Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Mekelweg 4, Delft

Solutions Examination Calculus I for AE (wi1421LR), part B

Friday, February 3, 2017, 9:00 - 11:00 a.m.

1. See: Stewart, § 17.1. Compare with exercise 25.

The auxiliary equation is 4r2 +
1 = 0 ⇐⇒ r = ± 21 i. Therefore, the general solution is:
1
y(x) = c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 12 x with c1 , c2 ∈ R. Now we have:

(
y(0) = 1 : c1 = 1
=⇒ y(x) = cos 21 x + sin 12 x .



y(π) = 1 : c2 = 1

2. See: Stewart, § 17.2.

The auxiliary equation is r2 +5r+4 = 0 ⇐⇒ (r+1)(r+4) = 0, hence: r = −1 or r = −4.
Therefore, the general solution of the complementary equation is: yh (x) = c1 e−x +c2 e−4x
with c1 , c2 ∈ R. For a particular solution we now take: yp (x) = Axe−x + Be2x . Then
we have:

yp0 (x) = A(1 − x)e−x + 2Be2x and yp00 (x) = A(x − 2)e−x + 4Be2x .

Substitution now leads to:

1
A(x−2+5−5x+4x)e−x +(4+10+4)Be2x = 6e−x +3e2x =⇒ A=2 and B = .
6
Hence: yp (x) = 2xe−x + 16 e2x . Therefore, the general solution is:
1
y(x) = yp (x) + yh (x) = 2xe−x + e2x + c1 e−x + c2 e−4x , c1 , c2 ∈ R.
6

3. See: Stewart, § 11.3 and § 11.9.

(a) Compare with exercise 6 of § 11.3.

∞  ∞
 (−1)n  X

X 1
The series  (2n + 1)2  =
  is convergent, since
(2n + 1)2
n=0 n=0
∞
1 ∞
Z  
dx
= − =1
1 x2 x 1
∞
X (−1)n
is convergent. This implies that is absolutely convergent.
(2n + 1)2
n=0

(b) This is a combination of example 1 and example 7 of § 11.9.

∞
1 X
Since = xn for |x| < 1 we conclude that
1−x
n=0
∞ ∞
1 X
2 n
X
= (−x ) = (−1)n x2n for | − x2 | < 1 or equivalently |x| < 1.
1 + x2
n=0 n=0

Integration now leads to

∞
X (−1)n 2n+1
arctan(x) = C + x for |x| < 1.
2n + 1
n=0

Now take x = 0 to obtain that 0 = arctan(0) = C + 0 which implies that C = 0.

 (c) Now we have
arctan(x) x − 13 x3 + 15 x5 − 17 x7 + . . .
= lim 1 − 13 x2 + . . . = 1+0 = 1.


lim = lim
x→0 x x→0 x x→0

(d) Compare with exercise 28 of § 11.9.

Using the Taylor series we obtain
Z 1 ∞ ∞ 1 X ∞
(−1)n 1 2n (−1)n x2n+1 (−1)n
Z 
arctan(x) X X
dx = x dx = = = G.
0 x 2n + 1 0 2n + 1 2n + 1 0 (2n + 1)2
n=0 n=0 n=0

4. See: Stewart, § 11.10.

(a) We have:
∞ 1 1 1 1 1
3 21
p X
3n 3
3
1 + x = (1 + x ) = 2 x = 2 + 2 x + 2 x + 2 x9 + . . .
6
n 0 1 2 3
n=0
1 1
= 1 + x3 − x6 + γx9 + . . . ,
2 8
1 1
1 1 1

1 · −2 1
since 2 = 1, 2 = , 2 = 2 = − and
0 1 2 2 2 8
1 1 3
1


2 2 · −2 · −2 1
γ= = = .
3 6 16

(b) Using the first three non-zero terms of this series we obtain
Z 1p Z 1   1
2
3
2 1 3 1 6 1 4 1 7 2
1 + x dx ≈ 1+ x − x dx = x + x − x
0 0 2 8 8 56
 0
1 1 1 1 1 3639
= + · − · = ≈ 0.507673 .
2 8 16 56 128 7168

(c) Using Taylor series we find that

x x2 − 16 x6 + . . . 1 − 1 x4 + . . .


x sin(x2 )
lim √ = lim   = lim 1 6 1 = −2.
x→0 1 − 1 + x3 x→0 1 1 x→0 − + x3 + . . .
1 − 1 + x3 − x6 + . . . 2 8
2 8

5. See: Stewart, § 13.3.

Z π  0 
The (arc) length of the curve is: L = r (t) dt.
0
Now we have:
r0 (t) = h− sin(t) + sin(t) + t cos(t), t2 , cos(t) − cos(t) + t sin(t)i
= ht cos(t), t2 , t sin(t)i = thcos(t), t, sin(t)i.
√
Hence: |r0 (t)| = t 1 + t2 . This implies that

3 π
Z π Z π p  
 0  1 2 2 1h 3
i
L=  r (t) dt =
 2
t 1 + t dt = 1+t = (1 + π 2 ) 2 − 1 .
0 0 3 0 3

6. See: Stewart, § 14.4. Compare with example 1 and exercise 11.

An equation of the tangent plane is z − 1 = fx (2, 3)(x − 2) + fy (2, 3)(y − 3) (note that
f (2, 3) = 1), where
1
fx (x, y) = ln(xy − 5) + x · ·y =⇒ fx (2, 3) = 6
xy − 5
and
1
fy (x, y) = x ··x =⇒ fy (2, 3) = 4.
xy − 5
Hence, we have: z = 1 + 6(x − 2) + 4(y − 3).