poked by 3K Cervegee FOREIGN AID AS AN INSTRUMENT OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA |” Sylvester Cheraiyat Keech {Stodent ID: 631788) United States International University Nairobi, Kenya us! wi SUMMER 2013 ‘Africa - LibraryDECLARATION 1. the undersigned, declare that this is my rina werk and tat it has not been submited to ny ‘ter college, institution or university, other than the United Statas Intemational University, Nairobi for an academic award sence. MB, Date: 5 Fone, 208, Student Sylvester C. Koeeh “Tie thess has boon submited for examination with my approval asthe appointed supervisor: sie EE, ue 8M Aen a2 Supervisor Dre Eunice Muthoni Riangu Signature: fe pate: 4/6/ 2204 Dean, School of Humanities and Social Seiences Prof. Munyae M. Mulinge a MW 28a Deputy Vice Chaneellor, Academic Ais Prof. Mathew BuyABSTRACT. “The primary pupose of this thesis wis to examine the we of US. foreign ai in promoting ‘American foreign policy objectives using the ease study of Kenya, The study examined the factors hat played significant role in shaping U.S. foreign policy towards Kens atthe end of the Cold War between 1989 and 1991, The sty ao examined the role and inpoct of US. foreign aid in promoting democracy in Kenya inthe pos-Cold War period, between 1990 and 1992 ‘The US. goverment has used different instrumens in furthering its foreign pokey goals ovee the years. Tis study begins by examining US. invohement inthe Hom of Affi at he height ‘ofthe Coki Warn the 1970s ae 19805 andthe place of Kenya in US. geoplits! calculations Iethen discusses the shift in U.S. policy towards Kenya atthe end ofthe Cold War. This study ‘concludes by examining the role at impact of U.S. foreign aid in promnting democracy in Kenya inthe post-Cold War period “This study shows tha the collapse ofthe Soviet Union and Communism, 8 wel asthe decline in Kenya's strategic importance, thoroughly transformed the context of US. foreign policy towards ‘Kenya, Findings from this study also indicate that foreign ai condiioality was an important rneans for U.S. democracy protmtion efforts in Kenya inthe post-Cold War periodDEDICATION | dedicate this thesis to the Almighty God, who isthe fountain of Wisdom and Krowhalge“Table of Contents Declaration .. Abstract Dedication List of Abbe Acknowledgements. [CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 11 eacroundo te study 12. Statementof the Research Problem 14 Objectives the sty. 15 Mypotheses ofthe study 116 Signieance ofthe Study = 5 a a 13 Reseach Questions 4 17 Methodology 5 1a Thessstrcture 6 4.9 Chapterconcusion 7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW, THEORETICAL AND CONCEFTUAL FRAMEWORK, 22. The Concept of Foreign aly. 222. US.Forign Poly 223 US. Foreian Ply towards ca during the Cold ar 2 2124 U5. Foreign Poy towards Ala aftr te Cold War. : 14 225 US Ferland 16 23 theoretical Framework ot Anais a8 234. troduction 18 232. OFgns a8223, baie Asumptions. 19 234, Creal Gaunton and Coniion 20 216 Conceptual frameworkof Anais 2 2162. Foreign ad a 262 Democracy 2 27° ChapterCondusion 2 (CHAPTER THREE: US. FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS KENYA AFTER THE COLD WAR nnn vn 4 2A ntoduction, ey 32 Us. inolvementia the Hom of fis (19773985) - a) 33 US. Encirclement strategy & Kenya's Geo-stateic Postion - 26 344 US.enya Relations atthe En of he Col War - 28 35° ChapterConcusion a . a (CHAPTER FOUR: ROLE AND IMPACT OF U.S, FOREIGN AID IN PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN KENYA AFTER THE COLD WAR wecsesennened2 42 ThePressue for change a : 2 43 The Suspension o Aidt Kenya 7 a 144 emoeracy Promotion andthe Ci Society 35 45 chapter Conason a (CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS cen 52 shitin US. pole ste the Cold wa 28 52 Demacacy Promotion and US. Foreign id a UFERENCES, “pac pop. m1 NED ova, orcp, uN us usAID usa List of Abbreviations Development Assistance Committ Department of Defense International Financial Institution "National Endowment for Democracy Official Development Assistance ‘Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Rapid Deployment Force United Nations United States (of America) United Sttes Agency fr Intemational Development United States Information AgencyAcknowledgements offer my enduring grativde tothe United States ntratonal University, Nato fr providing sme with the space to undertake my Master's degree, I owe particular shanks 16 Prof: Korva Adar, whose penevating questions taught met question more deeply. thank my supervisor, Di Eunice Muthoni Riungu, who rad my numerous revisions and offred valle guidance Spoval thanks are owed to my parens, who Rave supported me thoughout my years of duction, both morally and Snancily. Finally, I thank my fends who endive this long process with me, ays offering hep and support when needed. May God bess yu al(CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background ofthe Study Foreign ai is viewed by many scholars a an esse instrument of US. foreianpoticy (Conteh-Morgan, 1990; Zimmerman, 1993; Rutan 1996; Witkopf, Jones and Kegly, 208) Since the ate 1940's, evry U.S. administration considered righ aid to be important in achcving frcgn policy goals (Rutan, 1996), Other instruments of US. foreign poliy ae the USS. defense establishment, the diplomatic coms public diplomacy and rae policy. American defense capabilites, even if ot employed, tan sa potential stick that ean be wild to obtain specific objectives. The State Deparment diplomatic corps ae the eyes, ears and often, the negotiating voice of U.S. foreign policymakers. Publi diplomacy programs such as the Fulbright program, projet an age ofthe United States tht may influence frei views posively. U.S. trade polices, su as fee trade agreements, are viewed as incentives by parisipating countries (TemofF and Nowels, 200), Foreign assistance was an essemial instrument in projecting U.S. security imests in Aftica turing the Cold War, For example, fom 1962 to 1988, US, frsign aid was focused on undfil of Afican counties considered stratepcally important (Clough, 1992 ané Cher, 206). US. assistance programs were designed to promote economic development and policy refoems, in large part o create stability and reduce the attraction to Communist ideology and to block Soviet diplomatic links and military advances (Tamoffand Nowels, 2004), At thesame tm, the US. tuo ablind eye onthe excesses of government in Afica. According to Othiambo-Mii, ‘he relations between the U.S. and the majority of goveraments inthe continent was gonezally (accessed 01 September, 201). Dueck, Colin, Hard Line: The Republican Party & US. Foreign Polley since World War I Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010 Forsythe, Davi Hmon Right in Inemationat Relations, New York: Cambridge Univesity Press, 2006, Harbeson, J. and Rothchild, D, “Affiea in Pos.Cold War Intemational Politics: Csanging “Agendas” n Harbeson an D, Rotehild (eds), fea in World Pines, Boulder, Ca. Westview Press, 1991, pp. 2 296 Henmpsone, Smith, The Rogue Ambassador: An Afican Memoir. Sewanee, TN: Univessy ofthe South Pres, 1997 Hil, Christophe, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, udelson, Richa, Moder Poli! Phitsophy. New York: ME. Sbarpe Inc, 199, “6Iyob, Ruth and Kell, Edmond J, “The Special Case ofthe Hom of Attica” in in Donald Rothchild and Edmond J, Keller (ed) Africo-IS Relations: Srategie Eneoumies, London: Lynne Rinner, 2006, p. 99-121, |b Ruth al Keller, Edmond J, “US, Pliy ia she Hor: Grappling with a Difficut Legacy”, in Doring A. Bekoe (et), Eas Africa and he Hom: Confomton Challnges to Good Governance, Booker, Co: Lyme Rienner, 206, pp 101-125. Keesing’s Contemporary Archives, “Developments in Fighting in Ogaden,” May, 1978289990, Lafeber, Water, America, Rusia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, New York: McGraw-Hill, vo, Kealey i, Charles & Fugene Wittkop, World Potts, Trends & Transformation. Belmast, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2004 Lancaster, Carl, Transforming Foreign Aid: United States Assistance in the 21" Century ‘Washington,DC: Institte fr International Esonones, 200, Mansboch, Richard, The Global Pu Issues ad Actors in World Poitis, Boston & New ‘York: Houghton Mii, 2000Mead, Walter, US Foreign Policy and the American Political Tradtion: Conversations with History. University of California, Berkeley: Istiue of Inerationl Studies, 2005, Mbogua, 1. “Tour of Duty as Kenya's Ambesador to the United Sttes of Anerca Experiences and Impressions” in Macharia Munene, LD. Olewe Nyunya and Korwa Ada eds), ‘The United Staes an Africa: From Independence tothe End ofthe Cold War, Nairobi: BAEP, 1995, pp. 276291. Neomo, Maia, “Civil Soeity in the Kenyan Political Transition: 1992-2002" in Walter 0. ‘Oyuei, Peter Wanyande and C. Odhiambo-Mbai (eds), The Potes of Trastion in Ker From KANU to NARC. Neco: EAEP, 2003, pp 180211. Nyinguro, Philp O, “The Impact ofthe Cold War on Regions Security: The Case of Aca in Macharia Munene, LD. Olewe Nyuny and Korwa Adar (ds), The United States ana Africa From Independence tothe End of the Cold War. Nairobi: Eat Atican Educational Publishers, 1995: pp. 65-83. Nyunya, J.D, Okowe, “Towards Understanding US.~Afsica Relations During the Cold War Era” in Macharia Munene, 11D. Olewe Nyunya and Korwa Adar (es), The United States and Africa From Independence tothe En of the Cold War Nairobi: EAEP, 1995, pp. 177-192. (Odhiamibo-Mini, C, “The Rise and Fall of the Autocaic State” in Waker ©, Oyu, Pte ‘Wanyande and C. Odhiambo-Mbai (eds), The Politis of Transition in Kenya: Prom KANU to NARC. Nairobi: BAEP, 2003, pp. 51-95Russet, Bruce, Harvey Star, and David Kinsell, World Politics: The Meni for Choice Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006, usta, Vernon W., United States Development Assistance Poli: The Domestic Plies of Foreign Economie Aid. Bahinoxe: The Jon Hopkins Univesity Press, 1996 Schutze, MG., Mobut oF Chaos? The United States and Zaire, 1960 ~ 1990, Lanham Mi University Press of America, 1991 Sehraeder, Peter, “The Hom of Affica: US Foreign Policy in an Aftered Cod War Eavironment”, Mldate East Joural, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 571-593, Autumn, 1992 Scheacder, Peer, “Reviewing the Study of U.S. Policy Towards Aftea: From Inllectal “Backwater” to Theory Construston;” Third World Quavey, Vol M4, No. 4, p776, November, 1998, “Tarot Cut and Lamty Nowels, Foreign Aid: An Inroductry Overview of US. Programs and Policy Washington, D.C: The Library of Congress, 2004, ‘he Wkly Review, August 10, 1990 “Thomas, Scot, “Aca and the end of the Cold War: An overview of impacts”, in Sola Akinrinade an Amadu Sesay (ods) Ain inthe Post Cold Wa International System, London: Pinwer, 1998, p. 3-28 United Sates mernzuona Ue iirica- LibraryUS. Arms Consol and Distrament Agency, World Miltary Eypnditres and Arms Trnsfes, ‘Washington, D.C: U.S, Government Printing Office, 1971-1980 and 1990 ‘iot, Paul & Kaupp Mark, nterarional Relations Theory: Realism. Pras, Globalism and Beyond. London: Pearson Education, 1999. Wanyama, Fredrick ©,, “Demoeratisaton in Affica: Advances and Setbacks” in Godley P (Okoth (ed), Afi athe Beginning ofthe 21" Century, Naivbi: Nob University Press, 2000, pp 109-133, ‘Washington Post, “U.S, Ams Accord with Somalia Alarms Rival Neighbor Kenya", Ostber 20 1980, Witkopf; Eugene R., Christopher M, Jones, and Charles W. Kegley, Jr, American Foreign Poliey: Pattern and Proces. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2008, inunecrnan, Robert, Dollars, Diplomacy and Dependency: Dilemmas of US. Beononle Aid Bouler, Colorado: Lynne Rieaser, 1993. nite States nsernasona university ‘Aiea “Library