(QM) Enhancement of Microstructure

ISSN: 2278 – 7798
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)

Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2016
ENHANCEMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF AL ALLOYS – REVIEW
M. MARUTHI RAO1, Dr. N.V.V.S SUDHEER2,
Research Scholar, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, AP, India.
Associate Professor, Dept; of Mechanical Engineering, RVRJC, Guntur, AP, India.
Abstract:
This is article addresses the effects of Al alloys by using different quenching media(water,
distilled water, brine, soybean oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, palm kernel oil, apple
juice, polymer quenching, clay and caster oil etc;) quenching time, quenching temperature
and mechanical properties like (Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and hardness) and its
micro structure studies. By using different quenching media the micro structure is refined,
mechanical properties were improved at certain percentage of quenching media, quenching
temperature and quenching time not only Al alloys and other metals also. Ultimately the
property of fatigue is enriched with the refinement of micro structure.
Key words: Quenching media, quenching temperature, quenching time and micro structure.
I. INTRODUCTION:
Piston head is the most crucial components of an automobile engine. Lot of research work
was reported in the literature on the design of piston head, materials and manufacturing of
piston heads, temperature distribution over the surfaces of the piston head etc; A detailed
damage analysis of engine parts was also reported in the literature. The damage mechanism
includes, wear, temperature and fatigue failures. Extensive work was reported in the
literature on the wear and wear mechanism on pistons. However, there were only discrete
references in the literature on the fatigue strength analysis of piston heads. An attempt is
made in the proposed work to study fatigue strength analysis of piston heads and to optimize
the design of piston head from fatigue strength considerations. The two important fatigue
failures of piston heads are thermal fatigue failure either at room temperature or at elevated
temperatures and mechanical fatigue failure. The operating temperatures during working
stroke and the thermal fatigue failure are considered. The main focus was on determining
the mechanical properties of piston head material and the quenching process used to obtain
the required mechanical properties and micro structure.
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M. Sakthivel et al.,(2013) did extensive work on Evaluation of EN8 steel in different quenching
medium.
They conducted experiment on EN8 MEDIUM Carbon steel using different quenching medium (oil,
water and air) in a gas carburizing furnace of heating temperature between 900 o C -9300 C. The
objectives of this experimentation was to improve hardness and wear resistance.
Based on the results, the hardness of the quenched materials was improved over the raw
materials and also improve the wear resistance of the quenched materials. Finally the water quenched
material has the best mechanical properties in hardness and wear resistance when compared to the
other quenched materials.
Table No.1: Hardness Reading.
S.No
TYPE OF HARDNESS MEAN
QUENCHA (HRC) VALUE(HRC)
NT
1. As received 12,13,12,14,13,14, 12
12,12,13,14,12,14,12
2. Air 19,20,20,22,19,20, 21
21,22,21,20,19,22,20
3. Oil (open) 34
4,33,30,33,35,32
34,32,30,32,33,30,31
4. Oil (closed) 42,40,40,41,39,41, 42
41,42,40,39,40,42,41
5. Water 42,45,42,44,43,45, 46
42,43,42,44,43,42,44
Effect of Heat Treatment On Microstructure

The microstructures of different quenched samples as well as received sample were taken
using optical microscope.
Fig. 1 Microstructure of Received material Fig.2 Microstructure of Air quenched material
Fig.3 Microstructure of Oil (open) quenched Fig.4 Microstructure of oil (Closed)quenched
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Fig.5 Microstructure of Water quenched material
O. E. Joseph et al., (2015) have done hardening and characterisation of 0.45%C steel using
Clay/water as quenchant.
From experimental work they were the morphologies and mechanical properties of
0.45%C steel when different amount of clay was added to water for quenching operation.
The result obtained from present work was compared with the earlier work, which showed a
great improvement in the mechanical properties. Poor mechanical properties obtained for
higher additions of clay to water, lower amount of clay in water was considered by them.
Table 2. Mechanical properties of the as-quenched 0.45%C steel.
Quenchants Hardne Yield Tensile Izod Specific

ss Value Strength Strength Impact latent heat of
BHN (N/mm2) (N/mm2) Energy vaporization
(J) ((J/Kg)x106)
water 364 1204 1442 13.0 2.31
2% clay + 98% 432 1298 1582 12.0 2.00
water
4% clay + 96% 476 1338 1653 10.0 1.8
water
6% clay + 94% 388 1240 1500 11.0 1.67
water
8% clay + 92% 354 1201 1457 12.0 1.34
water
10% clay + 90% 290 1156 1349 14.0 1.22
water
12% clay + 88% 283 1103 1206 18.0 1.14
water
As-received 123 214 411 31.0 --
Joshua. T. O. Et al., (2014) have done pioneering work on effects of various quenching media
on the mechanical properties of Medium Carbon Steel.
Their experimental work consisted of finding mechanical properties of medium

carbon steel at critical temperatures 7600C, 7700C, 7800C, 7900C, 8000C and samples were
quenched in water, distilled water and palm kernel oil respectively. Finally microstructures
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of each specimen was evaluated. Grains were fine them when quenched in distilled water
with high strength and hardness value was obtained in quenched distilled water, while for
strength and toughness palm kernel oil will be the best. Hence palm kernel oil has proved
better hardness value, tensile strength value and microstructure.
Fig .6 Microstructure of Medium Carbon Steel rod at 8000C held for 1 hour and quenched in
coldwater at x 200
Fig.7 Microstructure of Medium Carbon Steel rod 7900C, held for 1 hour and quenched in
palm kernel oil at x 200
A. AbdulmuminA et al., (2012) investigate the effect of water temperature on the mechanical
properties of water quenched Mn steel.
Their experimental work estimated hardness and impact strength of water

quenched medium carbon steels. It contains 0.33wt%c and 0.42wt%c heated to 9000C and
quenched in water temperature range from 350C to 950C. The hard marten site structure
which is quenched steels highly brittle and low toughness was replaced by tempered marten
site structures better mechanical properties in the steel.
Graph 1:Effect of Water Temperature Hardness of the Quenched Steel Samples
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Graph 2 :Effect of Water Temperature Impact Strength of the Quenched Steel Samples
Graph 3:Effect of Water Temperature Tensile Strength of the Quenched Steel Samples
Alim sabur Ajibola et al., (2012) did extensive work on production and micro structural analysis of
as Cast and heat treated aluminium alloy (Al-20%wt Mg).
Their experimental work consisted of 16 samples were cast and heat treated at 450 0C for 1
hr and the samples were annealed, and quenched in water and used engine oil. Also they estimated
tensile, fatigue and hardness values. In case of the used engine oil quenched sample, the cooling rate
is slower compared to that of water. This slow cooling rate reduces the possibilities of defect
formation. The rate of cooling experienced in annealing is the slowest of all the sluggishness gives
room for poor formation.
Dr. Jassim Mohammed Salman A. M et al.,(2014) did extensive work on the effect of heat
treatments, polymer quenching and additions (Zr & Ag) on mechanical properties of (6061)
aluminium alloy.
Based on the results on improvement on corrosion resistance in 3.5% Nacl solution

was seen when the alloys quenched in polymer solution. The alloys that were quenched in
polymer solution have exhibited higher thermal stability than these quenched in water.
Addition of 0.03% Zr with .18% Ag to the base alloy improves thermal age hardening
behaviour.
Graph 4:Variation of energy absorbed of alloy sample ( quenching in water medium and
35% polyethylene glycol medium ) with aging time at 180°C aging temperature for A and B
alloys.
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Fig 8:Microstructure of A alloy after aging treatment in 1800C alloy quenched in water.800X
Fig9: Microstructure of B alloy after ageing treatment in 1800C alloy quenched in polymer.
800X
M. Dauda et al., (2015) did experiments of effects of various quenching media on mechanical
properties of annealed 0.509wt % C – 0.178wt% Mn steel.
They evaluated palm kernel oil, cotton seed oil and olive oil as quenching media of
0.509Wt% C medium carbon steel. The machined specimen of the steel was heated at 8800C
and then quenched in water, engine oil, palm kernel oil, cotton seed oil and olive oil. They
also estimated strength properties and micro structure of the quenched samples were used to
determine the quench severity of the oils.
Based on results the following conclusions can be drawn.
(1)The olive oil, palm kernel oil and cotton seed oil have hardness values less than that of water and
SAE 40 engine oil.
(2) Palm kernel oil, cotton seed oil and olive oil can be used to improve the toughness and these
quench media gave higher impact energy values than water
Fig 10:Microstructure of as-received structure of 0.509% carbon steel showing pearlite (dark)
in ferric (white) matrix X200
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Fig 11: Microstructure of 0.509% carbon steel quenched in engine oil, showing full marten
site (dark) X200
Fig 12: Microstructure of water quenched microstructure of 0.509% carbon steel showing
marten site structure (dark) with retained austenite (white) X200
Fig 13:Micrograph of 0.509% carbon steel quenched in cotton seed oil, showing low
proportion of marten site structure (dark) in ferric (white) matrix X 200
Fig 14:Micrograph of 0.509% carbon steel quenched in palm kernel oil, showing low
proportion of marten site structure (dark) in ferric (white) matrix X200
Fig 15: Micrograph of 0.509% steel quenched in olive oil, showing low proportion of marten
site structure (white) with retained austenite(dark)
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O.K. Abubakre et al., (2009) have done Investigations of the Quenching properties
of selected media on 661 aluminium alloy.
From the result based alloy at 5300C water quenched has highest tensile strength and
yield strength as well as highest value in hardness. Toughness property of the alloy was
better at 5300C for specimen quenched in sheanut oil and low impact strength was observed
in specimen quenched in water at 4000C water among the quenching media proved to have
the highest cooling rate followed by sheanut oil
Table 3: Tensile test results of 6061 aluminum quenched in different media:
Quenching Heat Solution UTS N/mm2 Yield Percentage

Media Treatment Time Strength Elongation
Temp. (0C) (Hours) N/mm2 %
Water 450 2 85.77 63.12 7.0
450 2 87.69 67.73 6.11

530 2 109.70 70.89 4.00
Sheanut oil 450 2 78.12 59.63 6.35
450 2 86.37 62.73 6.00
530 2 88.00 66.72 3.75
Palm Kernel 450 2 74.07 55.53 6.01

oil
450 2 77.04 57.60 5.50
530 2 90.10 64.94 2.98

Control -- --- 83.80 64.44 5.0
sample
Fig16:Aluminum 6061 quenched in Fig17: Aluminum 6061 quenched in palm

water at 5300C. Precipitates formed by kernel oil at 5300C, plate lets
Mn and Mg spherodised in Al-matrix of precipitates sharing partial
(mag x 300) spherodisation (mag x 300)
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Fig 18: Fig 19:

Aluminum 6061 quenched In 6061 quenched in water at
in Sheanut oil at 5300C showing 4500C less spherodisation of
growth of precipitates leading to sub precipitates (mag x 300)
grains of concentrated precipitates
(mag x 300)
Fig 20: Fig 21:

Aluminum 6061 quenched Aluminium 6061 quenched in
in sheanut oil at 4500C more palm kernel oil at 4300C shows ab-
spherodisation of precipitates as normal Segregation of secondary
compared to plate IIA (Mag x 300) phase (Mag x 300)
Nikolai I.K et al., (2010) have done experiments on vegetable oil quenchants: Calculation
and comparison of the cooling properties of a series of vegetable oils, was undertaken by
them.
Vegetable oils were taken as quenching medium (canola, soya bean, corn, cotton seed
and sunflower oils) by blending oils with minimum viscosity variations. The heat transfer
using the oils occurs only by convection. Vegetate oils have better heat conducting properties
than petroleum oil based quenchants.
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Graph:8 Cooling curves data at 60ºC bath temperature. a) time - temperature, b) cooling
rate –Temperature
Mr. Rajkumar shinde et al.,(2013) analysed the Influence of petroleum and Biodegradable
quench ants on properties of medium carbon steels.
Their observed that medium carbon alloy steel it microstructure and composition
dependent on the heat treatment and quenching process used i.e petroleum , vegetable oils
and soya bean oil. The result showed biodegradable quenchants used in place of petroleum
oils with improved mechanical properties.
From the results it is concluded that the heat treatment of steel using soy bean
quenchant gives the better mechanical properties and micro structure than petroleum
quenchants showed graphically.
First specimen heated to 8600 2 hours and then quenched indifferent quenchants. After
quenching specimen are tempered at 5600C and finally evaluated mechanical properties and
micro structure examined.
Graph:9 YS Vs Quenching media Graph:10 T S Vs Quenching media
Graph:11 Hardness Vs Quenching media Graph:12 Hardness Vs Quenching media

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Graph:13 % Reduction Vs Quenching media Graph:14 % Elongation Vs Quenching media
Fig :22 Fig :23

Microstructure of EN19 Microstructure of EN 19 is done by
is done by fast cooling oil. quench slow cooling oil.
Kahtan K.A et al.,(2011) did extensive work on the effect of poly metric quenching on wear
resistance of Eutectic modified aluminium silicon alloy.
In their study a master alloy of modified eutectic (Al-12% Si) was prepared and used
the specimens were quenched and heat treated in distilled water, food oil, machine oil (0.2 –
1.4_wt% concentrations of poly vinyl alcohol. The specimens were characterised for X-ray
diffraction, microstructure, hardness and wear rate.
From the results it has been concluded that he Al-Si alloy with (0.6)wt% PVA had
maximum hardness and slight decrease the wear rate. And maximum decrease in the wear
rate when (1.2)wt% PVA was compared to the reference cast alloy, polymer quench ants
affect positively decrease wear rate of eutectic Al-Si alloy over the traditional quenching
media.
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Table 4: explains the effect of different quenching media on the hardness and wear rate of the
eutectic Al-Si alloy.
Quenching Media Brinell Hardness Wear Rate

Number (*10-9)
(BHN) (cm3/cm)
Reference cast alloy 77.305 12.6
Distilled Water 90.42 22.482
Food oil 52.63 15.946
Machine oil 42.78 15.782
0.2 % PVA 88.693 34.189
0.4 % PVA 80.455 12.483
0.6 % PVA 96.286 11.323
0.8 % PVA 72.782 11.599
1.0 % PVA 74.596 25.849
1.2 % PVA 60.148 8.672
1.4 % PVA 91.835 15.741
M. Riaz et al.,(2014) have done A study on the mechanical properties of S45C medium type
carbon steel specimens under lathe machining and quenching conditions.
From experimental process they determined the nature and behaviour of many
materials under study. In the experimental work there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of
medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon. Quench media both water and iso rapid
oil that were selected. Substantial change in mechanical properties when material quenched
in water as compared to isorapid oil.
Table5: Results for stress, strain, and percentage elongation (430 RPM & 860 RPM/Water
quenching)
No Machining speed Temp (0C) Stress (MPa) Strain (%) % Elongation

(RPM)
1 430 & 860 200 637 31.050 10.364
2 430 & 860 300 596 28.850 9.2285
3 430 & 860 400 599 28.525 9.8005
4 430 & 860 500 673 27.220 8.9875
5 430 & 860 600 657 30.100 10.467
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Graph: 15 Graph:16
STRESS Vs TEMPERATURE STRAIN Vs TEMPERATURE
S.B.Hassan et al., ((2013) Investigated the Evaluation of khaya seed oil (mahoganyoil) as
quenchant in the hardening process of plain carbon steel.
The main objective of their work was khaya seed oil as a quenchant for hardening
process of 0.34% C plain carbon steel was investigated. Compared to water and SAE engine
oil quenched properties of plain carbon steel in the annealed, normalized and quenched,
tempered conditions were also investigated. The samples heated to 8700C, soaked and
quenched different media and also mechanical properties investigated.
Based on results khaya seed oil hardness value less than that of water but higher
hardness value than that of SAE 40 engine oil. Khaya seed oil improved toughness of PCS
and high impact energy values than water. Khaya seed oil used for hardening process in
PCS properties in between that of water and SAE 40 engine oil.
Table 6: Details of Plain Carbon steel different heat treatment and its Micro structure
Heat treatment Microstructure

As-received Pearlite in ferrite matrix
Normalized A highly pearlitic matrix
Annealed An essentially ferritic matrix
Water quenched A martensitic with retained austenite
Khaya oil Higher level martensite present with some

retained
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Engine oil austenite and little bainite
Quenched in Khaya oil and tempered (350°) Martensite present, retain austenite and slight
increase in bainite Tempered martensite
structure
Fig24: Microstructure of As-received Fig25: Mirostructure Normalized PCS

Plain Carbon Steel. The structure Reveals The structure Consists of Ferrite (white) in
Pearlite (dark) in Ferrite (white) Martrix x500 Pearlite (dark) Matrix x500.
Fig 26: Microstructure of Annealed Fig 27:Microstructure of PCS

PCS. The structure Reveals a Ferrite (white) Quenched in water. The structure
Matrix x500. Reveals a Martensitic and
retained Austenite x500
Fig 28: Microstructure of PCS Fig 29 :Microstructure of PCS

Quenched in SAE 40 Engine oil.The structure Quenched in Khaya Oil. The Structure
Reveals Martensite, Retained Austenite, and Consists of little Bainite, with some
Slight increase in Bainite x500 Retained Austenite and a Higher % of
Martensite x500.
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Fig 30: Microstructure of Plain Carbon Steel Hardened in Khaya Oil and Tempered at 350°.
The Structure Reveals Tempered Martensite x500.
CONCLUSION:Based on the observations from various research papers the mechanical

properties and micro structures of the metal alloys can be improved with different quenching
media at varying temperature and time. These observations when implemented on I. C.
Engine piston head, the material could show better fatigue strength.
REFERENCES
1. M. Sakthivel, A.G. Ganesh kumar, P. Raja, M.Muthuvel, “Evaluation of EN8 Steel in
Different Quenching Medium” , Vol 4, Article 09297 September 2013.
2. Oghenevweta Erhuvwu Joseph*, Asuke Ferdinand, “Hardening and characterisation of 0.45%C
steel using clay/water media as quenchant”, 2015; 4(1) : 59-64 Published online February 11,
2015(http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijmsa) doi:10.648/j.ijmsa.20150401.21
ISSN:2327-2635 (print); ISSN:2327-2643(online)
3. Joshua T.O, Alao O.A, Oluyori R.T, “Effects of various Quenching media on the mechanical
properties of Inter – Critically Annealed 0.267% C – 0.83% Mn Steel”, International Journal of
Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-3 Issue-6, August 2014.
4. Alabi Abdulmumin A , ObiAnthony I., Yawas Danjuma S., Samotu Ibraheen A, Stephen Sam I.
M. “Effect of Water temperature on the Mechanical Properties of water Quenched Medium Carbon
Steel”, Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy ISSN 2224-3232 (paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (on
line) Vol.2, No.4, 2012.
5. AlimSaburAjibola1, DurowojuMondiu Olayinka and Salawudeen Taofeek Olalekan,
and microstructural analysis of as-cast and heat treated aluminimum alloy”, (Al-20% wt
“Production
Mg) Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3 (4): 2196-2203. ISSN :0976-8610 CODEN
(USA): AASRFC.
6. Dr. Jassim Mohammed Salman Al-Murshdy, Mr.Haydar Swary Rahi Al-Garawi, “The
Eeefect of Heat Treatments, Polymer quenching and Additions (Zr and Ng) On Mechanical
Properties of (6061) Aluminium alloy”, The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering,
Vol.14, No1, 2014.
7. M Dauda, L. S. Kuburi, D. O. Obada, and R . I. Mustapha, “Effects of Various Quenching
Media on Mechanical properties of annealed 0.509 Wt%C -0.178Wt% Mn Steel” Nigerian
Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 34 No.3, July 2015, pp.506-512, ISSN: 0331-
8443.
8. Daniel Komatsu, Elki Cristina Souza, Easter Carvalho de Souza, Lauralice de Campos
Franceschini Canale, George Eaward Totten, “Effect of Antioxidants and corrosion Inhibitor
Additives on the Quenching Performance of soybean oil”, Strojniski vestnik – Journal of
Mechanical Engineering 56 (2010)2, 121-130.
9. O.K Abubakre, U.P. Mamki and R. A Muriana, “ Investigation of Quenching Properties of
Selected Media on 6061 Aluminium alloy”, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization
& Engineering, Vol8, No.4, pp 303-315,2009.
10. Nikolai Ivanovich Kobasko – Ester Carvalho de Souza, Lauralice de compos Franceshini
Canale – George Edward Totten, “Vegetable oil Quenchants : Calculation and Comparison of
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ISSN: 2278 – 7798
the Cooling Properties of a Series of vegetable Oils”, Strojniski vestnik – Journal of
Mechanical Engineering 56(2010)2, 131-142. UDC 621.785
11. Mr. Rajkumar Shinde, Dr. Dinesh rao, “Influence of Petroleum and Biodegradable
Quenchants on Properties of medium carbon Steels”, ISSN: 2278 – 7798, International Journal of
Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2, Issue 11.
12. Kahtan K. Al-Khazraji, Waleed A. Hanna, Osama S. Muhammed, “Study the Effect of
Polymeric Quenching on Wear Resistance of Eutectic Modified aluminium – silicon
Alloy”, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 10, No.10, pp.941-958, 2011.
13. M. Riaz, N. Atiquah, “A Study on the Mechanical Properties of S45C Medium type
Carbon Steel specimens Under Lathe machining and Quenching Conditions”,
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN:
2321-7308.
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Cleaning system in Industrial applications”,
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Totten, Lauralice C.F. Canale, "Effect of Soybean Oil and Palm Oil Oxidation Stability on
the Variation of Heat Transfer Coefficients and Residual Stress”.
16. Sani. A. Salihu, “The Influance of Garlic (alluium Sativum) oil as Quenching Medium for
Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon Steel”,International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 5 Issue 4, April-2014 1522 ISSN 2229-5518.
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Carbon Steel (St 35)”, Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 07, No. 01, pp.109-118,
March 2014, ISSN 1999-8716.
18. Lauralice de Campos Franceschini Canale, Gustavo Sanchez Sarmiento, George Edward
Totten, Renata Neves Penhas, “Effect of Vegetable oil Oxidation on the ability to Harden
AISI 4140 Steel”, J. Mat. Eng. and Perf., 8, (4), p. 409-416. 1999.
19. Vivek Tiwary, Adarsh Patil Zuber Mulla Chandrashekhar I. Bha, “Prediction of quech severity of
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oil) as Quenchant in the Hardening process of Plain Carbon Steel”,
http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm Volume 14. Number 1. May 2013 (Spring)
Research Scholar, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
Associate Professor, Dept; of Mechanical Engineering, RVRJC, Guntur, AP
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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)

PROPERTIES OF AL ALLOYS – REVIEW

M. MARUTHI RAO1, Dr. N.V.V.S SUDHEER2,

Research Scholar, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, AP, India.

Associate Professor, Dept; of Mechanical Engineering, RVRJC, Guntur, AP, India.

Table No.1: Hardness Reading.

Effect of Heat Treatment On Microstructure

Fig. 1 Microstructure of Received material Fig.2 Microstructure of Air quenched material

Fig.3 Microstructure of Oil (open) quenched Fig.4 Microstructure of oil (Closed)quenched

Table 2. Mechanical properties of the as-quenched 0.45%C steel.

Quenchants Hardne Yield Tensile Izod Specific

Their experimental work consisted of finding mechanical properties of medium

Their experimental work estimated hardness and impact strength of water

Graph 1:Effect of Water Temperature Hardness of the Quenched Steel Samples

Based on the results on improvement on corrosion resistance in 3.5% Nacl solution

Based on results the following conclusions can be drawn.

Table 3: Tensile test results of 6061 aluminum quenched in different media:

Quenching Heat Solution UTS N/mm2 Yield Percentage

450 2 87.69 67.73 6.11

450 2 86.37 62.73 6.00

530 2 88.00 66.72 3.75

Palm Kernel 450 2 74.07 55.53 6.01

530 2 90.10 64.94 2.98

Fig16:Aluminum 6061 quenched in Fig17: Aluminum 6061 quenched in palm

Fig 18: Fig 19:

Fig 20: Fig 21:

Graph:9 YS Vs Quenching media Graph:10 T S Vs Quenching media

Graph:11 Hardness Vs Quenching media Graph:12 Hardness Vs Quenching media

Graph:13 % Reduction Vs Quenching media Graph:14 % Elongation Vs Quenching media

Fig :22 Fig :23

Quenching Media Brinell Hardness Wear Rate

No Machining speed Temp (0C) Stress (MPa) Strain (%) % Elongation

1 430 & 860 200 637 31.050 10.364

2 430 & 860 300 596 28.850 9.2285

3 430 & 860 400 599 28.525 9.8005

4 430 & 860 500 673 27.220 8.9875

5 430 & 860 600 657 30.100 10.467

STRESS Vs TEMPERATURE STRAIN Vs TEMPERATURE

Heat treatment Microstructure

Normalized A highly pearlitic matrix

Annealed An essentially ferritic matrix

Water quenched A martensitic with retained austenite

Khaya oil Higher level martensite present with some

Fig24: Microstructure of As-received Fig25: Mirostructure Normalized PCS

Fig 26: Microstructure of Annealed Fig 27:Microstructure of PCS

Fig 28: Microstructure of PCS Fig 29 :Microstructure of PCS

CONCLUSION:Based on the observations from various research papers the mechanical

Research Scholar, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

Associate Professor, Dept; of Mechanical Engineering, RVRJC, Guntur, AP

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