Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES
Transportation Laboratory
5900 Folsom Blvd.
Sacramento, California 95819-4612
CAUTION: Prior to handling test materials, performing equipment setups, and/or conducting
this method, testers are required to read “SAFETY AND HEALTH” in Section G of
this method. It is the responsibility of the user of this method to consult and use
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations before any testing is performed.
-1-
California Test 356
June 2004
on the dial indicator. From this, the principle while stationary resulting in a
California Deflectometer deflection is dynamic deflection of a flexible
determined. pavement surface. During operation,
the test vehicle must stop on the
In the development of Caltrans’ flexible pavement while the deflection is being
pavement overlay design method and measured. The sensor placed at the
most related past research, either the center of loading plate measures the
California Traveling Deflectometer or the motion induced in the pavement. A
California Deflectometer were used to control box, located in the vehicle, is
load the pavement, while the used to operate the equipment and
Benkelman Beam was used to measure display the deflections.
the induced deflection. The Benkelman
Beam is an instrument that is normally For purpose of flexible pavement
used in conjunction with a rolling rehabilitation design using the Caltrans
wheel load. The Benkelman Beam deflection method, the vibratory
operates on a simple lever arm loading-based deflection is converted to
principle. It consists of a lower beam an equivalent California Deflectometer
3.66 m long that pivots at its third- deflection by the use of correlation
point from an upper reference beam, curves previously established between
which rests on the pavement behind the two devices (discussed in Section E
the area of influence of the deflection of this test method).
basin. The front 2.44 m of the lower
beam acts as a probe that moves 3. Falling Weight Loading2 - A Falling
vertically when the pavement deflects Weight Deflectometer (FWD) is
as the moving wheel load passes. The commercially available in both vehicle
back 1.22 m then depresses a dial or and trailer mounted models. FWD
digital indicator that displays half of models vary primarily in the magnitude
the maximum deflection to within of the load. All FWD models operate on
0.025 mm. The probe is inserted an impulse loading principle while
between one pair of dual tires (as stationary. An FWD provides an
shown in Figure 1), so that its tip impulse load that can be varied
touches the pavement 1.37 m ahead of depending on the height of fall and
the center of the loading axle and the mass used. The energy is transferred
dial indicator is set to zero. (Other to the pavement with a load pulse in
trucks may have different dual tire approximately a half-sine waveform
spacing but the spacing should allow with 20 to 60 milliseconds duration
beam placement between the wheels so through a plate that establishes a
there is no contact with the beam.) The known load contact area. The sensor
truck then slowly creeps forward at placed at the center of a loading plate
approximately 3.2 Km/hr. As the dual measures the motion induced in the
tires deflect the pavement while pavement. The pavement surface
passing by the probe tip, the lower deflection is displayed on a computer
beam rotates and the dial indicator will screen located in the vehicle. The FWD
display half of the deflection. (Note that should have a valid calibration
if the truck is going too fast, it is certificate from one of the Strategic
difficult to read the digital or dial Highway Research Program (SHRP)
display). Calibration Centers.
-2-
California Test 356
June 2004
-3-
California Test 356
June 2004
-4-
California Test 356
June 2004
d. Drive the test vehicle approximately of the test point, the ambient air
15 m forward at creep speed and and pavement surface temperatures
record the maximum initial during testing, the test location
deflection reading (Di) to the nearest description, equipment identifica-
0.025 mm. tion, and the date and time of
testing.
e. After the test vehicle has past the
probe, the pavement rebounds and 3. Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD)
the dial indicator or digital display Loading:
appears to be stabilized. Record
the final reading (Df ) to the nearest a. Prepare the unit for deflection
0.025 mm. testing.
-5-
California Test 356
June 2004
-6-
California Test 356
June 2004
-7-
California Test 356
June 2004
Figure 1.
California deflectometer with Benkelman Beam placed between the dual tires of its rear axle.
-8-
California Test 356
June 2004
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
KP 1.6 KP 3.2
KP 0.0
Method B
Figure 2.
Method A and Method B testing pattern for a four-lane highway in two lanes of one direction.
-9-