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Written language
vs
Spoken language
Language variations:
diamesic
Written language
• Focus on message
• More impersonal expression (e.g. use of passive forms
with no specification of agent)
• Less subjective, less emotional, more precise
• Suited to communication across space and time
• No scope for negotiation or change in response to
recipient’s reactions
• Less redundant, more economical
• More varied vocabulary, avoidance of repetition, words
chosen more carefully, longer words
• Accuracy and precision in the use of words
Language variations:
diamesic
Spoken language
• More use of personal reference, e.g. 1st person pronoun
• More subjective, more emotional, less precise
• Changes resulting from feedback from receivers
• “Local” use of language, dependence on context and
shared socio-cultural background
• More limited vocabulary, more repetition, more one-
syllable words, more concrete nouns
• Extensive use of generic terms (thing, stuff, do etc.)
• Use of fillers (I mean, you know, etc.)
• Reliance on intonation, gestures, etc.
Language variations:
diachronic
Diachronic variation (chronological, historical)
• Pre-English period
• Old English
• Middle English
• Early Modern English
• Modern English
• Late Modern (Contemporary English)
Language variations:
diaphasic
Diaphasic (or diatypic) variation
(contextual-functional)
Variation in language use determined by
context and purpose of message,
e.g. the language of politics, the language of
economics, the language of the law, the
language of medicine etc.
Diaphasic (or diatypic) variation:
proliferation of terms
• Special Languages
• Microlanguages
• Technolets
• Languages for special or specific purposes
(LSPs)
• Domain-Specific languages or specialized
languages
LSPs
• LSPs, i.e. functional language varieties
used in specific domain are the result of a
diatypic variation.
• LSPs do represent actual languages
enclosing a mixture of more or less
specific morphosyntactic features
coexisting in a different degree as
compared to general language.
LSPs