1 Mn,calc.1 (kN.m) a2 (mm) ecwu2 es2 Mn,calc.2 (kN.m)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (kN.m)
BSC 33.07 – 4.043 18.46 0.003 0.0081 3.672 – – – –
BSPET5 27.05 26.2 4.168 22.57 0.00725 0.0146 3.565 23.30 0.007 0.0134 3.547
BSPET10 31.82 25.03 3.986 19.18 0.00841 0.0214 3.653 24.39 0.00676 0.0121 3.518
BSPET15 32.57 24.37 4.224 18.74 0.00859 0.0226 3.665 25.05 0.0066 0.0113 3.501
BLC 31.36 – 16.920 24.33 0.003 0.0159 13.063 – – – –
BLPET5 23.81 24.91 15.771 32.05 0.00646 0.0244 12.763 30.63 0.00673 0.0269 12.818
BLPET10 24.92 23.8 15.011 30.62 0.00673 0.0269 12.818 32.064 0.00646 0.0244 12.762
BLPET15 23.66 23.17 14.403 32.25 0.00642 0.0240 12.755 32.934 0.00630 0.0230 12.728
iii- Calculate the ultimate moment capacity from the following concrete section. But the changes in the concrete compres-
equation sive strength and maximum compressive strain due to the
PET waste addition should be considered.
Mn ¼ As f y ðd 0:5aÞ ð8Þ 5- There is a large area in the cross section of concrete beams
subjected to flexure, between the tensile steel rebar and
Results of analysis for the prediction of moment capacity of the
compression zone, which is the zone of not active cracked
tested beams are shown in Table 4. The mean value (test/calcu-
concrete, can be occupied with concrete containing PET
lated) of flexural moment capacity of RPETWC section based on
waste. Therefore, using PET waste in these zones is helpful
the test compressive strength (Mn/Mn,cal1) is equal to 1.158 and that
to produce this type of recycled concrete. Accordingly, there
based on the calculated compressive strength using Eq. (3) (Mn/Mn,-
is a chance to consume a large quantity of PET waste in the
cal2) is 1.175 indicating that the predictions are accurate and mod-
production of flexural concrete members such as beams and
erately safe. The two mean values are close to each other; this may
slabs.
be attributed to the accuracy of the proposed equation for calculat-
ing compressive strength (i.e. Eq. (3)). The other reason is that the
strength of the beam mainly governed by the existence of steel
Acknowledgements
rebar provided to tension zone. The high safety accompanied with
the predictions is mainly attributed to neglecting the effect of
Major part of tests was done at the construction laboratory,
strain hardening in steel reinforcement. Results of analysis shown
Seko Engineering House, Sulaimaniyah. Efforts delivered by the
in Table 4 indicate that all beams were failed in tension because
general director and laboratory’s staff are highly appreciated. This
tensile strain in steel for all beams is larger than 0.005.
research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in
the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
5. Conclusions
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