Title: Operational Amplifier and Basic Applications

Objective:
i. To measure DC and AC voltages in op-amp circuits.
ii. To measure and analyses the operation of op-amp circuits.
iii. To lead a group and/or to function as a team member.

Theory:

An operational amplifier, which is often called an op-amp, is a DC-coupled high-gain

electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output

Typically the op-amp's very large gain is controlled by negative feedback, which largely
determines the magnitude of its output ("closed-loop") voltage gain in amplifier applications,
or the transfer function required (in analog computers). High input impedance at the input
terminals (ideally infinite) and low output impedance at the output terminal(s) (ideally zero)
are important typical characteristics.

The main function of an op-amp is to sense the difference between the 2 inputs (inverting and
noon-inverting) as shown in figure 1 below:

Figure 1

Figure 2
When a feedback network connected to an ideal op-amp such as in figure 2 then the output
voltage is mainly governed by the external elements, Rf & R1.So when applying the KVL at
the inverting input, we can use amplification factor of (Rf/R1)

Where,

Figure 3- General-purpose amplifier

Result:

Table 1: Parameters value of inverting Amplifier

Parameters Value
V+ 5V
V- -5V
Ri 1kΩ
Rf 10kΩ
Vin 100mvVpp
Vout 1vVpp

Vi=1v 2V 3V 4V 5V
Ri=Rf
2KΩ -1.02 -1.93 -2.87 -4.00 -5.05
3KΩ -0.72 -1.35 -2.09 -2.74 -3.40
4.3KΩ -0.5 -1.01 -1.40 -1.89 -2.32
5.1KΩ -0.37 -0.80 -1.14 -1.59 -1.95
5.6KΩ -0.37 -0.70 -1.05 -1.42 -1.73
6.8KΩ -0.31 -0.60 -0.90 -1.20 -1.48
10KΩ -0.18 -0.39 -0.60 -0.80 -0.98

Vi=1v 2V 3V 4V 5V
Ri=Rf
2KΩ 1.00 1.93 2.88 4.02 5.04
3KΩ 0.71 1.36 2.08 2.73 3.42
4.3KΩ 0.51 1.01 1.43 1.88 2.33
5.1KΩ 0.39 0.79 1.12 1.59 1.95
5.6KΩ 0.58 0.69 1.05 1.40 1.79
6.8KΩ 0.30 0.62 0.90 1.20 1.48
10KΩ 0.17 0.39 0.59 0.81 0.99

The circuit initially constructed was shown in Figure 2, then student set the input
signal of 100mVp at 1kHz and amplified it by 10 times. At the same time, the inverting
operational amplifier was supplied by 10V (peak-peak) of direct-current voltage, in order to
function it.

Then, the experiment requests to amplify the input signal by 10 times. Hence, the
feedback resister, Rf and input resister, Ri needed is 10kΩ and 1kΩ respectively. This is
because the voltage gain of the amplifier was the ratio of Rf to Ri.
R F 10 k
= =10= A
Ri 1 k v

Others value of resistors also can be chosen, such as 2kΩ with 20kΩ, or 10kΩ with
100kΩ. Since the gain obtained from this resistors were the same, where Av = 10 depending
on the equation.

The frequency response graph was plotted in result sheet. From the graph, there were
middle frequency region and high frequency region. From the graph sketched, the limit of
frequency was in the high frequency region, which was almost 100 kHz.

For circuit as in Figure 3 the measurement value as in Table 3 was obtained. Then a
graph of output voltage against input voltage was plotted as in the result sheet, from the graph
the output voltage was decreased when the input voltage was increased when the input Vn1
was supply by 1V DC voltage and the Vp1 was grounded,. This is because the resister Rp1 and
Rpx were ignore in the circuit in Figure 1. This is due to no voltage across at the resister. So
the output voltage equation
Rf Rf Rf Rf
v o=− ( R n1
v n 1+
Rnx
v nx +
Rp1
v p1+ v
R px px )
Then we can be simplify it and become:

Rf
v o=− ( v
R n1 n 1 )
Thus, this final equation shows that the output voltage was decrease when input voltage was
increased. means that the output voltage measured when Vp1 grounded was correct.

In the other way, when theVn1 was grounded and voltage supplied to Vp1, the output
voltage was increase when the input voltage was increased. This is because when Vn1 was
grounded and voltage only supply to Vp1, hence the circuit became non-inverting amplifier.
Then Rn1 and Rpx were ignored in the circuit since no voltage across it. Therefore, the
equivalence circuit equation was

Rf
v o=( v
R n1 p 1 )
This shows that the output voltage was increased proportionally to the input voltage.

So, the output voltages when Vn1 and Vp1 grounded respectively obtain by total output
voltage were sum up. The output drawn in the graph was almost a horizontal linear line with
zero value because the output voltage get when Vn1 ground are almost same value for the
output obtained when Vp1 was grounded, but just in 180o out off phase or different
sign.Therefore the total output was zero same as result.

Conclusion:
1. The op-amp is basically a differential amplifier having a large voltage gain, very high
input impedance and low output impedance.
2. In operation of inverting amplifier, the output will move negative as the input signal
moves positive, and vice versa.
3. The amount of voltage change at the output relative to the input depends on the ratio
of the two resistors, which are input resistor and feedback resistor.
4.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com
Boylestad's Electronic Devices and Circuits, 10th edition.Pearson International Edition.