HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

Table of Contents
Topic Page #

1. Indus Basin Irrigation System 2

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 History of Indus Valley and ancient civilization 2

1.3 Indus Basin Irrigation System-IBIS 3

1.4 Salient Features 5

2. Barrages of Pakistan 6

Salient features of Barrages of Pakistan 7

2.1 Barrages over Indus River 7

2.2 Barrages over Jhelum River 11

2.2 Barrages over Sutlej River 12

2.3 Barrages over Chenab River 13

2.4 Barrages over Ravi River 16

3. Salient features of off-taking Canals from the 17

Barrages of Pakistan

References 19

1
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

Indus Basin Irrigation System

1.1: Introduction
Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is the strong heart of the country’s
economy. Its creation is a tribute to the British irrigation engineers who created the
original system (1847-1947) that Pakistan inherited in 1947 and to the Pakistani irrigation
engineers and institutions (particularly the Water and Power Development Authority
[WAPDA] and the provincial irrigation departments) who have spent the last 60 years
adding new dams and barrages, building new link and branch canals, and modernizing and
maintaining the world’s most complex and extensive irrigation system. From the 1950s
onward, the IBIS has also been the product of the generosity and intellectual input of a host
of international experts and international institutions, particularly the World Bank. This
paper starts with a review of what has been accomplished in order to put the IBIS into
perspective and illustrate the magnitude of the effort put into building the present system.
The paper’s aim is to sketch the task ahead and develop a coherent national strategy for the
preservation of the IBIS for the future.

1.2: History of Indus Valley and Ancient Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE;
mature period 2600–1900 BCE) that was located in the northwestern region of the Indian
subcontinent, consisting of what is now mainly modern-day Pakistan and northwest India.
Flourishing around the Indus basin, the civilization primarily centered along the Indus and
the Punjab region, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna
Doab. Geographically, the civilization was spread over an area of some 1,260,000 km²,
making it the largest ancient civilization in the world.
The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its
contemporaries, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may
have had a population of well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley
developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving)
and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The civilization is noted for its cities built of
brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoried houses.
The Indus Valley has been the host to one of the most ancient civilization of human
history, the Indus Valley Civilization. After the extinction of the Indus Civilization, new
settlements especially in doabs grew slowly. New irrigation systems started to evolve.
Inundation canals and small dams were constructed and population grew all around this
area. In order to reduce the occurrence of low irrigation water supply the British
authorities, towards the middle of the last century, started modernizing and expanding the
irrigation system of the Indus Basin.

It is believed that the ancient people of the valley of Indus were outstanding in the
field of agriculture and industry as compared to the civilization of contemporary period in
2
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

Egypt and Mesopotamia. The textile crafts made from cotton are living examples of their
expertise. Such was the glory of the ancient people of Indus valley; perhaps they were the
first sedentary farmers of the world. The richness and wealth of the Indus valley was the
greed of the foreigners. The valley of Indus has always been the cherished goal of the
invaders and conquerors that followed one after another from the northwestern passes
through the mountain ranges. The Aryans, the Iranians, the Graeco-Bactrians, the
Parthenian, the Kushans, the white Huns, Muslims emperors, and Britishers plundered the
rich valley of the Indus from time to time and ruled over the valley and northern India.
Entire history of Indus valley reveals that one invader or another has treaded the present
Pakistan. The Muslims of the sub-continent first tried to shake off a century old rule of
British in 1857 and finally succeeded to drive them away in 1947, and the great valley
Indus became part of Pakistan. Pakistan lies between latitudes 24 degree and 37-degree
North and longitudes 61 degree to 76-degree East. Its surroundings include Iran on the
west, Afghanistan on the northwest, Gilgit Agency, Azad Kashmir and disputed territory of
Jammu and Kashmir lie on the northeast, India on the east and the Arabian Sea exists on its
south.

Fig 1.1 Indus Basin

3
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

1.3: INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM - IBIS

Today we have the world's marvelous and the largest contiguous irrigation system that
currently irrigates over 16 million hectares of land, out of 34 million hectares of cultivable
lands available. This land lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries.
Britishers started the barrage irrigation system during 1930s.

In order to fully utilize the river water resources, the IBIS has emerged as the largest
contiguous irrigation system in the world. The IBIS comprises of three large dams, eighty-
five small dams, nineteen barrages, twelve inter-river link canals, forty-five canal
commands and 0.7 million tube wells In monetary terms, this network is the biggest
infrastructure enterprise of Pakistan accounting for approximately US$ 300 billion
of investment.

Schematic diagram of the Indus Basin irrigation system

4
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

1.4: SALIENT FEATURES

It is world’s largest and unified irrigation system that consists of three major reservoirs
(Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 18 barrages (Ferozepur, Suleman Ki, Islam, Balloki,
Marala, Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu, Chashma, Mailsi,
Sidhnai, Rasul, Qadirabad, and Marala); 12 link canals; 45 irrigation canals; and over
107,000 water courses and millions of farm channels & field ditches. The total length of
main canal system is estimated about 585000 Kilometer (36932 miles) and that of
watercourses &field channels exceeds 1.62 million Kilometers (over 1.02 million miles).
Catchment area of Indus is most unique in the sense that it contains seven (7) of the
world’s highest peaks after Mount Everest. Among these include the K2 (28,253 ft), Nanga
Parbat (26,600 ft), Rakaposhi (25,552 ft) etc.; Further to above, seven(7) glaciers situated
in the Indus catchment are among the largest in the world, namely, Siachin, Hispar, Biafo,
Baltura, Baltoro, Barpu and Hopper.

1. Main Reservoirs: 3
a) Mangla Dam on Jehlum
b) Terbela Dam on Indus
c) Chashma barrage on Indus
2. No. of Barrages: 16
d) Sulemanki, Islam on Sutluj
e) Balloki, Sindhnai on Ravi
f) Marala, Khanki, Qadirabab, Trimmu, Punjnad on Chennab
g) Rasul on Jehlum
h) Jinnah, Chashma, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukker and Kotri on Indus
3. No. of Link Canals: 12
4. Length of Link Canals: 528 miles
5. No. of Irrigation Canals: 45
6. Water Diverted to Canals: 106 MAF
7. Avg. Discharge in Arabian Sea: 32 MAF
8. Total Length of Canals: 585000 km
9. No. Of Tube wells > 700000
10. Canal Irrigated Area: 36 Million Acers
11. Water Available at Canal Heads: 85 MAF

5
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

12. Recharge to Ground Water: 55 MAF

13. Losses in River System: 8.6 MAF

Rivers Length (km)

Ravi 720
Satluj 1550
Chennab 960
Jehlum 774
Indus 3180

6
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

Salient Features of Barrages in Pakistan

Barrages of Pakistan

Fig. 1.2 showing Rivers and respective Barrages constructed across them

7
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Barrages Over Indus Ravi

 Tounsa Barrage

Year of Completion 1958

Location River Indus, 20 km south-east of Taunsa City

Design Discharge 750,000 cusecs

Length 4,436 ft

No. of Bays 53

No. of Under Sluices 12

Crest Level -

Off taking Canals 4

8
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Ghazi Barotha Barrage

Year of Completion 2004

Location River Indus

Design Discharge 500,000 cusecs

Length 170,560 ft
Off taking Canals 1

 Jinnah Barrage

Year of Completion 1946

River Indus, Kalabagh I Mianwali District
Location
north-west of Punjab
Design Discharge 950,000 cusecs

Length 3,360 ft
No. of Bays 42

Off taking Canals 1

 Chashma Barrage

Year of Completion Between 1967-1971

Location River Indus, 25 km south-west of Punjab

Design Discharge 11,76,000 cusecs

Length 3,356 ft

No. of Bays 52

No. of Under Sluices 11

Crest Level -

Off taking Canals 2

9
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Guddu Barrage

Year of Completion 1962

Location River Indus, Near Kashmore
Design Discharge 12,00,000 cusecs
Length 3.840 ft
No. of Bays 64
Off taking Canals 5

 Sukkur Barrage

Year of Completion 1932

Location River Indus, Near Sukkur City
Design Discharge 15,00,000 cusecs
Length 4,490 ft
No. of Bays 54
No. of Under Sluices 12
Crest Level 177
Off taking Canals 7

 Kotri Barrage

Year of Completion 1955

Location South-west of Karachi near Hyderabad
Design Discharge 750,000 cusecs
Length 3000 ft
No. of Bays 44
No. of Under Sluices -
Crest Level 48 S.P.D
Off taking Canals 4

10
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Barrages Over River Ravi

 Balloki Barrage

Year of Completion 1914

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 140,000 cusecs

Length 1,644 ft

No. of Bays 35

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 625 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

 Sidhnai Barrage

Year of Completion 1965

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 167,000 cusecs

Length 712 ft

No. of Bays 15

No. of Under Sluices 4

Crest Level 454 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

11
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Barrages Over Jhelum River

 Mangla Dam

Year of Completion 1967

River Jhelum, 100 km from Islamabad in Azad
Location
Kashmir district
Design Discharge 11,00,000 cusecs
Length 10,300 ft
Off taking Canals 1

 Rasool Barrage

Year of Completion 1968

Location River Jhelum, 72 km from Mangla Dam
Design Discharge 876,000 cusecs
Length 3,209 ft
No. of Bays 42
No. of Under Sluices 6
Crest Level 703S.P.D
Off taking Canals 2

12
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Barrages Over Sutlej River

 Sulemanki Barrage

Year of Completion 1927

Location River Sutlej

Design Discharge 309,000 cusecs

Length 2,220 ft

No. of Bays 24

No. of Under Sluices 16

Crest Level 560 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 3

 Islam Barrage

Year of Completion 1927

Location River Chenab

Design Discharge 300,000 cusecs

Length 1,650 ft

No. of Bays 29

No. of Under Sluices 4

Crest Level 435.5 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

13
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Mailsi Siphon

Year of Completion 1965

Location River Sutlej, Near Mailsi

Design Discharge 429,000 cusecs

Length 1,601 ft

No. of Bays 24

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 415.5 S.P.D

 Barrages Over Chenab River

 Maralla Head Works

Year of Completion 1968

Location River Chenab, Near Sialkot City

Design Discharge 11,00,000 cusecs

Length 4,472 ft

No. of Bays 66

No. of Under Sluices 13

Crest Level 800 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

14
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Khanki Head Works

Year of Completion 1889

Location River Chenab, Gujrat District

Design Discharge 750,000 cusecs

Length 4,000 ft

No. of Bays 48

No. of Under Sluices 56

Crest Level 726.5-727 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 1

 Qadirabad Barrage

Year of Completion 1967

River Chenab, Phalia Tehsil of Mandi

Location
Bahaudin

Design Discharge 900,000 cusecs

Length 3,373 ft

No. of Bays 50

No. of Under Sluices 5

Crest Level 684.5 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 1

15
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Trimmu Barrage

Year of Completion 1939

25 km from Jhang city on the Confluence of
Location
river Ravi and Chenab
Design Discharge 645,000 cusecs

Length 2,856 ft

No. of Bays 47
Left Portion :5
No. of Under Sluices
Right portion: 6
Main Weir: 477..5
Crest Level
Under Sluice: 472.0 S.P.D
Off taking Canals 3

 Punjnad Barrage

Year of Completion 1929

Location River Chenab

Design Discharge 700,000 cusecs

Length 2,856 ft

No. of Bays 47

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 325 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

16
HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

 Barrages Over River Ravi

 Balloki Barrage

Year of Completion 1914

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 140,000 cusecs

Length 1,644 ft

No. of Bays 35

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 625.5 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

 Sidhnai Barrage

Year of Completion 1965

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 167,000 cusecs

Length 712 ft

No. of Bays 15

No. of Under Sluices 4

Crest Level 454 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

17
 HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

Salient Features of off-taking Canals from the Barrages of

Pakistan

Discharge at
Year of Area Head
Barrage Year of
S. No Rivers Completion of Irrigated Canals
Names Completion
Barrage in Km2 (cusecs)

Above Rim Station

1 Amandra Swat 1915 1,557 1. Upper Swat Canal 1915 96
2 Munda Swat 1885 /1917 1. Lower Swat Canal 1885 55
1890 / Warsak Canal (L&R) 1962 14
3 Warsak Kabul
1962 2. Kabul River Canal 1890 13
Below Rim Station
4 Jinnah Indus 1947 26,900 1. Thal Canal 1949 311
Chashma Jhelum Link 614
5 Chashma Indus 1971 28,317 1970
2. CRBC/Peharpur 142
Taunsa Punjnad Link 1970 340
6 Taunsa Indus 1959 21,237 Muzaffargarh Canal 1959 235
3. D.G. Khan Canal 1959 249
Ghotki Feeder 1962 241
2a. Desert Pat Feeder 1962 365
7 Guddu Indus 1962 25,485
2b. Pat Feeder Canal 1962 235
3. Begari Feeder 1962 439
Nara Canal 1932 379
Khairpur East Canal 1932 76
Rohri Canal 1932 317
8 Sukkur Indus 1932 42,475
Khairpur West Canal 1932 54
North West Canal 1932 144
6. Rice Canal 1932 289
Akram Wah (Link
1955 116
Canal)
Fuleli Canal 1955 391
9 Kotri Indus 1954 25,485
Pinyari Canal 1955 408

4. Kalri Canal 1955 255

Rasul- Qadirabad
1967 538
10 Rasul Jhelum 1967 24,069 Link
Lower Jhelum Canal 1901 150

18
 HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 2014-CIVIL-135

LJC Feeder 154

4. Rasul Power Canal 101
Marala Ravi Link 1956 623
11 Marala Chenab 1968 31,148 2. Upper Chenab
1912 467
Canal
1. Lower Chenab
12 Khanki Chenab 1892 29,732 1892 326
Canal
1. Qadirabad – Balloki
13 Qadirabad Chenab 1967 25,485 1967 527
Link and LCC Feeder
Trimmu Sidhnai Link 1965 311
14 Trimmu Chenab 1939 18,406 Haveli Canal 1939 183
3. Rangpur Canal 1939 77
Balloki Sulemanki
1954 524
Link
15 Balloki Ravi 1965 63,712
2. Lower Bari Doab
1913 198
Canal
Sidhnai Mailsi Link 1965 286
Sidhnai
16 Ravi 1965 4,709 Mailsi Bahawal Link 1965 110
(New)
3. Sidhnai Canal 1886 127
Eastern Sadiqia Canal 1927 139
Fodwah Canal 1927 95
17 Sulemanki Sutlej 1928 9,911
3. Upper Pakpattan
1927 169
Canal
U & L Bahawal Canal 1927 132
18 Islam Sutlej 1928 10,987
2. Qaim Canal 1927 213
Punjnad Canal 1335 231
19 Punjnad Chenab 1932
Abbasia Canal 1338 65
Ghazi 1. Ghazi Barotha
20 Indus 2002 2002 132
Barrage Power Channel

Refrences
http://uetblogs.com/groups/civil-engineers/

http://www.tbl.com.pk/

http://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/

http://www.wapda.gov.pk/

http://www.scribd.com/

19