M6 CV RC G 013 (R2)

TCE CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED SECTION: TITLE
TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- SHRINKAGE, CREEP STRESSES SHEET i OF iii

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
DESIGN GUIDE
FOR
CALCULATION OF
SHRINKAGE, CREEP STRESSES
AND DEFLECTIONS
FILE: M6-CV-RC-G-013(R2), M6-CV-RC-G-013(R2)-1.DWG VALID UPTO: 2005-06-17
REV.NO R0 R1 R2 ISSUE
INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN
PPD.BY CB Sd/- MSB Sd/- SND
CKD.BY BJ Sd/- SSK Sd/- DMD R2
APP.BY MRR Sd/- SAG Sd/- FFH
DATE 1982-01-16 1995-06-19 2002-09-25
TCE FORM NO. 020R2

TCE CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED SECTION: REV STAT
TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- SHRINKAGE, CREEP STRESSES SHEET ii OF iii
013
AND DEFLECTIONS
REVISION STATUS SHEET
REV.NO. DATE DESCRIPTION
R1 95.06.19 Document revised completely; Part on temperature

stresses deleted.
R2 2002-09-25 Name of the company changed in the header.
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TCE CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED SECTION: CONTENTS
TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- SHRINKAGE, CREEP STRESSES SHEET iii OF iii
013
AND DEFLECTIONS
CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE PAGE

NO.
1.0 SCOPE 1
2.0 REFERNCE CODES 1
3.0 NOTATIONS 1
4.0 SHRINKAGE IN CONCRETE 5
5.0 CREEP IN CONCRETE 6
6.0 BASIC PARAMETERS OF SHRINKAGE AND CREEP 7
7.0 STRESSES DUE TO SHRINKAGE 11
8.0 DEFLECTION DUE TO SHRINKAGE AND CREEP 13
9.0 REFERENCES 16
FIGURES AND TABLS
APPENDIX – 1 LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO 17

SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
EXAMPLE – 1 19
EXAMPLE – 2 25
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TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- SHRINKAGE, CREEP STRESSES SHEET 1 OF 30
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AND DEFLECTIONS
1.0 SCOPE
This design guide outlines the procedure for calculating stresses and
deflections due to shrinkage and creep in concrete structures. Also
included is a detailed procedure for prediction of shrinkage and creep
in concrete members. The design guide also presents various
expressions for computation of losses due to shrinkage and creep in
prestressed concrete structures, (refer APPENDIX – 1).
2.0 REFERENCE CODES
(a) IS : 456 Code of practice for plain and

reinforced concrete
(b) IS : 1343 Code of practice for prestressed

concrete
(c) BS:8110 The structural use of concrete

(Parts 1 & 2)
(d) ACI : 318 Building code requirements for

reinforced concrete.
(e) SP 76 – 10 ACI committee 209 R-82
3.0 NOTATIONS
A : Area of member (cm2)
Ag : Gross sectional area (cm2)
As : Total reinforcement in Section (cm2)
Asc : Compression reinforcement (cm2)
Ast : Tensile reinforcement in case of RC and tensioned

reinforcement in case of prestressed concrete (cm2)
At : Area of transformed section (cm2)
b : Width of the section (cm)
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bf : Width of compression flange of a section (cm)
bw : Width of web of a section (cm)
Ct : Ratio of creep strain to elastic strain at any time

after basic curing period.
Cu : Ultimate creep coefficient
(CF)a : Correction factor for age of loading
(CF)h : Correction factor for humidity
(CF)s : Correction factor for slump
(CF)T : Correction factor for thickness of member
d : Effective depth of section (cm)
E : Modulus of elasticity of member (Kg/cm2)
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of concrete (Kg/cm2)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of steel (Kg/cm2)
e : Eccentricity of steel reinforcement from C.G (cm)
es : Distance between C.G. of steel and C.G. of

transformed section (cm)
Fc : Cube strength of concrete at 28 days (Kg/cm2)
Fi : Initial tensioning force (kg)
Fo : Prestressing force at transfer (after elastic losses)

(kg)
Fro : Required cube strength of concrete at the transfer of

prestress (Kg/cm2)
Fr : Cube strength of concrete at transfer (Kg/cm2)
Fu : Total ultimate loss of prestress minus initial elastic

losses (Kg/cm2)
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fc : Stress in concrete at the level of prestressing steel

due to prestress plus dead load (Kg/cm2)
fcr : Modulus of rupture (Kg/cm2)
fc2 : Concrete stress at level of steel (Kg/cm2)
fs1 : Compressive stress in steel due to unrestrined

shrinkage in concrete (Kg/cm2)
fsc : Final compressive stress in steel (Kg/cm2)
fsi : Initial or tensioning stress in prestressing steel

(Kg/cm2)
H : Percentage relative humidity
h : Depth of section (cm)
ha : Average ambient humidity
Ig : Moment of inertia of gross section (cm4)
I : Moment of inertia of section (cm4)
Ir : Moment of inertia of cracked section (cm4)
It : Moment of inertia of transformed section (cm4)
Igr : Moment of inertia of gross section neglecting steel

(cm4)
Kc : Thermal conductivity of concrete (watts/m/oC)
Kr : Multiplier for effect of compression reinforcement

on movement of neutral axis & prolonged cracking
on creep deflection
Kw : Deflection coefficient
L : Span of beam (cm)
M : Maximum moment under service load (kgcm)
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MD : Dead load moment (kg.cm)
Mr : Cracking moment (kg.cm)
m : Modular ratio defined as Es/Ec
P : Fictitious force applied to reinforcement in case of

shrinkage (kg)
PLt : Loss of prestress, as a percentage of initial prestress

at any time
Pt : Percentage of tensile reinforcement (100 Ast/bd)
P : Reinforcement ratio (As/bd)
Pc : Percentage of compressive reinforcement

(100 Ast/bd)
P’ : Ratio of compression reinforcement (Asc/bd)
q : Coefficient for uncracked depth
R : Radius of gyration (cm)
S : Slump (cm)
T : Time dependent coefficient for creep and shrinkage
Tm : Average thickness of member (cm)
t : Time in days after loading for creep; for shrinkage,

time in days after initial shrinkage.
ta : Age at loading (days)
to : Age of concrete at transfer of prestress (days)
x : Neutral axis depth (cm)
Z : Lever arm (cm)
Yt : Extreme tension fiber distance from C.G. of section

(cm)
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α : Coefficient of thermal expansion
∈sh : Shrinkage strain at any time
(∈sh)u : Ultimate shrinkage strain
∈cr : Ultimate creep strain defined as creep strain per unit

stress (per Kg/cm2)
(∆i)D : Instantaneous deflection due to permanent loads

(cm)
∆cp : Deflection due to creep (cm)
∆sh : Deflection due to shrinkage (cm)
φsh : Shrinkage curvature (cm-1)
Note : Other notations used are defined in the text.
4.0 SHRINKAGE IN CONCRETE : (Ref.7)
Shrinkage in concrete (along with creep) generates noticeable cracks as

well as higher deflections in Reinforced Concrete Structures. Both of
them also are responsible for losses in prestressing tendons in
prestressed concrete structures. These facts make it necessary to cater
for these deformations to render structures, serviceable and durable.
4.1 Definition of shrinkage:
Shrinkage in concrete is defined as, the volume decrease caused by

drying and chemical changes which are functions of time only and has
no relation to stresses caused due to external loads.
The factors which are attributed to shrinkage are : type of aggregate,

effect of fineness of cement grains, ambient relative humidity, water
content and concrete mix proportions, chemical admixtures, effect of
pozzollanas, effect of duration of moist curing, size of member etc.
4.2 Types of Shrinkage
The shrinkage as defined above includes ; drying shrinkage (due to

loss of moisture), autogenous shrinkage (due to hydration of cement ),
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4.3 Measures to reduce shrinkage
Shrinkage could be reduced by adopting following measures:
a) Use of lower water content and larger aggregate size,

b) Prevention of loss of moisture from concrete surfaces exposed
to atmosphere,
c) Use of adequate and properly positioned reinforcement.
d) Use of cement with lower drying shrinkage.
5.0 CREEP IN CONCRETE : (Ref.7)
Creep is defined as, a time dependent rise in strain under sustained

stress in hardened concrete. Creep depends on factors like :
constituents of concrete, member size, environmental conditions,
stress level in concrete, age at loading and duration of loading.
Creep is a delayed elastic deformation, involving no changes

corresponding to the crystalline breakdown or slip, and is not a plastic
flow of a viscous solid, (Ref.7). At working stresses creep is
proportional to stress but at stresses nearer to ultimate stresses creep
rises rapidly than stress. When the effect of age on concrete is
considered all creep is recoverable.
5.1 Measures to reduce creep:
The creep in concrete could be reduced by use of high strength

concrete, use of stiffer aggregates thereby imparting higher rigidity to
concrete, adequate reinforcement. For more details reference may be
made to specialist literature (Ref.1,2).
Provisions in International Codes:
Various codes of practices in different countries stipulate several

methods for prediction of shrinkage and creep parameters. These
parameters are used for evaluation of stresses and deformations in
concrete structures. These aspects are covered in more detail in para
6.0 to 8.0.
Recommendations:
It is essential to assess beforehand whether the concrete structure has

got potential for cracking on account of shrinkage, creep or those
abnormal climatic conditions that are not considered in design.
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On one of the project sites in North India, noticeably wide cracks in the
Reinforced Concrete roof of a large hall were reported. On detailed
analytical investigation it was concluded that the genesis of these
cracks lies in higher shrinkage owing to low humidity and high
ambient temperature during summer.
6.0 BASIC PARAMETERS OF SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
Shrinkage and creep strains typically increase with time as shown in

Fig.1. The values of shrinkage and creep are dependent on many
factors such as concrete constituents, environment and stress. The
effect of these on shrinkage and creep is discussed in Ref.1.
Recommendations from various references and standards to evaluate

shrinkage and creep strains are given below.
6.1 As per IS:456
(a) Ultimate shrinkage strain, (∈)sh is given as
(∈sh)u = 3x10-4… ………...1
(b) Ultimate creep strain, (∈)cr is given as
∈cr = Cu. (Elastic strain) ………..2
Where Cu is given as
2.2 for loading at 7days;
1.6 for loading at 28 days;
1.1 for loading at 1 year
6.2 As per BS:8110 (Parts 1 and 2)
(a) Shrinkage strain : (Refer Note –1 )
EXPOSURE TYPE OUTDOOR INDOOR

Shrinkage strain 1 x 10 –4 3 x 10 -4
(b) The creep coefficient values that may be used are between 1.8
for transfer within 3 days & 1.4 for transfer after 28 days in UK
outdoor exposure. The stress in concrete may be taken as the
initial value immediately after transfer. (Refer Note 2).
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Note 1:
The values of shrinkage given in 6.2 (a) may be used in absence of

experimental evidence.
Note 2:
When it is necessary to determine the deformation of the concrete due

to creep at some earlier stage, it may be assumed that 40% of the total
creep takes place in the first month and that 60% of the total creep
takes place in the first six months & 80% of the final creep develops
after 30 months under load when concrete is exposed to constant
relative humidity.
6.3 As per ACI Committee 209 (Ref.2)
ACI Committee 209 (Ref.2) has recommended following equations for

determining strains due to shrinkage and creep under standard
conditions of ambient relative humidity 40% or less and for members
of average thickness 15 cm or less and with slump 7 cm or less.
Correction factors given in 6.3.2 are to be applied to the values of
shrinkage and creep if the standard conditions are not existing.
6.3.1 Shrinkage and creep strains at standard conditions
(a) Shrinkage strain ∈sh at any time ‘t’ in days after initial shrinkae
is given by following expressions :
For any time after 7 days for moist cured concrete
∈sh = [ t/(55+t)] = (∈sh)u ……(3)
As per ACI Committee 209, recommended value of (∈sh)u is

8 x 10-4
For steam cured concrete of age 1-3 days shrinkage strain at

any time t (in days) is given by
∈sh = [ t/(35+t)] x (∈sh)u ……(4)
As per ACI Committee 209, recommended value of (∈sh)u is

7.3 x 10-4
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(b) The ratio of creep strain to elastic strain at any time ‘t’ after
basic curing period
Ct = [ t0.6 /(10 + t0.6) ] .Cu …..(5)
For loading age of 7 days for moist cured concrete; and 1-3
days for steam cured concrete
The recommended value of Cu = 2.35. It is to be noted that 0.6 in the

above equation is the exponent for t, where t is the time in days after
loading.
6.3.2 Correction Factors for non-standard conditions
For the nonstandard conditions the strains as computed above are to

multiplied by correction factors as below:
(a) Correction factor for creep due to age of loading,
For moist-cured concrete of age ta, greater than 7 days,

correction factor is as below :
(CF)a = 1.25 ta –0.118 ….(6)
For age ta, greater than 1 to 3 days for steam cured concrete,
correction factor is as below :
(CF)a = 1.13 ta –0.094 ….(7)
It is to be noted that 0.118 and 0.094 in the above equations are

the exponents for ta.
(b) Correction factor (CF)h for shrinkage due to humidity is applied

only when humidity H is greater than 40%, and is given by
(CF)h = 1.4 – 0.01 H for 40 ≤ H ≤ 80 …. (8)
= 3.0 – 0.03 H for H > 80 …..(9)
Correction factor for creep due to humidity (only if H > 40%)
(CF)h = 1.27 – 0.0067 H …..(10)
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(c) Correction factor due to slump is to be applied only if S greater

than 13 cm and is given by (CF)s
For shrinkage calculations correction factor is given by,
(CF)s = [ 0.89 + 0.0161 S] …..(11)
For creep calculations correction factor is given by,
(CF)s = [ 0.82 + 0.0264 S] …..(12)
(d) Correction factor due to thickness of member
i. Average Thickness method:
For members having thickness, Tm (in cm) more than 15

cm but less than about 30 cm to 38 cm.
Correction factor for shrinkage for less than 1 year of

drying is given by (CF)T
(CF)T = 1.23 – 0.0015Tm ….(13)
For the calculation of ultimate shrinkage value
(CF)T = 1.17 – 0.011417Tm ….(14)
Correction factor for creep given by
(CF)T = 1.14 – 0.0092Tm, , for less than 1 year

loading …..(15)
= 1.1 – 0.0067 Tm for ultimate value …..(16)
(ii) Volume – surface ratio method:
For the given ratio of volume to surface, v/s

Correction factor for shrinkage is given by
(CF)T = 1.2 exp (-0.0472 x v/s) …(17)
Correction factor for creep is given by
(CF)T = 2/3 [1+1.13 exp (-0.213 v/s)] ….(18)
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Where v/s is the volume – surface ratio in cm subject to

minimum 3.8 cm.
Note-1 :
Difference in shrinkage between two periods, say 28 days and 1 year is

equal to shrinkage due to 7 days to 1 year minus that due to 7 days to
28 days for moist cured concrete using equation (3). Similarly the
difference in shrinkage for steam cured concrete between two periods
can be calculated using equation (4).
Note-2:
For shrinkage of moist cured concrete from 1 day use shrinkage

correction factor 1.2. An estimated interpolation can be made between
1.2 at 1 day, 1.1 at 3 days & 1.0 at 7 days.
7.0 STRESSES DUE TO SHRINKAGE
7.1 Doubly Reinforced Section
7.1.1 Unsymmetrically Reinforced Section
For a general section shown in Fig.2 the effect of shrinkage can be

assessed as follows (Ref.3)
(a) The shrinkage strain ∈sh can be considered as a result of an

external force P applied to the reinforcement.
P = As.Es. ∈sh …..(19)
Where As is total reinforcement in the section in cm2, and Es is

Modulus of elasticity of steel in kg/cm2.
This force P acts at the centroid of the total steel area at a

distance es from the centroid of the transformed section. As a
result, the compressive stress induced in steel fs1 is given by
fs1 = P/As = ∈sh.Es ….(20)
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(b) An equal and opposite force would act on the concrete section
as shown in Fig.2(c). Resulting tensile stress in concrete fc2 at
the level of steel is given by following expression, also refer
Fig.2(d).
fc2 = (P/At) + (P.es.y/It) ……(21)
The corresponding tensile stress in steel m.fc2
(c) Final compressive stress in steel
fsc = fs1 – mfc2 …..(22)
This value of ∈sh may be taken from equation (1). However, it

is advisable to obtain the value of ∈sh from equation (3) or (4)
as per ACI Committee 209, as the latter equations are more
rational.
7.1.2 Symmetrically Reinforced Section
The stresses for symmetrically reinforced section are fsc (final

compressive stress in steel) and fc2 (stress in concrete at the level of
steel), given by
1-p
fsc = ---------------------- ∈sh.Es ….(23)
1 + (m-1)p
mp
fc2 = ---------------------- ∈sh.Ec ….(24)
1 + (m-1)p
where Ec = 18000 √ Fc
7.2 Singly Reinforced Section
(a) Cracked Condition (Fig.3) (Ref.4)
At the time of finding shrinkage stresses if the section is

already cracked under the load, such as dead load then the
stresses produced in concrete and steel due to shrinkage are
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∈sh Es
fsc = ------------------------- …..(25)
1 + 2 mp (1-k)
q (q-2k)
2kp
fc1 = ------------------------ fsc ….(26)
q (q-2k)
2 (q-k) P
ft = ------------------------ fsc ….(27)
q (q-2k)
3-2q
where k = ------------------ q and ….(27)
3 (2-q)
ft and fc1 are respectively tensile and compressive stresses in

concrete as shown in Fig.3(b).
* For value of ∈sh refer foot note after para 7.1.1
(b) If a section is uncracked then the stresses can be obtained by

substituting q=1 in equations (25) to (27).
8.0 DEFLECTION DUE TO SHRINKAE AND CREEP
Different amounts of reinforcement on the two faces of a member

causes differential shrinkage giving rise to shrinkage curvature.
Recommendations from various standards are given below :
8.1 As per IS:456
(a) Deflection due to shrinkage
∆sh = Kw φsh L2 …..(28)
where Kw = 0.5 for cantilever beam

= 0.125 for simply supported beam
= 0.086 for beams continuous at one end
= 0.063 for beams continuous at both ends
φsh = Ko . ∈sh / h
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For the values of (Pt - Pc) between 0.25 and 1.0 (both end
values inclusive) Ko given by ,
Ko = 0.72 (Pt-Pc)/√Pt , but Ko be taken not higher than 1.0
For the value of (Pt -Pc) higher than and equal to 1.0, Ko given
by
Ko = 0.65 (Pt-Pc)/√Pt , but Ko be taken not higher than 1.0
(b) Deflection due to creep for permanent loads may be obtained as

follows :
∆cp = (∆i)c -(∆i)D …..(29)
Where (∆i)c = initial plus creep deflection due to permanent

loads obtained using an elastic analysis with
an effective modulus of elasticity Ec/(1+Cu),
Cu being taken from equation (2)
(∆i)D= short term deflection due to permanent loads

using Ec. It is calculated by usual methods of
elasticity using effective moment of inertia
Ieff given by the following equation.
Ir
Ieff = -------------------------------------------
Mr Z X bw
1.2 - --- -- (1 - -- ) ---
M d d bf
Mr = (fcr.Igr /Yt)
(a) Shrinkage deflection : same as that given in 8.1 (a) except the
value of shrinkage curvature φsh is given by following equation:
For (Pt-Pc) values less than 3%
φsh = 0.7 (Pt-Pc)1/3 x [(Pt-Pc)/Pt] 1/2 . ∈sh/h
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For (Pt-Pc) values greater than 3% the shrinkage curvature is

given by following expression
φsh = ∈sh /h
(b) Creep deflection
∆cp = Kr.Ct. (∆i)D …..(30)
Where Kr = 0.85; 0.6; 0.4

for (Asc/Ast) equal to 0, 0.5 & 1.0
respectively.
(∆i)D as described in 8.1(b) except the value of effective

moment of inertia, which is given by :
3 3
Mr Mr
Ieff = ---- Ig + [1- ----- ].Ir ≤ Ig
M M
Deflection due to both shrinkage and creep
∆sh + ∆cp = KrT (∆i)D …..(31)
Where Kr = 1.0 - 0.6 (Asc/Ast) ≥ 0.30
T = multiplier for additional long time deflections due to

creep & shrinkage & its ultimate value is 2.0.
Alternatively the value of KrT given by ACI:318 (Ref.6), given below

can be used for a specified period of sustained loads.
(KrT) = T/(1+50 Asc/Ast )
Where T = 2.0 (for ≥ 5 years)

= 1.4 (for 12 months)
= 1.2 (for 6 months) &
= 1.0 (for 3 months)
(∆i)D is calculated as per 8.2 (b)

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8.4 For calculation of deflection due to shrinkage and creep, it is

recommended to use the procedure of IS:456 given in 8.1
9.0 REFERENCES
1. Subcommittee 1, ACI committee 209 R-82, “Effect of Concrete

Constituents, Environment and Stress on the Creep and
Shrinkage of Concrete” Designing for Effects of Creep,
Shrinkage and Temperature in Concrete Structures ACI
Publication SP 76-10,
2. Subcommittee 2, ACI Committee, 209 R-82, Prediction of

Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature effects in concrete
structures” Designing for effects of Creep, Shrinkage and
Temperature in concrete structures ACI publication SP 76-10.
3. R.Park & T. Pauley – Reinforced Concrete Structures
4. D.Peabody – Design & Reinforced Concrete Structures.
5. ACI Committee 435, “Deflection of reinforced concrete

flexural members”, ACI, Journal Proceedings 63, June 1966.
6. Building Code requirements – ACI 318-89 & ACI-318R-89 for

reinforced Concrete & Commentary.
7. United States Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation,

‘CONCRETE MANUAL’ pp 32.
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APPENDIX – 1
LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
1.0 This appendix provides basic information required for the computation
of losses in the prestressed concrete members. Various provisions of
national and international standard codes of practice are presented
below. An illustrative example is also presented.
1.1 BASIC PARAMETERS OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE
1.1.2 As per IS:1343
(a) (∈sh)u = 3x10-4 for pretensioned member ….(32)
(∈sh)u = 2 .0 x 10-4 for post tensioned meber …..(33)

log10 (to+2)
These strains can be increased by 50% in dry atmosphere

subject to max. of 3.0 x 10-4
(b) Ultimate creep strain :
Ultimate creep strain is same as that given by IS:456.
1.1.3 Basic parameters for creep and shrinkage as recommended by BS:8110

and ACI:209 may be taken as per para 6.2 and 6.3 respectively.
1.2 Loss of prestress due to shrinkage and creep

As per IS:1343
1.2.1 (a) Loss of prestress due to shrinkage
= Es. (∈sh)u ….(34)
The value of (∈sh)u is to be computed as per 1.1.2(a)
(b) Loss of prestress due to creep

= Es. ∈cr .fc ….(35)
The value of ∈cr is to be computed as per 1.1.2 (b)

and fc as per 1.2.2.
1.2.2 As per ACI Committee 209
The % loss of prestress at any time ‘t’
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∆Fu Es. ∈sh 100

PLt = [ m.fc+m.fc.Ct (1 - ------- ) + ------------- ] . ---- ….(36)
2 Fo (1+mpKs) fsi
Fo Fo e2 MD x e
where fc = ------- + ------- - -----------
Ag Ig Ig
r2 = Ig/Ag
Ks = 1 = (e2/r2)
Fo = Fi (1-mp)
∆ Fu = 0.18 for calculating ultimate loss for prestress

Fo
= 0.1 for t=3 weeks to 1 month after loading
= 0.14 for t=2 to 3 months after loading
∈sh and Ct are evaluated as per 6.4
1.2.3 As per BS:8110
The formulas are the same as given in 1.2.1 except, the values of
shrinkage and creep strains are to be calculated as per 6.2.
1.3 The loss of prestress may be computed as per 1.2.1 given by IS:1343.
However, it is recommended to use the formula as given by ACI
Committee 209, as it takes into account the percentage of prestressing
steel and the time after loading.
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EXAMPLES
1.0 EXAMPLE : 1
Evaluate the stresses in a simply supported beam shown in figure

below due to shrinkage, also evaluate the deflections due to shrinkage
and creep using codal provisions of IS:456; IS:1343; ACI:209;
ACI:318; ACI:435 respectively.
440
4000 (MM) 200
1.1 Data:
Concrete Grade : M15 b : 200 mm
Permanent load : 0.8 t/m Effective d : 400 mm
Maximum service load : 1.3 t/m h : 440 m overall
Es : 2.0 x 106 Kg/cm2 Ast : 540 mm2?
Ec : 2.2076 x 105 Kg/cm2 Asc : 0.0
m = Es / Ec : 9.0 L : 4.0 m
Modulus of rupture of concrete : 21 Kg/cm2 (Ref.IS:456)
1.2 Stresses due to shrinkage :
Refer to equation (1); ∈sh : 3.0 x 10-4
p = As / b.d = 540/(200 x 400) = 6.75 x 10-3
Moment due to permanent loads : 0.8 x 42 / 8 = 1.6 tm
Tensile stress in concrete = 1.6 x 107 x 6 / (200 x 4402)
= 2.48 N/mm2 > 2.1 N/mm2
Therefore the section is cracked

ISSUE
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TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
Using equations (25), (26), (27) in section 7.2
1.575 + 2.48
q = ------------------------------------ = 0.899
2.48 + 2.48 x (180 /220)
(3 – 2 x 0.899) 0.899
k = --------------------------------- = 0.327
3 ( 2 – 0.899)
3.0 x 10-4 x 2 x 105

fsc = ---------------------------------------------- = 43.76 N/mm2
2 x 9 x 6.75 x 10-3 (1 – 0.327)
1 + ------------------------------------
0.899 ( 0.899 –2 x 0.327)
2 x 0.327 x 6.75 x 10-3x 43.76

fc1 = --------------------------------------- = 0.877 N/mm2
0.899 ( 0.899 –2 x 0.327) compressive
2 (0.899 – 0.327) x 6.75 x 10-3 x 43.76

ft = ----------------------------------------------- = 1.534 N/mm2
0.899 (0.899 –2 x 0.327) Tensile
1.3 Deflections due to shrinkage and creep
(a) As per IS:456
The shrinkage deflection
Pt % = 0.675 ; pc = 0.0%
∈sh = 3 x 10-4
Kw = 0.125 for simply supported beam
0.72 (0.675 – 0)
Ko = ----------------------- = 0.5915
0.675 ½
φsh = KO x (∈sh / h)
= 0.5915 x 3 x 10-4 / 400
= 4.437 x 10-7 per mm

ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
∆sh = Kw x φsh x L2
= 0.125 x 4.437 x 10-3 x 40002
= 0.887 mm
The elastic deflection due to permanent loads is evaluated using

approach given in IS : 456 Appendix-B.
To find the depth of netural axis, x
b. x2
---------- = m.As. (d – x )
2
200 x 2
------------ = 9 x 540 x (400 – x )
2
On solving this equation, x = 117.2 mm
Then (x/d) = 0.293
Ig = 200 x 4403 / 12 = 1.4197 x 109 mm4
Z = 400 – 117.2 / 3 = 360.9 mm
(Z/d) = 360.9 / 400 = 0.902
Ir = bx3 + mAst (d-x)2

3
= 200 x 117.23 + 9.0 x 540 x (400 – 117.2)2

3
= 0.496 x 109 mm4
fcr = 0.7 √Fc = 0.7 √15 (here Fc is taken in N/mm2)

= 2.711 N/mm2 = 27 kg/cm2
Yt = h = 22 cm
2
Mr = fcr Igr = 27x14.197x104 = 17.496x104 kgcm

Yt 22 ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
M = WL2 = 1300 x 42 = 2600 kg.m = 2.6 x 105 kg.cm

8 8
Ir
Ieff = ------------------------------------
Mr Z X bw
1.2 - ---- --- (1 - --- ) ----
M d d bf
0.496 x 109
= --------------------------------------------------------------
17.490x104 36.0 12.0 20
1.2 - ------------- x ------ ( 1 - ------- ) ---
2.6x105 40 40 30
= 64330 cm4
For a simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load,
5 .W .L4
elastic deflection (∆I)D = ---------------
384 . Ec . Ieff
5 (800/100) x 4004
= -------- x ----------------------------
384 2.2076 x 105 x 64330
= 0.188 cm.
Cu = 2.2
Ec 2.21 x 105
Ece = ---------- = ----------------- = 0.6899x105 kg/cm2
(1 + Cu) (1 + 2.2)
5 WL4 5 (800/100) x 4004

(∆i)c = --- x ---------- = ----- x -------------------------
384 Ece Ieff 384 0.6899x105 x 64330
= 0.601 cm
Deflection due to creep ∆cp = 0.601 – 0.188 = 0.4132 cm
Deflection due to shrinkage and creep = 0.0887 + 0.4132 = 0.502 cm ISSUE

R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
(b) As per ACI Committee 209
Combined deflection due to shrinkage and creep is

= Kr.T. (∆i)D
Kr = 1.0 – 0.6 Asc = 1.0 – 0.6 (0.08) = 1.0

Ast ( 5.4)
T = 2.0 is the ultimate value for long time deflections.
Ieff = (17.496 x 104)3 x 14.197 x 104

2.6 x 105
4
17.496 x 10
+ [ 1 – [ ----------------------] ] x 49600
3
2.6 x 105
= 77700 cm4, less than Ig, ok.
5 (800/100)
Hence (∆i)D = ----- x ---------------------------- x 4004
384 2.2x105x77700
= 0.15546 cm
∆cp + ∆sh = KrT(∆i)D = 1.0 x 2.0 x 0.15546
= 0.31092 cm
Total deflection due to shrinkage and creep = 0.311 cm
(c) As per ACI 318
KrT = T / (1 + 50 Asc/Ast )
Presuming a period longer than 5 years, T = 2.0 and since

( Asc / Ast) = 0.0 / 5.4 = 0.0
Kr.T = 2.0
Total deflection due to shrinkage and creep
∆cp + ∆sh = KrT(∆i)D = 2.0 x 0.15546 = 0.31092 cm
Total deflection due to shrinkage and creep = 0.31092 cm

ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
(d) As per ACI Committee 435
(∈sh)u = 800 x 10-6 (assuming moist cured concrete)
Cu = 2.35
Since data for slump and humidity are not given, correction
factors for these are assumed as 1.0.
Correction factors for thickness of member (200 mm)
(CF)T = 1.17 – 0.011417 x 20

= 0.942 (Ultimate value)
∈sh = 0.942 x 800 x 10-6 = 7.536 x 10-4
Correction factor for creep is computed as
(CF)T = 1.1 – 0.0067 x Tm with Tm = 200 mm
= 1.1 – 0.0067 x 20 = 0.966
Ct = 0.966 x 2.35 = 2.27
Shrinkage deflection :
Pt = 0.675%, Pc = 0.0%
φsh = 0.7 x 7.53 x 10-4 (0.675-0)1/3 (0.675 –0)1/2

44 √(0.675)
= 1.0512 x 10-5 / cm
∆sh = Kw φsh L2 = 0.125x1.0512 x 10-5 x4002 = 0.21 cm
Creep deflection :
Kr = 0.85 for (Asc / Ast) = 0.0
Ct = 2.27
(∆i)D = 0.15546 cm
∆cp = 0.85 x 2.27 x 0.15546 = 0.2999 cm

ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
Total deflection due to shrinkage and creep
= 0.2103 + 0.2999 = 0.5103 cm
2.0 EXAMPLE-2
Predict the less of prestress in the beam shown in figure below :
Ast
2.1 Data :
Pretensioned beam; transfer of prestress at 2 days; steam cured

concrete.
L = 26.2 m Ast = 29.4 cm2
Ag = 3355 cm2 Es = 2.1x106 kg/cm2
Ig = 4.4953x106 cm4 Ec = 3.83x105 kg/cm2
Dead load moment

MD = 55789 kg.m Fc = 450 kg/cm2
FI = 387053 kg (Fr)2 days = 0.69 Fc
e = 36 cm fsi = 13165 kg/cm2
Himidity H = 70% Slump = 6.5 cm
Thickness = 25 cm
2.2 Loss of Prestress
(a) As per IS:1343
Due to shrinkage
(∈sh)u = 3x10-4
ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
Loss of prestress due to shrinkage = Es (∈sh)u
= 2.1 x 106 x 3 x 10-4 = 630 kg/cm2
Due to Creep
For transfer of prestress at 2 days Creep coefficient at 2 days is
(2.2 – 1.1) (log 365 – log 2)

= 1.1 + ---------------------------------
(log 365 – log 7)
= 2.548, in other words
Creep strain = 2.548 x elastic strain
Es 2.1 x 106
m = ----- = ------------------ = 5.48
Ec 3.83 x 105
Ast 29.4
p = ----- = ------------------ = 0.00876
Ag 3355
Fo = FI (1-mp) = 387053 (1-5.48x0.0087)
= 368466 kg
Fo Fo e2 Md.e
fc = --- + -------- - ------
Ag Ig Ig
368466 368466x(36)2 5578900x36

= --------- + --------------- - ---------------
3355 4.4953x106 4.4953x106
= 171.37 kg/cm2
Loss of prestress due to creep
171.37 x 2.548 x 2.1 x 106

= --------------------------------
3.83 x 105
ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
= 2394.17 kg/cm2
Total loss of prestress due to shrinkage and creep
= 630 + 2394.17 = 3024.17 kg/cm2
= (3024.17 / 13165) x 100 = 22.97% loss
(b) As per ACI committee 209
For steam cured concrete
(∈sh)u = 730 x 10-6; Cu = 2.35; m = 5.48; p=0.00876;
Es = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2
Correction factors are as per table below :
Correction due to Correction factor for

Cu ∈sh
Humidity 0.801 0.7
Thickness (250 mm) 0.933 0.885
Slump 1.0 1.0
The corrected values are
Cu = 2.35 x 0.801 x 0.933 = 1.756 = Ct
(∈sh)u = 730 x 10-6 x 0.7 x 0.885 = 452.24 x 10-6
fc = 171.3 kg/cm2 as computed before
r2 = Ig = 4.4953 x 10-6 = 1340

--- ----------------
Ag 3355
(e2) 362
Ks = 1 + ---- = 1 + ------- = 1.967
(r2) 1339.8
∆ Fu = 0.18 for computing ultimate loss at prestress

Fo
PLt = [ m.fc + m.fc.Ct (1 - ∆Fu / (2.F0)) + ∈sh.Es x 100

(1+m.p.Ks) fsi
ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
= [939.11 + 1500.66 + 867.74] 100/13165

= 25.124%
Ultimate loss of prestress = 25.124%
(c) As per BS:8110:110
Loss of prestress due to shrinkage
∈sh = 300 x 106 for Indoor Exposure
Es = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2
Loss of prestress due to shrinkage
= Es ∈sh
= 2.1 x 106 x 300 x 10-6 = 630 kg/cm2
Loss of prestress due to Creep
fc = 171.3 kg/cm2;
Creep coefficient = 1.8 for transfer within 3 days
Loss of prestress due to creep
171.3
= ---------- x 1.8 x 2.1 x 106
3.83 x 105
= 1690.6 kg/cm2
Total loss of prestress due to shrinkage and creep
= 630 + 1690.6 = 2320.6 kg/cm2

2320.6
= ------------- x 100 = 17.63%
13165
ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

013
AND DEFLECTIONS
ISSUE
R2
TCE FORM NO. 120R1

M6 CV RC G 013 (R2)

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TCE CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED SECTION: TITLE

TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- SHRINKAGE, CREEP STRESSES SHEET i OF iii

FILE: M6-CV-RC-G-013(R2), M6-CV-RC-G-013(R2)-1.DWG VALID UPTO: 2005-06-17

INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN

PPD.BY CB Sd/- MSB Sd/- SND

CKD.BY BJ Sd/- SSK Sd/- DMD R2

APP.BY MRR Sd/- SAG Sd/- FFH

DATE 1982-01-16 1995-06-19 2002-09-25

TCE FORM NO. 020R2

REVISION STATUS SHEET

REV.NO. DATE DESCRIPTION

R1 95.06.19 Document revised completely; Part on temperature

R2 2002-09-25 Name of the company changed in the header.

TCE FORM NO. 120R1

SECTION TITLE PAGE

2.0 REFERNCE CODES 1

4.0 SHRINKAGE IN CONCRETE 5

5.0 CREEP IN CONCRETE 6

6.0 BASIC PARAMETERS OF SHRINKAGE AND CREEP 7

7.0 STRESSES DUE TO SHRINKAGE 11

8.0 DEFLECTION DUE TO SHRINKAGE AND CREEP 13

FIGURES AND TABLS

APPENDIX – 1 LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO 17

TCE FORM NO. 120R1

2.0 REFERENCE CODES

(a) IS : 456 Code of practice for plain and

(b) IS : 1343 Code of practice for prestressed

(c) BS:8110 The structural use of concrete

(d) ACI : 318 Building code requirements for

(e) SP 76 – 10 ACI committee 209 R-82

A : Area of member (cm2)

Ag : Gross sectional area (cm2)

As : Total reinforcement in Section (cm2)

Asc : Compression reinforcement (cm2)

Ast : Tensile reinforcement in case of RC and tensioned

At : Area of transformed section (cm2)

b : Width of the section (cm)

TCE FORM NO. 120R1

bf : Width of compression flange of a section (cm)

bw : Width of web of a section (cm)

Ct : Ratio of creep strain to elastic strain at any time

Cu : Ultimate creep coefficient

(CF)a : Correction factor for age of loading

(CF)h : Correction factor for humidity

(CF)s : Correction factor for slump

(CF)T : Correction factor for thickness of member

d : Effective depth of section (cm)

E : Modulus of elasticity of member (Kg/cm2)

Ec : Modulus of elasticity of concrete (Kg/cm2)

Es : Modulus of elasticity of steel (Kg/cm2)

e : Eccentricity of steel reinforcement from C.G (cm)

es : Distance between C.G. of steel and C.G. of

Fc : Cube strength of concrete at 28 days (Kg/cm2)

Fi : Initial tensioning force (kg)

Fo : Prestressing force at transfer (after elastic losses)

Fro : Required cube strength of concrete at the transfer of

Fr : Cube strength of concrete at transfer (Kg/cm2)

Fu : Total ultimate loss of prestress minus initial elastic

TCE FORM NO. 120R1

fc : Stress in concrete at the level of prestressing steel

fcr : Modulus of rupture (Kg/cm2)

fc2 : Concrete stress at level of steel (Kg/cm2)

fs1 : Compressive stress in steel due to unrestrined