Final AM Design 1234

1|AM DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Advances in technology have given people more ways to access an
increasing amount of information. Local and international news can be read on
newspapers, listened on the radio, watched on television and found on
smartphones or online. For those with access to these options, a wealth of
information is always readily available. In countries like the Philippines, where
free expression is suppressed, access to technology is expensive or illiteracy
rates are high, radio continues to play an important role in information sharing.
Radio broadcasting remains one of the best communication tools for the
rural poor. It is ideal for low-income populations and sparsely-populated areas
since radios are affordable and broadcasts can reach a wide audience. Radio
continues to be a widely used medium for reporting both local and international
news. Advances in technology may have led to the emergence of a broad range
of media outlets and platforms, but it has also made the radio more accessible
for populations that lack access to other means of information technology, which
is why it is still very much relevant today.
In regards to this, EAP Broadcasting Corporation come up with the idea of
extending service to the public by putting up their own AM radio station.
We are privileged to introduce Radyo Totoo DXER AM with an operating
frequency of 1386 kHz. The radio station will operate from 6:00 in the morning
until 12:00 midnight at 10 kW. It will be located at Barangay 27 – C, Davao City,
Davao del Sur under EAP Broadcasting Corporation, a member of the Kapisanan
ng mga Broadkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP).

2|AM DESIGN
DXER AM, with 1386 kHz operating frequency, was studied and
selected based on the list by the National Telecommunications Commission
(NTC). The DX code of AM stations in Mindanao area. EAP Broadcasting
Corporation is up to giving their best to render the most reliable medium
frequency broadcasting service they could offer.

3|AM DESIGN
OBJECTIVES
1. To design a Medium Frequency Broadcast Station operating with the
following specifications.
A. Operating Power : 10kW
B. Class of Operation : Class II – B
C. Operating Frequency : 1386 kHz
D. Service Area Requisites
D.1. Primary – 4.47 mV/m
D.2. Secondary – 1.41mV/m
2. To know the different parameters that will affect the simulation of a
Medium Frequency Broadcasting System.
3. To know the different regulations and requirements of the NTC in the
construction of an AM Broadcast Station.
4. To learn how to design an AM Broadcasting System given a specific
route / site.
5. To understand how broadcast equipment are integrated to form a
feasible communication system.

4|AM DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW BROADCAST STATIONS
I. CONGRESSIONAL FRANCHISE
II. FILE PETITION FOR CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE

(CPC) WITH THE NTC.
1. Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws duly approved by the Securities

and Exchange Commission (SEC).
2. List of present Officers and board of Directors and the corporate

secretary’s affidavit attesting to its present corporate structure.
3. Duly accomplished information sheet of each and every member of the

Board of Directors.
4. Audited Financial Statement of the corporation for the last three (3)
years and copy of income tax returns for the same year.
5. Economic viability study (for commercial stations), source of funds (for

non—commercial stations).
6. Technical feasibility study and engineering plans and diagrams (signed

and sealed by Professional Electronics Engineer duly registered with the
Professional Regulation Commission).
7. Duly accomplished application for:
1. Permit to Purchase Transmitter

2. Construction Permit
5|AM DESIGN
* * * Forms are available at NTC * *
III. PUBLIC HEARING SHALL BE CONDUCTED
IV. THE COMMISSION SHALL RENDER DECISION ON THE PETITION
Application Procedure
1. File petition for a Certificate of Public Convenience.
2. Notice of Hearing shall be issued
3. Public hearing shall be conducted
4. Application will be evaluated by the Broadcast Service Department
5. The Commission shall render decision/order of the petition
6. If approved, apply for the corresponding permits and licenses with the
Broadcast Service Department:
a. Permit to purchase
b. Permit to Possess and Construction Permit
c. Radio Station License (Permit to Operate)
Permit to Purchase
1. Permit to Purchase Requirements
2. Duly accomplished application form
3. Copy of the order / Provisional Authority
4. If equipment will be imported, letter of intent, together with Pro
Forma invoice from supplier / source of equipment.
Permit to Process and Construction Permit

1. Permit to Possess and Construction Permit Requirements
2. Duly accomplished application forms
3. Copy of valid Permit ti Purchase
4. Certified true copy of applicant’s Articles of Incorporation
6|AM DESIGN
(Construction Permit).
5. List of members of the Board of Directors and other Officers
indicating their citizenship and addresses
6. List of stockholders or partners showing the extent of their respective
interest as well as their citizenship
7. Copy of equipment brochure showing the technical specifications of
the proposed transmitter including its accessories.
8. Engineering plans and diagrams
Radio Station License

1. Radio Station license ( Permit to Operate) requirements
2. Duly accomplished application forms
3. Copy of valid Permit to Purchase
4. Copy of Radio Construction Permit if application is for a new radio
station license
5. In cases of changes in the composition of the governing body of the
firm from originally submitted, an authenticated copy of the document
indicating such change should be submitted with the application.
Note: The station shall be inspected by the Regional Office concerned
prior to the processing of the Application.
Procedure:
1. File application with the Broadcast Service Department
2. Application will be processed
3. If approved, pay the corresponding fees
7|AM DESIGN
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Transportation and communication
NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
QUEZON CITY
______________________________________
BROADCAST SERVICE DEPARTMENT
______________________________________
INSTRUCTION TO APPLICANT
Case No.__________________
Date: ___________________
1. Applicant
Please be informed that you are required to submit the following:
1. Two (2) copies of Engineering plans and diagrams must be assigned and
sealed by a licensed Electronics Engineer.
a. Plan #1: Attached here the topographical map showing the location of
the antenna and/or studio site of the proposed station(s). Scale 1:50,
000 preferred and the latitude / longitude indicated; the studio and the
transmitter should be palced on the center of the map.
b. Plan # 2: Floor plan of the Studio Showing the power source and
equipment layout.
8|AM DESIGN
c. Plan # 3: Schematic diagram of the transmitter, showing the different
RF and audio stages.
d. Plan # 4: Antenna System Layout
e. Plan # 5: Map appropriate scale showing the following field intensity
contour.
AM Station: 250; 500; 2 uV/m, and 1000 mV/m F.I. contour
FM station: 1 mV/m F.I. contour; 250 mV/m F.I. contour
TV Station
Channel 2-6: Grade A: 68 dBu contour
B: 47 dBu contour
B: 56 dBu contour
B: 64 dBu contour
9|AM DESIGN
QUEZON CITY
BROADCAST SERVICE DEPARTMENT Date: __________
APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO ( ) PURCHASE ( ) TRANSMITTER(S)
( ) POSSESS ( ) TRANSCEIVER(S)
1. APPLICANT______________________________________________
2. ADDRESS_______________________________________________
3. CITIZENSHIP__________PLACE & DATE OF BIRTH_____________
4. SOURCE OF EQUIPMENT:
a. Name and address of person(s) , firm or corporation from which the
equipment is acquired / to be acquired
Name_____________________________________________________
Address___________________________________________________
b. Dealer/ Manufacturer permit No.___________________________
Date of Issue__________________________
c. Permit to Sell No. ______________________________________
Date of Issue _________________________
5. PARTICULARS OF EQUIPMENT:
Make____________________ Model & Type_______________
Serial No(s).______________ Freq. Control_______________
Freq. Range______________ Power Output_______________

10 | A M D E S I G N
Bandwidth & Emission_______ Actual Condition_____________
6. If equipment was constructed and assembled by applicant, state
Permit No.__________________ Date of Issue________________
7. Intended use of Equipment:
/______________/ Additional transmitter for station_______________
(call sign)
/______________/ Additional transmitter for station_______________
(call sign)
/______________/ Others___________________________________
8. Place(s) where equipment will be installed
________________________________________________________
APPLICANT HEREBY AGREES TO HAVE A DULY AUTHORIZED
REPRESENTATIVE AT THE NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
COMMISSION TO SEAL THE EQUIPMENT MENTION ABOVE
SHOULD THE OFFICE DEEM IT NECESSARY.
_______________________________
Signature of Applicant
Subscribed and sworn to me before this __________________ day of
_____________, 2017 affiant exhibit to me his/her Residence
Certificate No._________________ issued on _______________ at
___________________________.
Doc. No.______________________
Page No._____________________
Book No. _____________________
Series of 2015_________________
____________________________________
QUEZON CITY
NTC OR No._________________
Application for Certificate of Public Conveniences to install, operate, and
maintain a 10 kW Broadcast Station with Provisional Authority
EAP (Ellen-Aldwina-Pau) BROADCASTING CORPORATION
APPLICATION
COME NOW applicant, __________________________________________
Unto this Honorable Commission most respectfully alleges;
1. That the applicant is 100% Filipino Corporation duly organized and
existing and under the virtue of the Philippines with principal office
address____________________________________________________.
2. That the pursuant to pertinent provisions of law, applicant seeks to ensure
a Certificate of Public Convenience to install, operate,a nd maintain a 10
kW Broadcasting Station in_______________________.
3. The applicant proposes to use ____________________ as its call sign
and frequency range of ___________________________.
4. The legally, professionally, financially, and technically qualified to install,

operate, and maintain the service herein applied for;
5. That the information itself to provide ample public service, news, and
information, as well as entertainment through the broadcast of quality
programs as enunciated by law for the benefit of general public and that
applicant further alleges that it will at all times adhere and conform to the
standards for the broadcast of quality programs.


SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
EDSA, Greenhills, Mandaluyong City
SEC No. 143 – 144
TO ALL WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME, GREETINGS
Whereas, Articles of Incorporation and by-laws signed and acknowledged for
the organization of the
EAP DROADCASTING COMPANY
Under and in accordance with the provision of the corporations of the
Corporation Code of the Philippines, Batas Pambansa Blg. 68, approved on May
1, 1980, were presented for filing in this Commission on ________________ and
a copy if said Articles and by-laws and hereto attached.
Now, THEREFORE, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, I
do hereby certify that the said Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws, after due
examination, determine whether they are in accordance with the law, duly
registered in this Commission, on the ____________________ day of
_______________ Anno Domini , Twenty Hundred and _______________.
IN TESTIMONY, THEREFORE, I have hereunto set my hand and cause the
seal of this Commission to be affixed at Mandaluyong City, Philippines, this
____________ of _______________ in year _________________ of the Lord
__________________.
___________________________
Associate Commisisioner

BCT BROADCASTING COMPANY
Davao City, Davao del Sur
The Chairman
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
EDSA, Mandaluyong City
Sir / Madam:
In connection with registration of the Articles of Incorporation Partnership of
the
EAP BROADCASTING COMPANY

1. The undersigned officer/director on behalf of the INCORPORATIONS /
PARTNERS / STOCKHOLDERS thereof, herby manifest our willingness
to change its corporate name in the event if another person, firm or entity
has acquired a prior right to the use of the said firm or entity or one
deceptively or confusing similar to it.
Very truly yours,

_________________
Chief Executive Officer
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES
METRO MANILA
TWELFTH CONGRESS
THIRD REGULAR SESSION
Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Wednesday, the fifth of August two thousand
and fifteen.
_______________________________
Republic Act No. 7816
AN ACT GRANTING THE MANILA BROADCASTING COMPANY A
FRANCHISE TO CONSTRUCT, INSTALL, OPERATE AND MAINTAIN RADIO
AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING STATIONS WITHIN THE PHILIPPINES,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in
Congress assembled:
Section 1. Nature and Scope of Franchise.— Subject to the provisions of the
Constitution and applicable laws, rules and regulations, there is hereby granted
to the Manila Broadcasting Company, hereunder referred to as the grantee, its
successors or assigns, a franchise to construct, install, operate and maintain for
commercial purposes and in the public interest radio and television broadcasting
stations in the Philippines with the corresponding technological auxiliaries or
facilities, special broadcast and other broadcast distribution services and relay
stations, and to construct, install, operate and maintain communication facilities
for the grantee’s private use in its broadcast services.
Section 2. Manner of Operation of Stations or Facilities.— The existing and future
stations or facilities of the grantee shall be constructed and operated in a manner
as will at most result only in the minimum interference on the wavelengths or
frequencies of the other existing station or stations which may be established by
law without in any way diminishing its own right to use its selected wavelengths
or frequencies and the quality of transmission or reception thereon as should
maximize rendition of the grantee’s services and/or the availability thereof.
Section 3. Prior Approval of the National Telecommunications Commission.—
The grantee shall secure from the National Telecommunications Commission
the appropriate permits and licenses for its stations and shall not use any
frequency in the radio and television spectrum without having been authorized by
the Commission. The Commission, however, shall not unreasonably withhold or
delay the grant of any such authority.
Section 4. Responsibility to the Public.— The grantee shall provide reasonable
public service time to enable the government, through the said broadcasting
stations, to reach the population on important public issues; provide at all times
sound and balanced programming; promote public participation such as in
community programming; assist in the functions of public information and
education; conform to the ethics of honest enterprise; and not use its stations for
the broadcasting of obscene and indecent language, speech, act or scene, or for
the dissemination of deliberately false information or willful misrepresentation to
the detriment of the public interest, or to incite, encourage, or assist in subversive
or treasonable acts.
Section 5. Right of Government.— A special right is hereby reserved to the
President of the Philippines in times of rebellion, public peril, calamity,
emergency, disaster or disturbance of peace and order, to temporarily take over
and operate the stations of the grantee, to temporarily suspend the operation of
any station in the interest of public safety, security and public welfare, or to
authorize the temporary use and operation thereof by any agency of the
government, upon due compensation to the grantee, for the use of said stations
during the period when they shall be so operated.
Section 6. Term of Franchise.— This franchise shall be for a term of twenty-five
(25) years from the date of approval of this Act, unless sooner revoked or
cancelled. In the event the grantee fails to operate continuously for two (2) years,
this franchise shall be deemed ipso facto revoked.
Section 7. Acceptance and Compliance. — Acceptance of this franchise shall be
given in writing within sixty (60) days after approval of this Act. Upon giving such
acceptance, the grantee shall exercise the privileges granted under this Act.
Nonacceptance shall render the franchise void.
Section 8. Tax Provisions.— The grantee, its successors or assigns, shall be
liable to pay the same taxes on their real estate, buildings and personal property,
exclusive of this franchise, as other persons or corporations are now or hereafter
may be required by law to pay. In addition thereto, the grantee, its successors or
assigns, shall pay a franchise tax equivalent to three percent (3%) of all gross
receipts of the radio/television business transacted under this franchise by the
grantee, its successors or assigns, and the said percentage shall be in lieu of all
taxes on this franchise or earnings thereof: Provided, That the grantee, its
successors or assigns, shall continue to be liable for income taxes payable under
Title II of the National Internal Revenue Code pursuant to Section 2 of Executive
Order No. 72 unless the latter enactment is amended or repealed, in which case
the amendment or repeal shall be applicable thereto.
The grantee shall file the return with and pay the tax due thereon to the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue or his duly authorized representatives, in
accordance with the National Internal Revenue Code, and the return shall be
subject to audit by the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

Section 9. Public Ownership.— In compliance with the constitutional mandate to
democratize ownership of public utilities, the herein grantee, its successors or
assigns, shall continue to maintain its status as a publicly-held corporation.
Section 10. Self-regulation by and Undertaking of Grantee.— The grantee shall
not require any previous censorship of any speech, play, act or scene, or other
matter to be broadcast and/or telecast from its stations: Provided, That the
grantee, during any broadcast and/or telecast, shall cut off from the air the
speech, play, act or scene, or other matter being broadcast and/or telecast if the
tendency thereof is to propose and/or incite treason, rebellion or sedition; or the
language used therein or the theme thereof is indecent or immoral, and willful
failure to do so shall constitute a valid cause for the cancellation of this franchise.
Section 11. Warranty in Favor of National and Local Governments.— The
grantee shall hold the national, provincial, and municipal governments of the
Philippines harmless from all claims, accounts, demands or actions arising out of
accidents or injuries, whether to property or to persons, caused by the
construction or operation of the stations of the grantee.
Section 12. Sale, Lease, Transfer, Usufruct, etc.— The grantee shall not lease,
transfer, grant the usufruct of, sell nor assign this franchise or the rights and
privileges acquired thereunder to any person, firm, company, corporation or other
commercial or legal entity, nor merge with any corporation or entity without the
prior approval of the Congress of the Philippines. Any person or entity to which
this franchise is sold, transferred, or assigned shall be subject to all the same
conditions, terms, restrictions, and limitations of this Act.
Section 13. Separability Clause.— If any sections or provisions of this Act is held
invalid, all the other provisions not affected thereby shall remain valid. cdtai
Section 14. General Broadcast Policy Law.— The grantee shall comply with and
be subject to the provisions of a general broadcast policy law which Congress
may hereafter enact.
Section 15. Repealability and Non-exclusivity Clauses.— This franchise shall be
subject to amendment, alteration or repeal by the Congress of the Philippines
when the public interest so requires and shall not be interpreted as an exclusive
grant of the privileges herein provided for.
Section 16. Effectivity Clause.— This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days from
its publication in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation in the
Philippines.
APPROVED:
JUAN PONCE ENRILE PROSPERO NOGRALES
President of the Senate Speaker of the House of Representatives

Medium Frequency Broadcast Standards
I. Introduction
Ever since the advent of radio, there have been progressive efforts in
regulating this medium of communication. At the turn of the 20 th century,
international conferences were convened to discuss problems in radio
communications – primarily, to minimize mutual interferences among the growing
number of stations. The use of radio in mass communications, or broadcasting,
eventually compelled governments of nations to take over the regulation of radio
in their respective nations in response to the people’s needs. Thus, controlling
agencies, organized by governments, took the avowed task of formulating rules,
regulations and technical standards which are mostly so designed for the benefit
of the listening public.
In the formulation of Technical Standards for domestic broadcasting, the more

important considerations must include:
1. The prevention of harmful signal interferences;
2. The provision for better signal quality, so that the listerner may enjoy a
clear and more realistic sound reproduction, and
3. The proper utilization of the broadcast spectrum.
The Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas and the National

Telecomunications Commision, cognizant of these criteria, have designated
professionals directly involved with the broadcast industry and representatives of
the government to revise existing local standards, or formulate new standards,
which shall be applicable to the country’s broadcast industry.
2. Definition of Terms
2.1 Medium Frequency Broadcast Station
An AM Broadcast Station licensed for aural or sound
transmissions intended for direct reception by the general public and operated on
a channel in the Medium Frequency band.
2.2 Medium Frequency Broadcast Band

The band of frequencies from 526.5 to 1705 kilohertz.
2.3 Medium Frequency Broadcast Channel
The band of frequencies occupied by the carrier and two (2) sidebands of an AM
Broadcast signal with the carrier frequency at the center. Channels shall be
designated by the assigned carrier frequencies starting from 531 kHz in
increments of 9 kHz.
2.4 Carrier Wave
A sinusoidal voltage or current generated in a transmitter and

subsequently modulated by a modulating wave.
2.5 Carrier Frequency
The frequency of the carrier wave. 2.6 Operating Frequency

The carrier frequency at any particular time.
2.7 Authorized Frequency
The carrier frequency authorized by the Authority.

2.8 Hertz
The term "Hertz" abbreviated "Hz", is used as a unit of frequency,

supplanting the term "cycle per second" (cps).
2.9 Percentage Modulation (Amplitude)
In a positive direction:
M=(MAX-C)100C
In a negative direction:
M=(MIN-C)100C
Where:
M – modulation level in percent
MAX – instantaneous maximum level of the modulated radio

frequency envelope
MIN – instantaneous minimum level of the modulated radio

frequency envelope
2.10 Maximum Percentage of Modulation
"Maximum percentage of modulation" means the greatest

percentage of modulation that may be obtained by a transmitter without
producing, in its output, harmonics of the modulating frequency in excess of

those permitted by these regulations.
2.11 High-Level Modulation
"High-level modulation°" is modulation produced in the last radio

stage of the system,
2.12 Low-Level Modulation
"Low-level modulation" is modulation produced in an earlier stage

than the final.
2.13 Operating Power
"Operating power" is the transmitter output power.
2.14 Maximum Rated Carrier Power
"Maximum rated carrier power" is the maximum power at which
the transmitter can be operated satisfactorily and is deter-mined by the design of

the transmitter.
2.15 Authorized Operating Power
"Authorized operating power" is the power authorized by the

Authority.
2.16 Input Power
"Input power" is the product of the voltage and current at the output
of the last radio stage, measured without modulation.
2.17 Antenna Input Power
"Antenna input power" is the product of the square of the antenna
current and the antenna resistance at the point where the current is measured.
2.18 Antenna Current
"Antenna current" is the radio-frequency current in the antenna with

no modulation.
2.19 Antenna Resistance
"Antenna resistance" means the total resistance of the transmitting

antenna system at the operating frequency and at the point at
which the antenna current is measured.
2.20 Modulator Stage
"Modulator stage" means the last audio amplifier stage of the

modulating wave which modulates a radio-frequency stage.
2.21 Modulated Stage

"Modulated stage" means the radio-frequency stage to which the

modulator is coupled and in which the continuous wave (carrier wave) is
modulated in accordance with the system of modulation and the characteristics
of the modulating wave.
2.22 Daytime
The term "daytime" refers to that period of time between 2200

Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) to 1000 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC)
(6:00 AM-6:00 PM lo-cal standard time).
2.23 Nighttime
The term "nighttime" refers to that period of time between 1000

Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) to 2200 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC)
(6:00 PM-6:00 AM local standard time).
2.24 Experimental Period
The term "experimental period" means that time between 12

midnight to 5:00 AM local standard time (1600-2100 Universal Time
Coordinates). (UTC). This period may be used for experimental purposes in
testing and maintaining apparatus by the licensee of any medium frequency
broadcast station on its assigned frequency and with its authorized power,
provided no interference is caused to other stations maintaining a regular
operating schedule within such period.
2.25 Field Strength
The root-mean-square (RMS) value of the voltage stress produced

in space by the electric field or a radio wave, and is ex-pressed in volts per meter
or in decibels (dB) relative to it.
2.26 Effective Field
The term "effective field" or "effective field intensity" is the root-

mean-square (RMS) value of the inverse distance field at 1.6 km. from the
antenna in all directions in the horizontal plane.
2.27 Service Areas
2.27.1 The term "primary service area" of a broadcast station

means the area in which the groundwave field of 1 mV/m (60 dBu) is not
subject to objectionable interference or objectionable fading.
2.27.2 The term "secondary service area" of a broadcast station

means the area served by the save and not subject to objectionable
interference. The signal is subject to intermittent variations in intensity.
2.27.3 The term "intermittent service area" of a broadcast station

means the area receiving service from the groundwave but beyond the
primary service area and subject to some interference and fading.
2.28 Audio- Frequency (af) Signal -to - Interference Ratio

Is the ratio (expressed in dB) between the values of the voltage of

the wanted signal and the voltage of the interference, measured under specified
conditions, at the audio-frequency output of the receiver.
2.29 Audio-Frequency (af) Protection Ratio
Is the agreed minimum value of the audio-frequency signal-to-
interference ratio considered necessary to achieve a subjectively defined
reception quality.
2.30 Radio- Frequency (rf) Wanted -to- Interference Signal Ratio
Is the ratio (expressed in dB), between the values of the radio-frequency voltage
of the wanted signal and the interfering signal, measured at the input of the
receiver under specified conditions. 2.31 Radio-Frequency (rf) Protection Ratio
Is the value of the radio-frequency wan to-interference signal ratio

that enables, under specified conditions, the audio-frequency protection ratio to
be obtained at the output of a receiver.
2.32 Attended Transmitter
Attended transmitter means a transmitter where a qualified
technician is in attendance during all periods of its operation.
2.33 Carrier Shift
The variation of the mean carrier amplitude resulting from the

process of amplitude modulation; carrier shift is expressed in terms of variations
produced at a given percentage modulation by a sinusoidal test signal, the

variation being expressed as a percentage of the unmodulated carrier amplitude.
2.34 Total Harmonic Distortion
The effective value of the harmonic voltages present in the audio

frequency output of the equipment under test. It is expressed as a percentage of
the effective value of the fundamental audio frequency voltage and the harmonic
voltages present in the output.
2.35 Noise Level
2.35.1 "Noise level" means the rootmean-square (RMS) value of

the voltage of spurious origin present in the audio frequency output of the
equipment under test, ex-pressed in decibels relative to a specified root-
mean-square (RMS) value of sinusoidal audio frequency voltage.
2.35.2 "Unweighted noise level" in a specified band means the

noise level in that band measured by an instrument, the frequency
response of which is uniform over that band.
2.36 Frequency Response
The variation, over a specified audio frequency range of the

transmission efficiency of the equipment under test; the variation is expressed in
decibels relative to the transmission efficiency at a specific frequency, such as
1,000 Hertz.
2.37 Gain of an Audio Frequency Amplifier
The gain of an audio-frequency amplifier or a chain of audio-

frequency equipment incorporating one or more such amplifiers, means the ratio,
expressed in decibels of the power delivered to the load at a specific frequency
(usually 1,000 Hertz) to The power which would be delivered to the same load if
the amplifier or chain of equipment were replaced by an ideal transformer
matching the nominal load and source impedances.
2.38 Spurious Emission
The emission on any frequency outside of the assigned channel or

authorized band of frequencies and tolerances allowed by these regulations.
Emissions outside of the assigned channel, as a result of the modulation
process, is not considered spurious, unless it is due to overmodulation.
2.39 Authority
The National Telecommunications Commission.
2.40 Licensee
The holder of a license for a broadcasting station issued by the
Authority.
2.41 Qualified Technician
A person who is a holder of a radio operator's license or its

equivalent, as required by these regulations, issued by the Authority.
3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General Technical Requirements
Equipment shall be constructed according to good engineering

practice, such as mechanical soundness, neatness of wiring and accessibility for
maintenance. Ad-equate testing and monitoring points shall be provided to permit
the isolation and testing of individual items of the equipment.
3.1.1 Adequacy of components
The quality of all component parts shall be in accordance with good

engineering practice. Where appropriate, the specifications of these
components shall comply with standards set by the Authority, or, in the
absence of such standards, the components shall comply with CCIR
standards.
3.1.2 Compliance with Electrical Wiring Rules
All equipment using electrical power shall comply with the rules of
the Philippine Electronics Code and the Philippine Electrical Code.
3.1.3 Regulation of Supply Voltage
Adequate voltage regulation shall be provided, where necessary, to

ensure that equipment performance is not affected by variations in supply
voltage.
3.1.4 Protection
3.1.4.1 Protection of Persons
Having regard for the high voltage employed in transmitting

apparatus, adequate provision shall be made in the construction of
all equipment and in the protective enclosure. Warning signs and
safety switches shall be provided, in accordance with good
engineering practice, to ensure, as far as practicable, the safety of
all persons.
3.1.4.2 It shall be the responsibility of the management or

the licensee operating a broadcasting station, to ensure that
protective devices are installed and appropriate safety rules are
observed.
3.1.4.3 Protection of equipment
Equipment shall be protected, in accordance with good

engineering practice, against unsafe conditions and damage that
may otherwise result under faulty conditions.
3.2 Detailed Technical Requirements
3.2.1 Consideration of the Antenna System
The chief purpose of the medium-wave radio broadcasting antenna is to

radiate efficiently the energy supplied by the transmitter, more so, towards
the horizon or along the ground and least to-wards the sky. It is usually the
vertical tower radiator that meets these requirements successfully over
most other models because of its superior groundwave propagation
characteristics and simplicity of antenna design. The antenna, being the
take-off point of radio waves, is the last element of the system under the
control of the radio broadcasting station. Radio waves radiated from the
transmitting antenna are propagated through space to the receiving
antenna. The only control over these propagated waves is in the selection
of the antenna site, the polarization, and the strength of the signal leaving
the transmitting antenna. Further consideration must be given to
directional antenna systems which concentrate the amount of radiation in
the direction(s) where it is wanted and restricts the radiation in the
direction(s) where it is not wanted. Since both the intensity and direction of
all electromagnetic transmissions are regulated by the Authority for all
classes of stations, due consideration must also be given to:
3.2.1.1 Location of Antenna Site
3.2.1.1.1 The main considerations in the selection of an

antenna site are:
a)Location in relation to the population to be served and to other

communication installations and airports;
b)Conductivity of the soil at and immediately adjacent to the site;

c)Conductivity of the path between the site and the target area.
3.2.1.1.2 Before the approval is given for any site, the

Authority shall refer to existing local and national regulations
governing antenna construction. Restrictions may be imposed on
the height and location of masts in certain areas and obstruction

painting and/or lighting may be necessary. Except in the area now
officially designated as an antenna farm, masts or towers less than
150 feet from the ground in height may be erected and are
exempted from this provision. Masts or towers with heights above
150 feet from the ground are normally required to put up the
standard obstruction lighting and painting.
3.2.1.2 Antenna Design
3.2.1.2.1 The transmitting antenna system shall be vertically

polarized and shall radiate an effective field of not less than that of
a 60-degree vertical radiator.
3.2.1.2.2 For economic reasons, a single vertical tower

radiator as mentioned above may be employed to serve as a
common antenna (multiple frequency antennas) for two or more
stations.
3.2.1.2.3 In the case of a directional antenna system, its

composition shall be of the same vertical tower radiators as
mentioned above, arranged to conform to a design configuration
that would emit the desired radiation pattern.
3.2.1.2.4 The antenna, antenna lead-in, and counter-poise (if

used), shall be installed so as not to present a hazard. The antenna
may be located close by or at a distance from the transmitter
building. A properly designed and terminated transmission line
should be used between the transmitter and the antenna.
3.2.1.2.5 The antenna radio frequency current meters (both

regular and re-mote or any other radio frequency instrument which
is necessary for the operator to read) shall be so installed
permanently as to be easily and accurately read without the opera-
tor having to risk contact with circuits carrying high potential radio
frequency energy.
3.2.1.2.6 It is not necessary to protect the equipment in the

antenna tuning house and the base of the antenna with screens
and interlocks, provided, the door to the tuning house and antenna
base are fenced and locked at all times, to ensure that no
unauthorized person can gain access; thus, providing maximum
safety to lives. Ungrounded fencing or wires must be effectively
grounded, either directly or through proper static leaks. Lightning
protection for the antenna system must be installed.
3.2.2 Transmitting Equipment

The transmitting equipment and facilities shall be laid outin
accordance with good engineering practice, thereby providing ease of
maintenance and operation, and safety to personnel.
a) Location and Layout
The building shall be of a design and type of construction
suitable to the area in which it is located and it shall comply with relevant
building regulations.
1) Adequate space shall be provided in the building to facilitate access to all

equipment for operation and maintenance purposes. Adequate s pace for
staff facilities shall also be provided.
2) Adequate ventilation and, where necessary, air-conditioning shall be
provided to ensure satisfactory working conditions for staff and equipment.
3) Adequate lighting shall be provided in all equipment rooms to facilitate

operation and maintenance of the equipment.
Design, Construction, and Safety to Life:
1) The transmitter must be capable of delivering its rated carrier
power, with the provision for varying the same to compensate for
variations in line voltage and other factors which may affect the
power output.
2) The transmitter must be capable of delivering and maintaining its

carrier power within the required limits of + 10 percent, whether to
be at full power daytime mode or at reduced power nighttime
mode. The power shall be determined by the direct methods, i.e.,
the square of the transmission line current measured at the input
of the antenna matching network multiplied by the resistance at
this same point. [The indirect method (Ep x Ip x Efficiency of the
last radio frequency stage) may also be used.]
3) The transmitter must be capable of satisfactory operation at the
authorized operating power with modulation of at least 90 percent

with no more distortion than given in Sub-section 3.2.2.b (7).
4) The transmitter must be capable of maintaining the operating
frequency within the limits of ± 10 Hertz of the assigned frequency.

5) The carrier shift (current) at any percentage of modulation

shall not exceed 5 percent.
6) The carrier hum and extraneous noise level, (unweighted
r.s.s.) exclusive of microphone and studio noises over the frequency band 30
to 20,000 Hz is, at least, 45 dB below the level of a sinusoidal tone of a 400
Hz, producing 90 percent modulation of the carrier.
7) The total. audio frequency distortion from microphone

terminals, including micro-phone amplifier, to antenna output, must not
exceed 5 percent harmonics (voltage measurements of arithmetical sum or
r.s.s.) when modulated from 0 to 84 percent, and not over 7.5 percent
harmonics when modulating from 85 percent to 95 percent. Distortion shall be
measured with modulating frequencies of 50, 100, 400, 1000, 5000, and
7,500 Hertz up to the tenth harmonic or 16,000 Hz or any intermediate
frequency that readings on these frequencies indicate is desirable.
8) The audio frequency transmitting characteristics of the

equipment from the microphone terminals (including microphone amplifier,
unless microphone frequency correction is included, in which event proper
allowance shall be made accordingly) to the antenna output, does not depart
more than 2 decibels (dB) from that at 1, 000 Hertz between 80 and 7,500 Hz.
9) The transmitter must be equipped with indicating instruments

to continuously measure the DC plate cur-rent and voltage and any other
indicating instruments necessary for proper operation.
10) The transmitter shall be equipped with an adequate control
system for the application and removal of power.
11) Adequate allowances shall be provided for all component
parts to avoid over-heating at the maximum rated power output.

12) Any emission appearing on a frequency removed from the

carrier by between 15 kHz and 30 kHz inclusive, shall be attenuated at least
35 decibels below the level of the unmodulated carrier.
carrier by more than 30 kHz and up to and including 75 kHz, inclusive, shall
be attenuated at least 35 decibels below the level of the unmodulated carrier.

carrier by more than 75 kHz shall be attenuated at least 43 ± 10 log10 (Power
in watts) decibels below the level of the unmodulated carrier or 80 decibels
which-ever is the lesser attenuation.
15) The transmitter shall be operated, tuned, and adjusted so

that emissions outside
of the authorized channel do not cause harmful interference to the
reception of other stations. In any case, should harmful interference to the
reception of other radio stations occur, the licensee may be required to take
further steps as may be necessary in accordance with Sec. 3.2.2.b) (14).
16) In general, the transmitter shall be constructed either on

racks and panels or in totally enclosed frames protected as required by the
Philippine Electronics Code.
17) Means shall be provided for making all tuning adjustments of
any circuit involving the application of voltages in excess of 110 volts AC or
DC from the front panel with all access doors closed.
18) Bleeder resistors or such other automatic means shall be
installed across all the condenser banks to re-move any charge which may
remain after the high volt-age circuit is opened.
19) Plate supply and other high voltage devices, including
transformers, filters, rectifiers, and motor generators, shall be provided with
protective circuits so as to prevent injury to operating personnel. In case the

voltmeter is located on the low potential
12) side of
the multiplier resistor with one terminal of the instrument at or less than
1,000 volts above ground, no protective case is required. However, it is a
good practice to protect voltmeters that are subject to more than 5,000 volts
with suitable protective de-vice across the instrument terminals in case the
winding opens.
21) Wiring between units of the transmitter shall be in-stalled in
conduits or approved fiber or metal raceways to protect it from mechanical
injury.
22) Circuits carrying low level radio frequency energy between

units of the transmitter shall be properly wired and shielded to prevent the
pick-up of modulated radio frequency energy from the output circuits.
23) Each stage (including the oscillator) preceding the

modulated stage shall be properly shielded and filtered to prevent feedback
from any circuit following the modulated stage.
24) An oscilloscope or a type approved meter indicator type
modulation monitor is required for monitoring transmitter modulation.
25) A frequency monitor or a type approved frequency meter
indicator is required for monitoring transmitter carrier frequency.
3.2.3 Metering Equipment
a) Linear scale instruments indicating the plate current or plate

voltage of the last radio stage shall meet the following
specifications:
1) Length of scale shall not be less than 6 cm.
2) Accuracy shall be at least 2 percent of the full reading.
3) The maximum rating of the meter shall be such that it does

not read off scale during normal operation.
4) Full scale reading shall not be greater than five times the
minimum normal indication.
a) Instruments indicating antenna current, common point current, and
base currents shall meet the following specifications:
1) Instruments having logarithmic or square law scales:
(a) Shall meet the requirements of paragraph 3.2.3.1 a(1), a(2),

and a(3) of this section for linear scale instruments.
(b) Full scale readingshall not be greater than three times the
minimum normal indication.
(c)No scale division above one-fifth scale reading (in amperes)

shall be greater than one-fiftieth of the full scale reading. (Ex: An
ammeter meeting requirement (1) is acceptable for indicating
currents from 1 to 5 amperes, provided no division between 1
and 5 amperes is greater than one-fiftieth of 5 amperes, 0.1
ampere).
c) A radio frequency ammeter meeting the requirements of paragraph (b) of this

section shall be permanently installed in the antenna circuit and a suitable
arrangement may be made to protect it from damage by lightning. Where this
arrangement is used, contacts shall be protected against corrosion. Since the
meter is permanently connected in the antenna circuit, provision may be made
to short the meter when it is not being used. Such switching shall be
accomplished without interrupting the transmission of the station.
d)Remote reading antenna ammeter(s) may be employed and the indications

logged as the antenna current, or in the case of a directional antenna, the
common point current and base currents, in accordance win the following:
1) Remote reading antenna common point or base am-meters maybe provided

by:
(a) A factory-calibrated cur-rent transformer connected to a metering

instrument for RF antenna current indication.
(b) Using indications of phase monitor for deter-mining the antenna base
currents or their ratio in the case of directional antennas, provided:
(1) the base current readings are logged in accordance with the pro vision
of the station license;
(2) that the indicating instruments in the unit are connected directly in the
current sampling circuit with no other shunt circuits of any nature.
(3) all sampling fines have equal total lengths and identical electrical
characteristics. Portions of sampling lines between towers and
transmitter building, prefer-ably, should be buried, if run above ground,
the lines should be rigidly supported and positioned with the outer
conductors grounded, where necessary, to ensure that fields from the
array will not induce error currents in the line.
(c) Using indications of re-mote control instruments, provided that such

indicating instruments are capable of being connected directly into the
antenna circuit at the same point as the antenna ammeter.
2) Remote ammeters shall be connected into the antenna circuit at the same
point as, but below (transmitter side) the antenna ammeter(s), and shall be
calibrated to indicate within 2 percent of the regular meter over the entire
range above one-third or one-fifth full-scale.
3) All remote meters shall meet the same requirement as the regular antenna
ammeter with respect to scale accuracy, etc.
4) Calibration shall be checked against the regular meter at least once a week.
5) All remote meters shall be provided with shielding or filters as necessary to
pre-vent any feed-back from the antenna to the transmitter.
6) In the case of shunt-excited antenna, the transmission line current meter at
the transmitter may be considered as the remote antenna ammeter, provided
the transmission line is terminated directly into the excitation circuit feed-line,
which shall employ series tuning only (no shunt circuits of any type shall be
employed) and, inasmuch as is practicable, the type and scale of the
transmission line meter shall be the same as those of the excitation circuit
feed-line meter (meter in slant wire feed line or its equivalent).
7) In the event that there is any question as to the method of providing the re-
mote indication, or the ac-curacy of the remote meter, the burden of proof of
satisfactory performance shall be upon the licensee and the manufacturer of
the equipment.
e) The function of each instrument shall be clearly and permanently shown
on the instrument itself or on the panel immediately adjacent thereto.
f) Digital meters, printers, or other numerical read-out devices may be used in
addition to or in lieu of indicating instruments meeting the specifications of
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. If a single digital device is used at the
transmitter for reading and logging of operating parameters, either (1) indicating
instruments meeting the above-mentioned specifications shall be installed in the

transmitter and antenna circuit, or (2) a spare digital device shall be maintained
at the transmitter with the provision for its rapid substitution for the main device,
should that device malfunction. The readout of the device shall include at least
three digits and shall indicate the value or a decimal multiple of the value of the
parameter being read to an accuracy of at least 2 percent. The multiplier to be
applied to the reading of each parameter shall be indicated at the operating
position of a switch used to select the parameter for display, or on the face of an
automatically printed log at least once for each calendar day.
g) The antenna ammeters (both regular and remote) and any other radio
frequency instrument which are necessary for the operator to read shall be
so installed as to be easily and accurately read without the operator
having to risk contact with circuits carrying high potential radio frequency
energy.
h) Frequency Monitor Specifications:
1) The unit shall have an accuracy of at least 5 parts per million under
ordinary conditions of temperature and humidity encountered in
standard broadcast stations throughout the Philippines.
2) The range of the indicating device shall be, at least, from 20 Hertz
below to 20 Hertz above the assigned frequency.
3) The scale of the indicating device shall be so calibrated as to be
accurately read within at least 1 Hertz.
3.2.4. Monitoring Equipment

a. Frequency Monitor
1) The licensee of each station shall have in operation, either at

the transmitter or at the place where the transmitter is controlled, a
frequency monitor of a type approved by the Authority which shall be
independent of the frequency control of the transmitter.
2) In the event that the frequency monitor becomes defective,

the station may be operated without such equipment pending its repair or
replacement for a period not in excess of 60 days without further
permission of the Authority: Provided, That:
a) Appropriate entries shall be made in the operation log of the station to
show the date and time the monitor was removed from and restored to
service.
b) The Engineer in Charge of the Region in which the station is located shall
be notified both immediately after the monitor is found to be defective and
immediately after the repaired or re-placement monitor has been installed
and is functioning properly.
c) The frequency of the station shall be compared with an external frequency
source of known accuracy at sufficiently frequent intervals to insure that

the frequency is maintained within the tolerance. An entry shall be made in
the station log as to the method used and the results thereof.
3) If conditions beyond the control of the licensee or permittee

prevent the restoration of the monitor to service within the above allowed
period, informal request may be filed with the Engineer in Charge of the
Region in which the station is located for such
additional time as may be required to complete re-pairs of the
defective instrument or equipment.
b. Modulation Monitor
1) The licensee of each station shall have in operation, either at the

transmitter or at the place where the transmitter is control-led, an
oscilloscope or a modulation monitor of a type approved by the Authority.
2) In the event that the modulation monitor becomes defective, the

station may be operated without such equipment pending its re-pair or
replacement for a period not in excess of 60 days without further authority
of the Commission: Provided that:
a) Appropriate entries shall be made in the operation log of the station to show
the date and time the monitor was removed from and restored to service.
b) The Engineer in Charge of the Region in which the station is located shall be
notified both immediately after the monitor is found to be defective and

immediately after the repaired or re-placement monitor has been installed and
is functioning properly.
c) The degree of modulation of the station shall be monitored with a cathode ray
oscilloscope or other means.
3) If conditions beyond the control of the licensee or permittee
prevent the restoration of the monitor to service within the above

allowed period, informal request may be filed with the Engineer in
Charge of the region in which the station is located for such
additional time as may be required to complete repairs of the

defective instrument or equipment.
3.2.5 Studio, Equipment, and Allied Facilities
The studio, being the source of programs, must be provided with such
control room, equipment and other accommodation as are necessary to ensure
the provision of a satisfactory service by the station.
a) Studio Location and Layout
1) The building that will contain the studio shall satisfy the provisions
given in Section 3.2.2.a. of these standards.
2) Each studio shall be associated with a control room from which the
operational area of the studio may be viewed with ease. The
Authority may, however, approve an operation whereby the studio
and control rooms are integrated into one and that responsible
personnel shall perform simple front panel type functions like level
adjustments and switchings during his/her board hours, provided, a
licensed radio technician with a 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Crass
radiotelephone license is employed to perform all the more
complicated pre-and post-sign-on adjustments of a more technical
nature including maintenance jobs which are necessary for the
proper operation of technical studio equipment. Provided further, that
for this kind of operation, an automatic program level control is
employed to ensure that a proper program level is fed to the
transmitter.
3) Studios and control rooms shall be so constructed that they are
adequately insulated from sources of extraneous noise and vibration,

and the acoustic treatment of such studios and control rooms shall
be in accordance with good engineering practice.
a) Alternate Main Transmitter
1) The regular and the optional main transmitter are co-located in a

single place.
2) The external effects from both regular and alternate main
transmitters shall substantially be the same as to frequency
stability.
b) Auxiliary Transmitter
1) An auxiliary transmitter may be provided and may be installed in
the same location as the regular main transmitter or in an-other
location.
2) its operating power shall not be less than 10% or never greater
than the authorized operating power of the main transmitter.
3) A licensed operator shall be in control whenever an auxiliary
transmitter is placed in operation.
4) When installed in a location different from that of the regular main
transmitter, a type-approved modulation monitor and a frequency
monitor are required to be installed along with it.
b) Emergency Electric Power Generating Unit
An electric power generating unit with sufficient electrical

capability to sustain the station's emergency or regular
operations shall be maintained to ensure an uninterrupted
operation. Should this generating unit, however, in the course

of its operation, cause or emit radio frequency energy and/or
harmonics that may prove harmful to the purity of the station's
signal, such interference shall be contained sufficiently as to
satisfy the provisions of sections 3.2.2.b)
12) through 3.2.2.b) 15) of these standards.
c) Emergency Announce Equipment Complement
Where the need exists, an emergency announce equipment

complement shall be maintained in the transmitter side for
emergencies, to en-sure uninterrupted programming during the
station's authorized hours of operations.
d) Spare Component Parts
In order to cut down-times during scheduled on-air operations, a

reasonable variety and number of spare components appropriate to
the equipment installed at the site, shall be kept on hand at each
studio and transmitter sites in the most convenient location therein.
e) Fire Fighting Facilities
Appropriate and adequate fire-fighting facilities shall be
maintained within the establishment, especially in fire-prone areas
therein.
f) All stations, whether operating by remote control or direct control,

shall be so equipped as to be able to follow the prescribed EBS alerting
procedures set forth in the EBS Manual for Broadcast Stations.
1. BROADCAST AUXILIARY SERVICES
Broadcast transmission auxiliary services fall under these three categories:
1) Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL)
2) Remote Pick-Up Broadcast Station
3) Communications, Coordination and Control Link
4.1 The frequency band allocation for STUDIO-TO-TRANSMITTER
LINK/REMOTE CONTROL SYTEM shall be: Band A 300-315 MHz
Band B 734-752 MHz
Band C 942-952 MHz
The maximum power allowable for STL's shall be 15 watts.
4.2 The frequency band allocation for REMOTE PICK-UP STATION shall be:
Band A 315-325 MHz
Band B 450-451 MHz
Band C 455-456 MHz
The maximum power allowable for Remote Pick-up Stations shall be 35 watts.
4.3 The frequency band allocation for COMMUNICATIONS, COORDINATION

AND CONTROL LINK shall be:
Band A 412 MHz

Band B 25.67 - 26.1. MHz
Band C 162.235–
162.615 MHz
166.250 and
170.150 MHz
Band D 432.5
433 MHz 437.5 - 438 MHz

The maximum power allowable for Communications, Coordination and
Control Link shall be:
Band A - 100 watts (SBS)
B - 160 watts (ERP)
C - 160 watts (ERP)
D - 200 watts (for repeater)
The Authority shall authorize the employment of any one or all of these broadcast
transmission services to a station depending on the necessity and availability of
frequencies for the purpose. Any AM or FM station authorized to operate is
entitled to use any broad cast transmission service relevant to the efficient
operation of the station where the use of physical lines arcades is not feasible.
5. OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS 5.1
Hours of Operation
5.1.1 Minimum Operating Schedule
The licensee of each medium-frequency broadcast station shall

maintain a minimum operating schedule of two-thirds of the total hours
that it is authorized to operate except that in emergencies when, due to
causes beyond the control of the licensee, it becomes impossible to
continue operating, the station may cease operations for a period not
exceeding 10 days.
5.1.2 Broadcast(s) outside of the authorized regular operating

schedules (as before regular sign-on schedules and/or beyond the regular
sign-off schedules) may be aired without prior authorization from the
Authority provided the program falls under an emergency category or of
very important relevance to the station's existence. The
information shall be entered in the program and operating logs at the time
the broadcast was aired.
5.1.3 if a permanent discontinuance of operations is being

contemplated, then the licensee shall notify in writing the Authority or
regional office where the station is located at least two (2) days before the
actual discontinuance is affected.
5.2 Other Operating Practices
The percentage of modulation shall be maintained as high as possible,

consistent with good quality transmission and, in no case, more than 125
percent on positive peaks nor more than 100 percent on negative peaks of
frequent recurrence during any selection which is transmitted at the
highest level of the program under consideration.
5.3 Posting of Station and Operator Licenses
5.3.1 The station license and other instruments) of station

authorization shall be posted in a conspicuous place in such a manner
that all terms are visible, at the place the licensee considers to be the
principal control point of the transmitter. At all other control points listed on
the station authorization, a photocopy of the station license and other
instruments of station authorization shall be posted.
5.3.2 The original copy of the operator's license shall be posted at

the place where he is on duty as an operator.
5.4 Operator Requirements
5.4.1 A radio operator holding a valid radio telephone first class

operator's license shall be in actual charge of the transmitting apparatus
and shall be on duty either at the transmitter location or remote control
point.
5.4.2. The licensee of a station shall employ at least one (1) full
time licensed first-class radiotelephone operator whose primary duty shall
be to effect and in-sure the proper functioning of the transmitting

equipment.
5.5 Station identification Announcements

5.5.1 A licensee of a medium-frequency broadcast station shall
make station identification announcements (call letters, frequency, and
location) at the beginning and ending of each time of operation and during
operation on the hour and either on the half hour or at the quarter hour
preceding the next hour: Provided,
5.5.2 Such identification announcement need not be made on the

half hour or quarter hour when, to make such announcement, would
interrupt a single consecutive speech, play, religious service, symphony
concert, or operatic production. In such cases, an identification
announcement shall be made at the first interruption of the entertainment
continuity and at the conclusion of. the program: Provided, that an
announcement within five minutes of either on the half hour or at the
quarter hour preceding the next hour will satisfy the requirements of
identification announcements. In the case of variety show programs,
basketball game broadcasts, or similar programs of longer duration than
30 minutes, the identification announcement shall be made within 5
minutes of the times specified in Section 4.5.1.
5.5.3 In the case of all other pro-grams, the identification
announcement shall be made within 2 minutes of the times specified in
Section 4.5.1
5.6 Logs
The licensee or permittee of each medium frequency broadcast station
shall maintain program and operating logs and shall require entries to
be made as follows:
a) In the Program Log:
I) An entry of the time each station identification announcement (call

letters, frequency, and location) is made.
2) An entry briefly describing each program broadcast, such as

"music", "drama", "speech", etc. together with the name or title thereof,
and the sponsor's name, with the time of the be-ginning and
ending of the complete program. If a mechanical record is used, the entry
shall show the exact nature thereof, such as "record", "transcription", etc.,
and the time it is announced as a mechanical record. if a speech is made
by a political candidate, the name and political affiliations of such speaker
shall be entered.
3) An entry showing that each sponsored program broadcast has

been announced as sponsored, paid for, or furnished by the sponsor.
4) An entry showing, for each pro-gram of network origin, the name of the
network originating the program.
5) An entry of the time the program begins and ends.
b) In the Operating Log (Transmitter Log)
1) An entry of the time the station begins to supply power to the antenna, and
the time it stops.
2) An entry of each interruption to the carrier wave, its cause, and duration.
3) An entry of the following every 30 minutes:
a) Operating constants of the last radio frequency stage plate current and
plate volt-age
b) Antenna current
4) Any other entries required by the instrument of authorization.
5) A log of all operations must be kept during the experimental period. if the
entries required above are not applicable thereto, then the entries shall be
made so as to fully describe the operation.
6) Logs of medium frequency broadcast stations shall be retained by the
licensee or permitee for a period of two (2) years: Provided, however, that
logs involving communications incident to a disaster or which include
communications incident to or involved in an investigation by the Authority
and concerning which the licensee or permittee has been notified, shall be
retained by the licensee or permittee until he is specifically authorized in
writing by the Authority to destroy them: Provided, further, that log s
incident to or involved in any claim or
complaint of which the licensee or permittee has notice shall be retained
by the licensee or permittee until such claim or complaint has been fully
satisfied or until the same has been barred by the statute limiting the time
for filing of suits upon such claims.
7) Each log shall be maintained and signed by the radio operator during his
tour of duty. The logs shall be made available upon request by an
authorized representative of the Authority.
8) The log shall be kept in an orderly manner, in suitable form, and in such
detail that the data required for the particular class of station concerned
are readily available. Key letters or abbreviations may be used if proper
meaning or explanation is contained elsewhere in the log.
9) No log or portion thereof shall be erased, obliterated, or willfully destroyed
within the period of retention provided by the rules. Any necessary

correction may be made only by the person originating the entry who shall
strike out the erroneous portion, initial the correction made, and indicate
the date of correction.
10) Rough log may be transcribed into condensed form, but in such cases the
original rough log or memoranda and all par-dons thereof shall be
preserved and made a part of the complete log.
5.7 Remote Control Operation
Operation by remote control shall be subject to the following

conditions:
5.7.1 The equipment at the operating and transmitting positions shall

be so installed and protected that it is not accessible to or capable of
operation by per-sons other than those duly authorized by the licensee.
5.7.2 The control circuits from the operating positions to the transmitter
shall provide positive on and off control and shall be such that open
circuits, short circuits, grounds or other line faults will not actuate the
transmitter and any fault causing loss of such control will automatically
place the transmitter in an inoperative position.
5.7.3 A malfunction of any part of the remote control equipment and

associated line circuits resulting in improper control or inaccurate meter
readings shall be cause for the immediate cessation of operation by
remote control
5.7.4 Control and monitoring equipment shall be installed so as to

allow the licensed operator at the remote control point to per-form all the
functions in a manner required by the rules. Control point of the antenna
current meter for directional antenna, the common point current meter and
remote base current meters shall be read and entered in the operating log
each half hour.
5.7.5 The indications at the remote control point of the antenna current
meter for directional antenna, the common point cur-rent meter and
remote base current meters shall be read and entered in the operating log
each half hour.
5.7.6 The indications at the transmitter, if a directional antenna station,

of the common point cur-rent, base currents, phase monitor sample loop
currents and phase indications shall be read and entered in the operating
log once each day for each pattern. These readings must be made within
two hours after the commencement of operation for each pattern.
5.7.7 Stations with authorized operating power in excess of 10 kilo-

watts employing directional antenna and operated by remote control, shall
make a skeleton proof of performance each year, consisting of three or
four measurements on each radial used in the original application and
must submit the results of these measurements, plus the monitoring point
readings with the renewal application.
6. ALLOCATION RULES AND

REGULATION 6.1 Maximum
Power Allocation
AREA MAXIMUM POWER IN kW

Metro Manila* 50kw
All other areas 10kw
* NOTE: Transmitters of Existing Metro Manila Stations may be
located outside of Metro Manila. Provided, Metro Manila remains within
the 80 dBu contour of the transmitter.
a) The station shall not operate more than 5% and not lower than
10% of its authorized operating power.
b) The Authority may grant a permit to operate a non- commercial
AM broadcast station exceeding these Maximum Power

Allocations on a case-to-case basis; Provided, such pro posed
station shall conform with the Frequency Allocation Rules and
Regulations.
c) For new stations and increase of power applications, the

maximum power allowed must conform to protection ratios
embodied in the medium-wave band and therefore, shall be acted
upon on a case to case basis.
a) The following radio frequency protection ratios provide for the
minimum physical separation of AM stations and their protection from
interference.
R.F. Protection Ratio

Frequency R.F. Signal Ratio (dB)
Co-channel 73 dBu:43 dBu

(same (4.47mV/m:141.25uV 30
frequency) /m)
73 dBu:64 dBu
1st Adjacency (4.47mV/m:1.6mV/m 9
(9kHz away)
)
2nd 73 dBu:97 dBu

Adjacency (4.47mV/m:70.8mV/ -24
(18kHz away) m)
The minimum frequency separation in any service area is 36 kHz.
c) Number of AM Radio Stations Per Commercial Broadcast Entity in

Each Service Area. Each commercial broadcast entity may be allowed to
operate not more than one AM radio station in any broadcast service area.
7. AM STEREOPHONIC STANDARD
The AM stereophonic standard is the C-QUAM AM stereophonic

system.
8. PUBLIC INFORMATION FILE

An updated Public information File at each broadcast station shall be
made available to the NTC inspector or to any interested parry. The Public
Information File shall contain the following:
a) A copy of the station license.
b) Documents as to mode of ownership whether partnerships, corporation

or single proprietorship including trade name as registered in the
Department of Trade.
c) A list of changes in transmitting facilities arranged chronologically).
Annex to this list, the corresponding licenses and permits supporting the
changes.
d) Copies of the Program Standards, the Technical Standards, the NTC

compilation of laws, regulations, circulars and memoranda.
e) Evidence of membership in the KBP.
6. ANNEXES:
Fig.1. FCC Graphs - Ground Wave Field Intensity Vs. Distance, for
different frequencies from 540 KHz to 1640 KHz.
Fig. 2. Effective Field At One Mile for CO2 kilowatt.
Fig.3. Sample forms for frequency/interference studies.

CERTIFICATION
We, the majority of the Directors of the EAP Broadcasting Company, hereby
certify that the aforementioned laws are true copies of the by-laws approved on
the stockholders’ meeting on the date and place above stated.
Alday, Aldwina – May N.
Dimaano, Ellen May C.
Daluz, Roman Paulo P.

THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES
A. Principles of Radio Transmission
INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF RADIO TRANSMISSION
Transfer of information (speech, music, image, computer data etc.) by
radio can be presented in its simplest form with block - diagram as on Pic.2.1.
That is a transmission realized by amplitude - modulated signal. Since, in our
example, the information being transferred is the sound, the first step of such
transmission is converting the sound into electrical signal, this being
accomplished by a microphone.
The low - frequency (LF) voltage at microphone output (Pic.2.1-a), that
represents the electrical "image" of the sound being transferred, is being taken
into the transmitter. There, under the effect of LF signal, the procedure called
amplitude modulation is being carried out, and on its output high - frequency (HF)
voltage is generated, its amplitude changing according to the current LF signal
value. HF voltage creates HF current in the antenna, thus generating
electromagnetic field around it.
This field spreads through the ambient space, being symbolically shown
on Pic.2.1 with dashed circles. Traveling at the speed of light (c=300 000 km/s),
the electromagnetic field gets to the reception place, inducing the voltage in the
reception antenna, as shown on Pic.2.1-c. This voltage has the same profile as
the one on Pic.2.1-b, except it has much smaller amplitude. In the receiver, the
amplification and detection are carried out first, resulting with the LF voltage on
its output, that has the same profile as the one on Pic.2.1-a. This voltage is then
transformed into sound by loudspeaker that sounds being exactly the same as
the sound that acted upon the microphone. This, naturally, is the way it would be
in ideal case. Back to reality, due to device imperfection as well as the influence
of various disturbances, the sound being generated by the loudspeaker differs
from the one that acts upon the microphone membrane.
The block - diagram on Pic.2.1 (excluding the HF signal shape) is also
applicable in case of radio transmission being carried out by frequency
modulation. In that case frequency modulation is being carried out in the
transmitter, under the effect of LF signal coming from the microphone, therefore
HF signals on Pics.2.1-b and 2.1-c having constant amplitude, and their
frequency being changed in accordance with the actual value of LF signal from
the microphone. In fact, all types of radio transmission can be presented with
Pic.2.1. First, the information being sent is always transformed into electrical
signal through the appropriate converter. In telegraphy this converter is the
pushbutton, in radiophone it's a microphone, in television engineering an image
analysis cathode ray tube (CRT) etc. Then, with this "electrical image" of
information, the modulation is being done. The modulated HF signal is being
transferred into antenna and transmitted. On the reception place, the modulated
signal from the reception antenna is being amplified and detected and then,
again with the appropriate converter (pen recorder, loudspeaker, TV CRT etc.),
the information is transformed back into its original form.
A. AM Transmitter
In order to better understand the way the radio transmitter works, block -
diagram of a simple AM (amplitude modulated) signal transmitter is shown on
Pic.2.2. The amplitude modulation is being performed in a stage called the
modulator. Two signals are entering it: high frequency signal called the carrier (or
the signal carrier), being created into the HF oscillator and amplified in the HF
amplifier to the required signal level, and the low frequency (modulating) signal
coming from the microphone or some other LF signal source (cassette player,
record player, CD player etc.), being amplified in the LF amplifier. On modulator's
output the amplitude modulated signal UAM is acquired. This signal is then
amplified in the power amplifier, and then led to the emission antenna.
The shape and characteristics of the AM carrier, being taken from the HF
amplifier into the modulator, are shown on Pic.2.3-a. As you can see, it is a HF
voltage of constant amplitude US and frequency fS. On Pic.2.3-b the LF signal
that appears at the input of the modulator at the moment t0 is shown. With this
signal the modulation of the carrier's amplitude is being performed, therefore it is
being called the modulating signal. The shape of the AM signal exiting the
modulator is shown on Pic.2.3-c. From the point t0 this voltage has the same
shape as that on Pic.2.3-a. From the moment t0 the amplitude of AM signal is

being changed in accordance with the current value of the modulating signal, in
such a way that the signal envelope (fictive line connecting the voltage peaks)
has the same shape as the modulating signal. Let's take a look at a practical
example. Let the LF signal on Pic.2.3-b be, say, an electrical image of the tone
being created by some musical instrument, and that the time gap between the
points t0 and t2 is 1 ms. Suppose that carrier frequency is fS=1 MHz
(approximately the frequency of radio Kladovo, exact value is 999 kHz).
In that case, in period from t0 till t2 signals us on Pic.2.3-1 and uAM on
2.3-c should make a thousand oscillations and not just eighteen, as shown in the
picture. Then It is clear that it isn't possible to draw a realistic picture, since all the
lines would connect into a dark spot. The true picture of AM signal from this
example is given on Pic.2.3-d. That is the picture that appears on screen of the
oscilloscope, connected on the output of the modulator: light coloured lines
representing the AM signal have interconnected, since they are thicker than the
gap between them. Block - diagram on Pic 2.2 is a simplified schematic of an AM
transmitter. In reality there are some additional stages in professional
transmitters that provide the necessary work stability, transmitter power supply,
cooling for certain stages etc. For simple use, however, even simpler block
diagrams exist, making the completion of an ordinary AM transmitter possible
with just a few electronic components.

B. Wavebands
While considering problems related to the realization of the long - distance
radio links, significant differences between the electromagnetic waves of various
frequencies must be kept in mind. For example, low frequency waves (below 500
kHz) can bend themselves following Earth's curvature, while the HF waves are
moving in streamlines, just as light. Some waves can be reverberated from the
ionosphere, others are passing through it etc. According to characteristics of their
outspread, radio waves can be classified into several groups or ranges: long,
mid, short and ultra-short. Limits between the wavebands are not precise; with
the raise of their frequency the waves are gradually losing some features while
gaining some others. This division is shown in Table 1.
* LF low frequencies, MF mid frequencies, HF high frequencies, VHF
very high frequencies, UHF ultra-high frequencies, SHF super high frequencies,
EHF extra high frequencies. Waves with wavelength smaller than 30 cm are also
called the microwaves. In the third table column the wavelengths are given.
Wavelength (ë) is distance that the wave passes moving at the speed of light
(c=3*103 m/s), during the period that is equal to its oscillating period (T): ë=c*T.
Having in mind that the wave frequency is f=1/T, one can easily get to the well-
known expression that gives the relation between the wavelength and the
frequency:
Using this formula one can calculate the wavelength knowing the frequency
and vice versa. For example, wavelength of an FM transmitter emitting at f=100
MHz frequency is L=3*108/100*106=3 m. Similar to that, wavelength of Radio
Belgrade 1 is L=439 m, which makes its frequency equal to f=3*108/439=684
kHz. Radio diffusion is being performed in certain parts of the wavebands given
in Table 1, their boundary frequencies are (rounded values): LW (long waves)
150 kHz (2km) 300 kHz (1 km) MW (mid waves) 500 kHz (600 m) 1500 kHz (200
m) SW (short waves) 6 MHz (50 m) 20 MHz (15 m) FM (ultra-short waves) 88
MHz (3.4 m) 108 MHz (2.78 m) In LW, MW and SW the amplitude modulation is
used, while in FM range it is the frequency modulation. Here are the frequencies
(in kHz) of some radio transmitters from the MW range, that can serve for tuning
of the radio receivers being described in this issue: Timisoara 630, Belgrade1
684, Bucharest 855 .
C. AM BANDWIDTH
In order to determine the bandwidth of an amplitude modulated signal it is
necessary to understand the make-up of the signal
The amplitude modulated signal consists of a carrier with two sidebands
that extend out from the main carrier. This results from the modulation process. It
is found that if the carrier is modulated with a 1 kHz tone, for example, two
sidebands each 1 kHz away from the carrier will appear. A 5 kHz tone would
produce sidebands 5 kHz away from the carrier.
Effect of audio bandwidth on overall
amplitude modulation signal bandwidth
The sidebands produced by the modulation of a carrier by a typical audio
signal will extend out from the carrier as shown - the highest audio frequencies in
the audio bandwidth will be furthest away from the carrier.
Accordingly the bandwidth of the signal can be seen to be twice that of the
highest audio transmitted:
Signal bandwidth B = 2 * Audio bandwidth

As a result the audio bandwidth of many amplitude modulation transmissions is
limited.
D. AM Modulation Index
Modulation indices are described for various forms of modulation. The amplitude
modulation, AM, modulation index can be defined as the measure of extent of
amplitude variation about an un-modulated carrier.
As with other modulation indices, the modulation index for amplitude modulation,
AM, indicates the amount by which the modulated carrier varies around its static
un-modulated level.
When expressed as a percentage it is the same as the depth of modulation. In
other words it can be expressed as:
Where:
A is the carrier amplitude.
M is the modulation amplitude and is the peak change in the RF amplitude
from its unmodulated value.

From this it can be seen that for an AM modulation index of 0.5, the modulation
causes the signal to increase by a factor of 0.5 and decrease to 0.5 of its original
level.
E. AM Depth
A complementary figure to modulation index is also used for amplitude
modulation signals. Known as the modulation depth, it is typically the modulation
index expressed as a percentage.
Thus a modulation index of 0.5 would be expressed as a modulation depth of
50%, etc.
However often the two terms and figures are used interchangeably and figures
for a modulation index of 50% are often seen where the index is 0.5.
Modulation index / modulation depth examples
Typically the modulation index of a signal will vary as the modulating
signal intensity varies. However some static values enable the various levels to
visualized more easily.

Amplitude modulated index of 0.5
When the modulation index reaches 1.0, i.e. a modulation depth of 100%,
the carrier level falls to zero and rise to twice its non-modulated level.
Amplitude modulated index of 1.0
Any increase of the modulation index above 1.0, i.e. 100% modulation
depth causes over-modulation. The carrier experiences 180° phase reversals
where the carrier level would try to go below the zero point. These phase
reversals give rise to additional sidebands resulting from the phase reversals
(phase modulation) that extend out, in theory to infinity. This can cause serious
interference to other users if not filtered.
Amplitude modulated index of more than 1.0
i.e. over-modulated
Broadcast stations in particular take measures to ensure that the carries of
their transmissions never become over modulated. The transmitters incorporate
limiters to prevent more than 100% modulation. Hover they also normally
incorporate automatic audio gain controls to keep the audio levels such that near
100% modulation levels are achieved for most of the time.
F. Amplitude Modulation Efficiency
Amplitude modulation, AM has advantages of simplicity, but it is not the most
efficient mode to use. Amplitude efficiency both in terms of spectrum usage and
power utilization is poor when compared to the many other modes of
transmission hat are available. It is for this reason that it only has limited
applications for broadcast and two way radio communications systems.

G. AM power efficiency
In terms of power, the amplitude modulation efficiency is very low. To see
why this occurs, it is necessary to look at the composition of the radio signal.
When a radio frequency signal is modulated by an audio signal the envelope will
vary. The level of modulation can be increased to a level where the envelope
falls to zero and then rises to twice the un-modulated level. Any increase on this
will cause distortion because the envelope cannot fall below zero. As this is the
maximum amount of modulation possible it is called 100% modulation.
A fully modulated carrier, i.e. 100% modulation
Even with 100% modulation, i.e. modulation index of 1.0, the power
utilization is very poor.
When the carrier is modulated sidebands appear at either side of the
carrier in its frequency spectrum. Each sideband contains the information about
the audio modulation. To look at how the signal is made up and the relative
powers take the simplified case where the 1 kHz tone is modulating the carrier. In
this case two signals will be found 1 kHz either side of the main carrier.
Level of sidebands of amplitude modulated signal
When the carrier is fully modulated i.e. 100% the amplitude of the
modulation is equal to half that of the main carrier, i.e. the sum of the powers of
the sidebands is equal to half that of the carrier. This means that each sideband
is just a quarter of the total power. In other words for a transmitter with a 100 watt
carrier, the total sideband power would be 50 watts and each individual sideband
would be 25 watts. During the modulation process the carrier power remains
constant. It is only needed as a reference during the demodulation process. This
means that the sideband power is the useful section of the signal, and this
corresponds to (50 / 150) x 100%, or only 33% of the total power transmitted.
H. AM Spectrum Efficiency
Not only is AM wasteful in terms of power, it is also not very efficient in its use
of spectrum. If the 1 kHz tone is replaced by a typical audio signal made up of a

variety of sounds with different frequencies then each frequency will be present
in each sideband.
Bandwidth of an amplitude modulated signal
Accordingly the sidebands spread out either side of the carrier as shown
and the total bandwidth used is equal to twice the top frequency that is
transmitted. With pressure on the radio spectrum, and other forms of modulation
able to achieve far higher levels of spectrum efficiency, amplitude modulation is
one of the lowest in this respect.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION
The early planning of broadcast station usually involves a number of
factors such as: consideration of the market to be served; site selection; radiated
power; tower height; station policies; personnel; programming; hours of
operation; and available capital. First and foremost of the decisions to be
reached is whether the studio and transmitter are to be combined under one roof
or are they to be in separate locations.
In the past few years there has been a trend toward combining the studio
and transmitter rather than housing them in separate facilities. However, with the
advent of remote control, there is a movement once again to separate the studio
to transmitter. It is generally agreed that wherever practical it is most economical
to combine the studio and transmitter. The initial equipment requirements are
less, but more important is the fact that the day-to-day operating expenses are
lower. With the plant “all less than one roof” there are savings in heating, air
conditioning, building maintenance, travel time, and personnel. A combined
operation, however, is not always possible.
When a combined operation is not practical, the second approach is of
course to operate the transmitter by remote control from the studio. By utilizing
remote control, a transmitter site can be selected that is most advantageous from
a coverage standpoint, and the studio can then be placed in the most convenient
location. The building requirements at the transmitter can be very minimum,

requiring only space for the equipment, a small work area, and a small heating
unit. The studio then could contain both the programming and business
functions.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
1. Select an area where the station is put up.
2. Obtain a list of stations already existing in the area or nearby the region
with their operating power, frequency, and class of operation and
approximate allocation.
3. Choose the class of operation, the proposed location, its operating power
and frequency, taking into account the existing stations nearby referring to
the list provided in procedure number 2.
4. Determine the general shape of the area to be served and choose a
specific site for your antenna.
5. Choose an antenna system that corresponds to the general shape of the
intended service area. If the site chosen is approximately circular in
shape, three (3) vertical omnidirectional antennas would be efficient. If the
site has regular shape, then an antenna array, usually a vertical two –
tower directional antenna, would be fit for the service area.
6. Determine the inverse field strength at one mile from the selected antenna
site at the operating power in every direction.
7. Determine the inverse field strength from the antenna site considering the
conductivity of the Earth for every direction.

8. Draw the field intensity contour of the chosen class of operation and check
if it satisfies the requirements of the intended service area, the co-channel,
the adjacent channel interference, and other relative considerations. If
necessary, modify certain system parameters.
9. a. Through the map contour of the target condition, determine the different
conductivity of the varying terrain in the service area chosen. This is made
for radial spaced 15 degrees. Do this based on the principles and
procedures of contour mapping.
b. With the different distances from the antenna, plot it on the z – graph of
the particular operating frequency chosen;
c. With the different distances from the antenna obtained from the z- graph
based on the field intensity, plot the points on the graph; then
d. After connecting the plotted points, check if the paths correspond to the
radiation pattern desired. If not, check the overall design.
CONTOUR MAPPING
1. Secure the vicinity of the map of the transmitter site.
2. Draw the conductivity by subdividing the secured map into the
regions according to the conductivity covered by the map.
3. Locate the exact antenna transmitter site. In designing a two –
tower antenna system, use site of the transmitter tower.

4. Protect a meridian through the transmitter site. Use the projected
meridian as the reference radial ( radial 1).
5. With the site at the center layout, a radial bearing continue the
protection for at least 15 – 20 miles from the site.
6. Layout the radial for each radial shown.
7. Trace the z –graph in the following manner. Use the radial sheet for
tracing the z – curves. The distance determined by the radial data
will correspond to the horizontal (upper and lower) axis.
8. The conductivity, on the other hand, would correspond to the
diagonal curve on the graph. The corresponding distance from the
conductivity curve is in the upper portion should be read from the
upper horizontal axis while the conductivity map curves in the lower
portion from the lower horizontal axis.
9. Start from the upper – left hand and trace downward to the right
along the conductivity set by the radial data. The length of the
certain conductivity is indicated by the distance covered by the
conductivity area where R passes through. In simpler terms, the
length of C1 is determined D1, C2 by D2, etc.
Note:
When the conductivity changes, trace the curve horizontal to the
right or to the left up to the point where the correct conductivity passes
through. Repeat the procedure for change of conductivity so the inverse
field strength at 1 mile, E, for each radio.

A. System Description
DXER 1386 Radyo Totoo is an AM Broadcast station which will be located
at Barangay 27 – C, Davao City, Davao del Sur. It has an operating power
of 10 kW and an operating frequency of 1386 kHz.
History
New generation of young professionals engaged with Bachelor of Science
in Electronics Engineering has been caught up with the phase of innovation
demanded by the people for convenience.
August of this year as the turning point in their lives of these aspiring
professionals, headed by the company’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Engr.
Roman Paulo P. Daluz, and as follows, President of Corporation, Engr. Aldwina-
May N. Alday and Vice – President Engr. Ellen May C. Dimaano.
EAP Broadcasting Company is inspired by different professionals who
aspire for one distinct goal – provide quality and reliable broadcast to the public
and serve pure and trustworthy facts considering telecommunication scenarios.
EAP Broadcasting Company is intended to offer all listeners with hooking
music of all genres. The company also guarantees that our programs will lighten
your mood and help ease your problems through employment that we can
provide.
EAP Broadcasting Company has set mark for rendering good service and
public – friendly programs that can even standardized higher to uphold the
demands of the public.
Mission
EAP Broadcasting Company is an innovative, spirited, and dedicated
broadcasting company that is committed to provide quality, reliable and efficient
service to the public that copes with technological advancements of the country.
Vision
Radyong Totoo’s vision is to be valued, to inspire its listeners to look at life
in a different point of view and to be the region’s leading information provider.
The stationenvisions to educate, entertain, and empower its audience in order to
create a better and more sustainable future for the province.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS
AM Station : DXER
Location: Barangay 27 – C, Davao City, Davao del Sur
Longitude: 125°37'25.76"E
Latitude: 7° 4'50.66"N
Class: II – B
Operating Power: 10 kW
Operating Frequency: 1386 kHz
Service Area Requisite:
Primary Service Area: 4.47 mV/m
Secondary Service Area: 1.6 mV/m
Broadcast Station Equipment
1. AM Transmitter
Technical Specification of the 0-20W Carrier DDS SYNTHESIZER
This unit is a highly efficient professional AM transmitter with up to 20W of
clean output. Ideally suited for radio stations that demand broadcast
quality and broadband operation (no-tune) - an integrated single box
solution incorporating the exciter, RF amplifier, power supply and
modulator, this transmitter can also serve as an exciter for driving external
RF amplifiers. Its synthesized exciter with advanced DDS technology is
designed for pristine audio quality and unsurpassed reliability, as

numerous of our AM transmitters are operating trouble-free in some of the
world's most remote installations.
All our AM transmitters are loaded with features, such as a front-panel
LCD display, adjustable RF output power and modulation, underlying
architecture that includes a unique DDS synthesizer, ultra-low distortion
AM modulator integrated into a great performing, highly stable AM
transmission system. The power amplifier is based on modern MOSFET
devices & techniques. High airflow fans keep the power amplifier
constantly ventilated, resulting in 24/7 low temperature operation. For the
user's convenience, amplifiers are protected from damage by temperature
control systems and antenna fault (VSWR) monitoring which react to faults
by reducing the output power to a safe operating level, keeping you on air
rather than shutting down completely.
Being more configurable and flexible than other units in their class, our
units offer exceptional value with no compromise on performance.
Frequency range varies and is programmed according to regional
regulations and order specifications.

2. Antenna
Isotron ISO-AMB-400 Low-Power Broadcast Band AM Radio Antenna
Isotron antennas provide the ideal, light-weight antenna system for many
low power, AM Broadcast stations. They are perfect for Colleges,
Community Services, Lower Power Highway Information Systems and
main-line AM Radio Station Backup.

3. AM Tower
Amerite 80 foot KA Commercial Tower
Interference Study
Table: Stations in the Co – Channel Adjacency (1386 kHz)
Name of Call Sign Carrier Operating Aerial Location

Stations Frequency Power Distance(k
(kHz) (kW) m)
________________________________________________________________
Hope Radio DXCR 1386 10 120.53 Bartlett Ave,
Philippines Valencia City,
Bukidnon
Radyo DZTV 1386 50 974.52 Broadcast City,
Budyong Capitol Hills,
1386 Diliman,
Quezon City
Radyo Totoo DYVW 1386 10 501.44 Borongan,
Borongan Eastern Samar
Table: Stations in +9kHz 𝟏𝐬𝐭 Adjacency (1386 kHz)
________________________________________________________________
Name of Call Carrier Operating Aerial Location

Stations Sign Frequency Power Distance(km)
(kHz) (kW)
________________________________________________________________
DZRH DYXR 1395 10 405.15 Golden Peak Hotel
Nationwide and Suites,
1395 Cebu Gorordo Ave., cor.
Escario St., Cebu
City
Radyo ng DZPX 1395 5 1154.11 Kalikasan St.
Bayan 3311 Santiago
Santiago Isabela
DZTW 1395 DZTW 1395 5 1156.23 Solano, Nueva
Vizcaya
Super Radyo DWLE 1395 5

1127.82 Cabarroguis,
1395
Quirino
Radyo Totoo 1395 5 San Jose, Mindoro

DZVT 767.60
Mindoro
Occidental
Table: Stations in -9kHz 𝟏𝐬𝐭 Adjacency (1386 kHz)

(kHz) (kW)
________________________________________________________________
DWUA DWUA 1377 1 1041.87 Olongapo City
DZAJ - AM DZAJ 1377 10 1241.69 Marribbay

Street, Tuguegarao
City
DXKP – AM / DXKP 1377 10 256.62 Araulio Street
Radio Barangay Datoc

Philippines Pagadian City
Network 7016 Zamboanga
(RPN) del Sur
“Radyo
Ronda”
Manila Bctg. 1377 5 466.11 Bogo City, Cebu
Corp.
Table: Stations in +18 kHz 𝟐𝐧𝐝 Adjacency (1386 kHz)

________________________________________________________________

(kHz) (kW)
Radyo DYKB 1404 1 489.44 Bacolod City
Ronda
DYKB
Table: Stations in -18 kHz 𝟐𝐧𝐝 Adjacency (1386 kHz)

________________________________________________________________
(kHz) (kW)
DZBS DZBS
1368 10 1161.11 A 205 Lopez
Radyo
Building,
Ronda
Session
1368
Road, Baguio
City.
DWTT DWTT 1368 1-5 1073.08 Tarlac City
1368
DYGS-AM DYGS 1368 5 469.70 Tacloban City

Conductivity Mapping
________________________________________________________________
Terrain Conductivity (mmho/m)
________________________________________________________________
Seawater 5000
Dry, Sand, Flat Coastal Land 2
Marshy, Forest Flat Land 8
Freshwater 8
Rich Agricultural Land 10
Pastoral Land, Medium Hill 5
Rocky Land, Steep Land Hills 2
Cities, Residential 2
Cities, Industrial, Mountains/Hills 1

Radial Path Profiling
The tables below are the accumulated distance of each terrain type for
every corresponding radial.
0°/360°
Distance (km) Terrain Conductivity

(mmho/m)
0-5.82 Residential 2
5.82-23.82 Forest Flat Land 8
23.82-35 Rich Agricultural Land 10
15°

(mmho/m)
0-6 Residential 2
6-11.98 Rich Agriculture Land 10
30°

(mmho/m)
45°

(mmho/m)
5.90-9.86 Seawater 5000
9.86-15.86 Rich Agriculture Land 10
60°

(mmho/m)
2.28-5.13 Seawater 5000
75°

(mmho/m)
0.32-4.71 Seawater 5000
15.51-19.05 Medium Hill 5
90°

(mmho/m)
0.30-5.08 Seawater 5000

17.67-25.67 Seawater 5000
105°

(mmho/m)
0.33-6.01 Seawater 5000
7.02-10.66 Seawater 5000
120°

(mmho/m)
0.37-12.61 Seawater 5000
135°

(mmho/m)
0.48-16.16 Seawater 5000
150°

(mmho/m)
0.80-15.02 Seawater 5000
165°

(mmho/m)
1.06-49.06 Seawater 5000
180°

(mmho/m)
1.19-49.5 Seawater 5000
195°

(mmho/m)
1.80-50 Seawater 5000
210°

(mmho/m)
4.53-50 Seawater 5000
225°

(mmho/m)
7.73-14.73 Seawater 5000
240°

(mmho/m)
7.73-13.78 Seawater 5000
100 | A M D E S I G N
255°

(mmho/m)
8.13-10.33 Rich Agricultural Land 10
13.64-14.51 Residential 2
270°

(mmho/m)
11.06-13.37 Flat Coastal Land 2
285°

(mmho/m)
101 | A M D E S I G N
5.61- 9.63 Medium Hill 5

300°

(mmho/m)
315°

(mmho/m)
102 | A M D E S I G N
330°

(mmho/m)
345°

(mmho/m)
SUMMARY OF Z – GRAPH
For Co – Channel Interference
Davao del Sur to Valencia Bukidnoon

(mmho/m)
103 | A M D E S I G N
Valencia, Bukidnoon to Davao del Sur

(mmho/m)
0-6.51 Medium Hill 5

6.51- 24.51 Forest Flat Land 8
24.51- 32.3 Residential 2
Degrees from Azimuth 73 dBu(km) 64 dBu (km)
0°/360° 18.25 35
15° 29.5 50
30° 8.5 30
45° 19 50
60° 18.75 50
75° 14 50
90° 50 50
105° 14.75 50
120° 20 50
135° 50 0
150° 19.5 50
165° 50 0
180° 50 0
195° 50 0
210° 50 0
225° 50 0
240° 50 0
255° 7.2 37.25
270° 8.25 35
104 | A M D E S I G N
285° 14 37
300° 20 36.5
315° 13.5 31.75
330° 18 32
345° 8 31.5
Figure 1: Radial Path Profile

105 | A M D E S I G N
17.22 m
Figure 2: Studio to Transmitter
Computations:
Operating Frequency in Wavelength

velocity light
Wavelength (λ) = frequency
3x108 m/s
= 1386KHz
= 216.4502165 m
𝛌𝐟𝐭 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟑 ft
Minimum Vertical Height
From Graph (See Graph A)
𝐇𝐓𝐰 = 𝟔𝟎𝐦
𝐇𝐓𝐟𝐭 = 196.8503937 ft
Antenna Height in Wavelength

106 | A M D E S I G N
HT (ft)
HTw =
λ (ft)
Where:
HTw = antenna height in wavelength
HTft = antenna height in ft
λft = wavelength in ft
Thus,
196.8503937
HTw =
710.1372002772
𝐇𝐓𝐰 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟐
Antenna Height in Degrees
H˚ = HT𝑤 𝑥 360
Where:
H˚ = antenna height in degree
HTw = antenna height in wavelength
Thus,
H˚ = 0.2272002772 x 360
H˚ = 99.7921
Effective Field strength E in mV/m:
From Graph (See Graph B)
Es = E√P
= 280mV/m√10Kw
Es = 28mV/m
107 | A M D E S I G N
Ground Wave Intensity (service area)
For Co-Channel Stations
Primary Service Area
RF Signal Ratio : 73dBµ
Egraph1 : Strength at the primary service area
Erequired1 : 4.47 mV/m
Efrom graph : 280mV/m
Erequired1 x 100mV/m
Egraph1 =
Efrom graph
𝑚𝑉
(4.47 mV/m)(100 )
𝑚
Egraph1 = 280mV/m
𝐄𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝟏 = 1.596428571 mV/m
Secondary Service Area
Egraph2 : Strength at the secondary service area
Egraph2 =
Efrom graph
𝑚𝑉
(141.25µmV/m)(100 )
𝑚
Egraph2 = 280mV/m
Egraph2 = 50.44642857 µV/m
For ± 9Khz Adjacency
Primary service Area
RF Signal Ratio : : 73dB

108 | A M D E S I G N
Egraph1 =
Efrom graph
𝑚𝑉
(4.47mV/m)(100 )
𝑚
Egraph1 = 280mV/m
Egraph1 = 1.596428571V/m
Erequired2 : 1.6mV/m
Egraph2 =
Efrom graph
𝑚𝑉
(1.6mV/m)(100 )
𝑚
Egraph2 = 280mV/m
Egraph2 = 0.5714285714 mV/m
For ± 18Khz Adjacency
Primary service Area
RF Signal Ratio : : 73dB

109 | A M D E S I G N
Egraph1 =
Efrom graph
𝑚𝑉
(4.47mV/m)(100 )
𝑚
Egraph1 = 280mV/m
Egraph1 = 1.596428571V/m
Erequired2 : 70.8/m
Egraph2 =
Efrom graph
𝑚𝑉
(70.8mV/m)(100 )
𝑚
Egraph2 =
280mV/m
Egraph2 = 25.28mV/m571429
Frequency Adjacency Interference Study
1. For Co-channel Adjacency Evaluation
 Company / Network : Hope Radio Philippines
Callsign : DXCR
Power : 10 kW
Location: Bartlett Ave, Valencia City, Bukidnon
Aerial Distance : 120.53 km
Computations:
110 | A M D E S I G N
Legend
o A = Aerial Distance between Stations = 120.53
o B = 73 dBμ towards Bartlett Ave, Valencia City, Bukidnon =
17.6
o C = 64 dBμ towards Bartlett Ave, Valencia City, Bukidnon =
25.2
o D = 73 dBμ towards Proposed Station = 18
o E = 64 dBμ towards Proposed Station = 7.6
Intervening Space:
A – B – C = 120.53 - 17.6 - 25.2 = 77.73
A – D – E = 120.53 – 18 -7.6 =94.93
Findings:
Since there is no signal overlap (the answers are not equal or less than
zero), there would be NO INTERFERENCE.
 Company / Network: Radyo Totoo Borongan
Callsign: DYVW
Power : 10 kW
Location: Borongan, Eastern Samar
Aerial Distance: 501.44 km

111 | A M D E S I G N
The aerial distance of the station in Eastern Samar is equal to 501.44 km,
which eventually exceeds the maximum distance of the signal radius. Therefore,
there would be NO INTERFERENCE.
 Company / Network: Radyo Budyong 1386
Callsign: DZTV
Power : 50 kW
Location: Broadcast City, Capitol Hills, Diliman, Quezon
City
The aerial distance of the station in Quezon City is equal to 974.52 km,
2. For ± 9kHz Adjacency
 Company / Network: DZRH Nationwide 1395 Cebu
Callsign : DZTV
Power : 10 kW
Location : Golden Peak Hotel and Suites, Gorordo Ave.,
cor. Escario St., Cebu City

112 | A M D E S I G N
The aerial distance of the station in Cebu City is equal to 405.15 km,
 Company / Network: Radyo ng BayanSantiago
Callsign : DZPX
Power : 5 kW
Location : Kalikasan St. 3311 Santiago Isabela
The aerial distance of the station in Isabela is equal to 1154.11 km, which
eventually exceeds the maximum distance of the signal radius. Therefore, there
would be NO INTERFERENCE.
 Company / Network: DZTW 1395
Callsign : DZTW
Power : 5 kW
Location : Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
Aerial Distance: 1156.23
The aerial distance of the station in Nueva Vizcaya is equal to 1156.23
km, which eventually exceeds the maximum distance of the signal radius.
Therefore, there would be NO INTERFERENCE.
 Company / Network: Super Radyo 1395

113 | A M D E S I G N
Callsign : DWLE
Power : 5 kW
Location : Cabarroguis, Quirino
The aerial distance of the station in Quirino is equal to 1127.82 km, which
 Company / Network: Radyo Totoo Mindoro Occidental
Callsign : DZVT
Power : 5 kW
Location : San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
The aerial distance of the station in Occidental Mindoro is equal to
767.60 km, which eventually exceeds the maximum distance of the signal radius.
 Company / Network : DWUA
Callsign : DWUA
Power : 1 kW
Location : Olongapo City
Aerial Distance: 1041.87km

114 | A M D E S I G N
The aerial distance of the station in Olongapo City is equal to 1041.87
 Company / Network : DZAJ – AM
Callsign : DZAJ
Power : 10 kW
Location : Marribbay Street, Tuguegarao City
The aerial distance of the station in Tuguegarao City is equal to
1241.69 km, which eventually exceeds the maximum distance of the signal
radius. Therefore, there would be NO INTERFERENCE.
 Company / Network : DXKP – AM / Radio Philippines Network
(RPN)
Radyo Ronda
Callsign : DXKP
Power : 10 kW
Location : Araulio Street. Barangay Datoc Pagadian,
City
7016 Zamboanga del Sur

115 | A M D E S I G N
The aerial distance of the station in Pagadian, City is equal to 256.62
 Company / Network : Manila Bctg. Corp.
Callsign : N/A
Power : 5 kW
Location : Bogo City, Cebu
Aerial Distance: 466.11km
The aerial distance of the station in Manila is equal to 466.11km, which
3. For ± 18 kHz Adjacency
 Company / Network : Radyo Ronda DYKB
Callsign : DYKB
Power : 1 kW
Location : Bacolod City
The aerial distance of the station in Bacolod City is equal to 466.44km,

116 | A M D E S I G N
 Company / Network : Kingdom Radio
Callsign : DXAQ
 Company / Network : DZBS Radyo Ronda 1368
Callsign : DZBS
Power : 10 kW
Location : A 205 Lopez Building, Session Road, Baguio
City
The aerial distance of the station in Baguio City is equal to 1161.11 km,
 Company / Network : DWTT 1368
Callsign : DWTT
Power : 1 – 5 kW
Location : Tarlac City
The aerial distance of the station in Tarlac City is equal to 1073.08 km,
 Company / Network : DYGS-AM
Callsign : DYGS
117 | A M D E S I G N
Power : 5 kW
Location : Tacloban City
The aerial distance of the station in Tacloban City is equal to 469.70 km,

118 | A M D E S I G N
CONCLUSIONS
1. The DXER – Radyo Totoo , a design AM Radio AM Radio Station in
Barangay 27 – C, Davao City, Davao del Sur has an operating frequency
of 1386 kHz, an operating power of 10 kW, a Class II – B operation and
has a service area requisites of 4.47 mV/m and 1.41 mV/m for primary
and secondary respectively.
2. There are different parameters in establishing an AM Broadcasting station
including the location, operating frequency, and operating power. The
conductivity of the soil, conductivity of the path and the population in the
proposed location is taken into account in choosing the location.
3. The shape of the service area has been determined through the use of
radial path design into consideration the conductivity path where the signal
should pass through. Through the use of the contour map and the Z-
graph as well, based on the radial path design, the shape of the intended
service area and the antenna to be used has been determined.
4. In order to have an effective operation of the station, the rules and the
regulations set by the Authority should be followed.
5. The equipment to be used in the station should be economical, effective
and should be compatible with the rooms where it will be installed.
6. With all the mentioned conditions, this AM design promises to be an
efficient and dependable tool for any relevant procedures in line with the
AM broadcastings as well as radio broadcasting.

119 | A M D E S I G N
APPENDICES

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1|AM DESIGN

increasing amount of information. Local and international news can be read on

newspapers, listened on the radio, watched on television and found on

smartphones or online. For those with access to these options, a wealth of

information is always readily available. In countries like the Philippines, where

free expression is suppressed, access to technology is expensive or illiteracy

rural poor. It is ideal for low-income populations and sparsely-populated areas

is why it is still very much relevant today.

In regards to this, EAP Broadcasting Corporation come up with the idea of

extending service to the public by putting up their own AM radio station.

We are privileged to introduce Radyo Totoo DXER AM with an operating

until 12:00 midnight at 10 kW. It will be located at Barangay 27 – C, Davao City,

ng mga Broadkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP).

selected based on the list by the National Telecommunications Commission

(NTC). The DX code of AM stations in Mindanao area. EAP Broadcasting

Corporation is up to giving their best to render the most reliable medium

frequency broadcasting service they could offer.

1. To design a Medium Frequency Broadcast Station operating with the

A. Operating Power : 10kW

B. Class of Operation : Class II – B

C. Operating Frequency : 1386 kHz

D. Service Area Requisites

D.1. Primary – 4.47 mV/m

D.2. Secondary – 1.41mV/m

2. To know the different parameters that will affect the simulation of a

Medium Frequency Broadcasting System.

3. To know the different regulations and requirements of the NTC in the

construction of an AM Broadcast Station.

4. To learn how to design an AM Broadcasting System given a specific

5. To understand how broadcast equipment are integrated to form a

feasible communication system.

REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW BROADCAST STATIONS

II. FILE PETITION FOR CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE

1. Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws duly approved by the Securities

2. List of present Officers and board of Directors and the corporate

3. Duly accomplished information sheet of each and every member of the

5. Economic viability study (for commercial stations), source of funds (for

6. Technical feasibility study and engineering plans and diagrams (signed

7. Duly accomplished application for:

1. Permit to Purchase Transmitter

* * * Forms are available at NTC * *

III. PUBLIC HEARING SHALL BE CONDUCTED

IV. THE COMMISSION SHALL RENDER DECISION ON THE PETITION

Permit to Process and Construction Permit

Radio Station License

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Transportation and communication

NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

BROADCAST SERVICE DEPARTMENT

Please be informed that you are required to submit the following:

sealed by a licensed Electronics Engineer.

transmitter should be palced on the center of the map.

c. Plan # 3: Schematic diagram of the transmitter, showing the different

RF and audio stages.

d. Plan # 4: Antenna System Layout

e. Plan # 5: Map appropriate scale showing the following field intensity

AM Station: 250; 500; 2 uV/m, and 1000 mV/m F.I. contour

FM station: 1 mV/m F.I. contour; 250 mV/m F.I. contour

Channel 2-6: Grade A: 68 dBu contour

Channel 7-13: Grade A: 71 dBu contour

Channel 14-83: Grade A: 74 dBu contour

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Transportation and communication

NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

3. CITIZENSHIPPLACE & DATE OF BIRTH___

Make______ Model & Type_

Serial No(s). Freq. Control_

Freq. Range Power Output_

Bandwidth & Emission_ Actual Condition_______

Permit No.__ Date of Issue

// Additional transmitter for station_

// Additional transmitter for station_

Certificate No.___ issued on _ at

_ Anno Domini , Twenty Hundred and _.

____ of _ in year ___________ of the Lord