Chapter 2-Reservoir System

22/02/18
SKPP 3513 – PRODUCTION

ENGINEERING
Chapter 2: Reservoir System
Mohd Fauzi Hamid
N01a-18
07-5535616
fauzihamid@petroleum.utm.my
SKPP 3513: PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Learning Outcome
Students will able to:

 Understand the concept of IPR
 Differentiate the method used for calculating single phase
flow and two phase flow IPR
 Construct the IPR curve
 Identify the fluid phase for a particular given condition
CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (2) MOHD FAUZI HAMID
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Contents
 Productivity Index (PI)
 Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior
 Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
Fluid Inflow
 Fluid inflow is the flow of liquid from formation to the

bottom hole.
 The flow of liquids are affected by 4 main factors:
 Reservoir fluid properties (physical & chemical properties).
P, T, composition, etc.
 Physical & Geometrical properties of reservoir rocks. P, T,
composition, structure, over burden, cementing,
compaction, etc.
 Pressure differential (DP = Pf – Pw)
 Well geometry, spacing, production area @ Pf
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION (4) MOHD FAUZI HAMID
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Productivity Index (PI)

 The PI express the ability of production of the well.
 Provide a measure of the capability of a reservoir to deliver
fluids to the bottom of a wellbore for production.
 It defines the relationship between the surface production
rate and the pressure drop across the reservoir, known as
the drawdown.
q
PI  J  ……………………… (2-1)
Ps  Pwf
where:
PI = productivity index, STB/(day) (psi)
q = producing flow rate, STB/day
Ps = reservoir static pressure, psi
Pwf = flowing bottom hole pressure, psi
Productivity Index (ctd)

 For radial flow and strong water drive or gas cap reservoir
where flow tend to reach steady-state flow (from Eqn 1-3):
q 0.007082kh
PI  J   .………………. (2-2)
Ps  Pwf re
Bo m ln( )
rw
 PI will be a constant if m, Bo & k remain constant. A plot of P

vs q should be a straight line of slope -1/PI with an intercept
on the ordinate axis of Pe.
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Pe
Slope = - 1/PI
P
q
Productivity Index

 For pseudosteady-state flow (from Eqn 1-4) :
q 0.007082kh
PI  J   ………… (2-3)
Ps  Pwf B m (ln re  1 )
o
rw 2
 In terms of average reservoir pressure, Pavg or Pr:
q 0.007082kh
PI  J   ………… (2-4)
Pr  Pwf B m (ln re  3 )
o
rw 4
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 Again, provided the fluid and rock properties (m, B and k)
are constant, the PI should be constant, irrespective of the
degree of depletion. Thus, as for the steady state case, a
straight line relationship exists between P and q.
 For gas well:

qg 0.703k g h
PI  J   …… (2-5)
( Ps 2  Pwf 2 ) r
T ( m g z ) avg ln( e )
rw

 Where the gas flow rate, qg (MSCF/day):
k g h( Pe 2  Pw2 )
qg 
r
1422T ( m g z ) avg ln( e )
rw
 PI will remain constant if no change in the fluid and

reservoir properties. If a graph of P2 vs q is drawn, a
straight line should result of slope -1/PI.
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Pe2
Slope = - 1/PI
P2
Absolute Open Flow

Potential (AOFP)
qg qo
Gas well productivity relationship

 PI specific, PIs (STB/(day)(psi)(ft):
PI q
PI s  J s   ………… (2-6)
h h( Ps  Pwf )
Example 2.1
A field is drilled up on a 80-acre spacing. The reservoir pressure
(Ps) is 1000 psi, k = 50 md, h = 20 ft, m = 3 cp, Bo = 1.25 bbl/STB.
The wells are completed with 7-in casing. If the producing
pressure at the bottom of the well is 500 psi, (a) what is the
production rate of the well, (b) the PI, and (c) the specific PI.
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 If there is gas in fluid flow, the fluid is no longer
incompressible, PI not constant and this situation happen
when Ps < Pb. PI becomes:
dq ………… (2-7)
PI 
dPwf
 If there is water in oil flow (oil and water mix):
(q  qw ) ………… (2-8)
PI  o
( Ps  Pwf )

 For oil-water mix & radial flow (steady-state):
(qo  qw ) 0.007082h ko k
PI   (  w ) …… (2-9)
Ps  Pwf r
ln( e ) mo Bo m w Bw
rw
 For two production condition:
( PI )1 ( ko / mo Bo )1
 ……………….... (2-10)
( PI ) 2 ( ko / mo Bo ) 2
 To estimate the PI, Lewis & Horner equation can be used:
kh
PI  5.9*10 4 ( ) ……………….... (2-11)
mo Bo
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 Factors influencing PI.
 Production GOR
 Pressure depletion
 Cumulative Production
 Oil Saturation (So will affect the effective and relative permeability of
the fluid)
 Generally, PI will decrease with time & P because:

 Turbulence due to increasing of flow rate.
 Oil permeability decrease due to present of gas when P decrease
near the well bore.
 mo increase with pressure depletion below Pb.
 Permeability decrease due to formation compression.

 Future PI:
kro
( )
mo Bo f ………… (2-11)
PI f  PI p
k
( ro ) p
mo Bo
where:
1.8PI
PI p 
P
1  0.8( wf )
Pavg
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Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior

 HC reservoir fluid : complex mixture of HC molecules.
 Composition depend on:
 Source rock
 Maturation degree
 P&T
 Phase change from HPHT  cool & low pressure  effect to
performance
 Single phase in reservoir (liquid phase)
 Remains single phase (liquid) at wellbore (significant reduction
in P & small change in T @ flow in reservoir (single phase
region))
 Starts to evolve gas as T & P reduced @ flow up in tubing
(bubble point)
 Evolves increasing amount of gas until separator (two phase
region)
Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (ctd)
1. Single phase in reservoir (a)

2. Remains single phase liquid at wellbore (significant reduction in
P & small change in T @ flow in reservoir (a – b)
3. Starts to evolve gas as T & P reduced @ flow up in tubing (c)
4. Evolves increasing amount of gas (d-e) until separator (f)
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Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (ctd)

Possible Phase Changes in Production Flow System
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

 The IPR is defines as the functional relationship between the
production rate and the flowing bottom hole pressure.
 Always termed as “IPR Curve”; a plot of Pwf vs q (Pwf on
vertical axis and q on horizontal axis).
 From the definition of PI
q
Pwf  Ps 
PI
 Ps is constant, and if PI also assumed to be constant, the
relationship between Pwf & q is linear with a negative slope of
1/PI.
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IPR (ctd)
Slope = - 1/PI
Typical IPR Curve for Incompressible Fluid

IPR (ctd)
 When q = 0, Pwf = Ps (no flow).
 When Pwf = 0, q = Ps * PI = qmax
(absolute open flow potential – AOFP)
Ps
 AOFP is the maximum rate that the
Slope = - 1/PI
formation can deliver fluid to the
bore hole. Pwf
 The figure is a typical IPR curve for Absolute Open
flow potential
radial flow equation for single phase,
incompressible fluid.
 From the figure: q qmax
q
tan   max  PI
Ps
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Example 2-2
Given:
Permeability, k = 30 mD
Pay thickness, h = 40 ft
Average reservoir pressure, Pr = 3000 psi
Reservoir temperature, T = 200oF
Well spacing, A = 160 acres
Drilled hole size, D = 12 ¼ in (open hole)
Formation volume factor, B = 1.2 bbl/STB
Oil viscosity, m = 0.8 cp
Skin factor, St = 0
Calculate: Absolute Open Flow Potential and PI
Plot IPR curve.
IPR (ctd)
 For most well, IPR curve is not a linear relationship, because
PI decrease when q increase and pressure depleted.
 PI decrease with pressure depletion.
 This method (PI method) of predicting IPR is only can be used
for single phase flow (Ps > Pb). For solution gas reservoir at Ps
< Pb, Vogel method is applicable.
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IPR – Gas Flow

 Compressible fluid  IPR not straight line
 Can be derived from Darcy Law by using average properties
between reservoir & wellbore (low q):
q = C (Pr2 – Pwf2)
C = constant
 For higher flow rate due non-Darcy (turbulent flow) effect 
field observation  Bureau of Mines eq:
q = C (Pr2 – Pwf2)n
n = 0.5 – 1.0
 Log-log plot of q vs (Pr2 – Pwf2)  straight line with :
Slope = n
Intercept = C
 Standard test for gas well: measure Pwf at 4 production rate.
IPR – 2 Phase (Gas-Liquid) Flow

 Saturated reservoir
 Vogel equation for solution gas-drive wells can be used:
q/qmax = 1 – 0.2(Pwf/Pr) -0.8(Pwf/Pr)2
qmax = AOF (q @ Pwf = 0)
 If multirate test data available:
q/qmax = {1 – (Pwf/Pr)2}n
Plot log-log q vs (Pwf/Pr)2  straight line with slope = n

.
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Vogel’s Equation
 Introduced by Vogel in 1968 and recommended for solution
gas drive reservoir where Ps < Pb .
 Vogel’s Equation;
2
qo  Pwf   Pwf 
 1  0.2    0.8  
(qo )max  Ps   Ps 
qo  Pwf 
 Based on the equation, Vogel plot vs  
(qo ) max  Ps 
for solution gas drive reservoir.
 known as dimensionless IPR Curve of Vogel Chart, Vogel Equation
or Vogel Chart.
 can be used to predict the IPR of solution gas drive reservoir
Vogel’s Equation (ctd)

 This IPR curve can be generated if either the qmax and
reservoir pressure are known, or the reservoir pressure & a
flow rate and the corresponding bottom hole flowing
pressure are known.
 For either case, a buildup test for the reservoir pressure, and
a flow test with bottom hole gauge are required.
 Pwf 
 From the equation; if    0,
qo
1
 s 
P ( qo ) max
qo  Pwf 
and if  0,   1
(qo ) max  Ps 
 1   1  0.8 
(qo ) max  Ps   Ps 
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Example 2-3
 Given
qo = 300 BPD
Pwf = 1500 psi
Ps = 1800 psi
Determine:
(a) q maximum
(b) q @ Pwf = 1000 psi
by PI and Vogel methods.
Example 2-4
 Given
qo = 300 BPD
Pwf = 1500 psi
Ps = 1800 psi
Determine Pwf for qo = 600 BPD by PI and Vogel methods.
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Construction of IPR
 Based on Vogel Method, the data required are:
 Flow rate, q
 Bottom hole flowing pressure, Pwf
 Reservoir pressure, Ps.
 All these data can be obtained from:
 Production test
 Flow test
 PBU test
 The method of constructing the curve depend upon the
condition of well, i.e.
 Single phase flow
 Two phase flow: Ps < Pb and Ps > Pb
Single Phase Flow

 Determine PI: PI  q
( Ps  Pwf )
 Determine qmax : qmax = Ps * PI Ps
Slope = - 1/PI
 Plot graph of Pwf vs q
Pwf
 Pwf = Ps  q = 0
Absolute Open
 Pwf = 0  q = qmax flow potential
 The plot will produce a straight

line q qmax
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Two Phase Flow

 There are three methods depend upon the Ps, Pwf, and Pb.
1) Ps < Pb
2) Ps > Pwf > Pb
3) Ps > Pb > Pwf
(1) Ps < Pb
 Determine (qo)max from Vogel Equation
2
 1  0.2    0.8  
(qo ) max  Ps   Ps 
qo
(qo ) max  2
 Pwf   Pwf 
1  0.2    0.8  
 Ps   Ps 
 If production test data is not available, qo can be estimated
from Darcy equation, and (qo)max from:
qo Ps PI * Ps
(qo ) max   Derivation-1
1.8( Ps  Pwf ) 1.8
0.007082kh( Pr  Pwf )
q
r 3
Bo m (ln e  )
rw 4
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Derivation - 1
2
 1  0.2    0.8  
(qo ) max  Ps   Ps 
 Pwf  Pwf   Ps  Pwf  Pwf 
 1  1  0.8    1  0.8 
 Ps  Ps   Ps  Ps 
   
   
qo Ps  1   PI * P  1 
(qo ) max 
( Ps  Pwf )    
s
Pwf Pwf
 1  0.8   1  0.8 
 Ps   Ps 
If Pwf to tend to Ps (with small drawdown – at initial stage)
qo Ps PI * Ps
(qo ) max  
1.8( Ps  Pwf ) 1.8
Back
(1) Ps < Pb (ctd)
 Assume a numbers of Pwf (from 0 to

Ps), determine q from Vogel Eqn or
Vogel’s Reference IPR
Ps
 Plot graph of Pwf vs qo
 Pwf = Ps  qo = 0 Pwf
 Pwf = 0  qo = (qo)max
 The plot will produce a curve
q qmax
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
qo  (qo ) max 1  0.2    0.8   

  Ps   Ps  
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(2) Ps > Pb
 IPR curve will have two parts:
 Ps > Pwf > Pb  a straight line 4000
 Pwf < Pb  a curve 3500
3000
 Considered as generalized IPR –
2500
a combination of the PI method
Pwf(psi)
above the bubble point 2000
pressure and Vogel’s IPR below 1500

the bubble point pressure. 1000
500
 Two situations:
0
 Given Pwf > Pb 0 50

q(BPD)
100 150 200
 Given Pwf < Pb
(2) Ps > Pb (ctd)
qb  PI ( Ps  Pb )
 qPb  PI * P
qv    b
 1.8  Ps  Pwf 
 1.8

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(2-1) Pwf > Pb

 Mark the point Ps @ q = 0, and Pwf @ given q. Connect the
two points with a straight line.
 Determine qb from above plot or from equation
qb = PI(Ps – Pb)
 qPb   PI * Pb 
 Determine qmax from: qmax     qb     qb
 1.8  Ps  Pwf    1.8 
 
 Assume a numbers of Pwf (0 to Pb) and determine q from:
2
(q  qb )  Pwf   Pwf 
 1  0.2    0.8   Other Form
(qmax  qb )  Pb   Pb 
 Plot Pwf vs q.   Pwf  
2
PI * Pb  Pwf 
q  qb  1  0.2    0.8   
1.8   Pb   Pb  
2
(q  q b ) P   Pwf 
 1  0.2  wf   0.8  
(q max  q b )  Pb   Pb 
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
q  q b  (q max  q b ) 1  0.2    0.8   

  Pb   Pb  
 qPb  PI * Pb
but (q max  q b )  q v    
 1.8  Ps  Pwf   1.8
    Pwf  
2
qPb  Pwf 
q  q b    1  0.2    0.8   
 1.8  Ps  Pwf     Pb   Pb  
PI * Pb   Pwf   Pwf  
2
q  qb  1  0.2    0.8   
1.8   Pb   Pb   Back
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(2-2) Pwf < Pb

 Determine qb from equation
  Pb    Pwf   Pwf  
2
qb  q 1    1  0.2    0.8   
 1.8( Ps  Pwf )    Pb   Pb  

 qPb 
Determine qmax from: qmax  q
 1.8  Ps  Pwf   b

 
 Assume a numbers of Pwf (0 to Pb) and determine q from:

2
(q  qb )  Pwf   Pwf 
 1  0.2    0.8  
(qmax  qb )  Pb   Pb 
 Plot Pwf vs q + a straight line from Pb to Ps.
PI * Pb   Pwf   Pwf  
2
q  qb  1  0.2    0.8   
1.8
  Pb   Pb  
4000
Ps
3500
3000
Pwf(psi)
2500
2000
Pb
1500
1000
500
qb
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
q(BPD) qmax
Typical Composite IPR Curve
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Example 2-5
 The Pulai No 1 was tested for eight hours at a rate of about 38
STB/day. Wellbore flowing pressure is 585 psi. After shutting
the well in for 24 hours, the bottomhole pressure reached a
static value of 1125 psi. Calculate:
1. Productivity index, PI
2. Absolute open hole flowing potential
3. Oil flow rate for a wellbore flowing pressure of 350 psi
4. Wellbore flowing pressure required to produce 60 STB/day
Draw the IPR curve, indicating the calculated quantities.
Example 2-5: Solution
1200
Example 2-5
Pwf (psi) q(BPD) 1000
1125 0 800
Pwf(psi)
100 72.2
800 22.9 600
585 38.0
400 51.0 400
350 54.6
200 65.1 200
0 79.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
q (STB/day)
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Example 2-6
 A discovery well, Tanjung No. 3, was tested in the T-9 Sand at
a rate of 200 STB/day with a bottomhole flowing pressure of
3220 psi. The estimated bubble point pressure of 4020 psi
indicates that the well is draining saturated oil, since the
static pressure was 4000 psi.
Plot the IPR using the Vogel equation.

 Vogel Equation:
2
 1  0.2    0.8  
(qo )max  Ps   Ps 
qo
(qo ) max  2
P  P 
1  0.2  wf   0.8  wf 
 Ps   Ps 
200
(qo )max  2
 624STB / day
 3220   3220 
1  0.2    0.8  
 4000   4000 
 Calculate several rates at specific drawdown to have enough

points to plot IPR
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Example 2-6: Solution (ctd)
4500
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Ps) (Pwf/Ps)2 q(BPD) Example 2-6
4000 1 1 0 4000
3750 0.9375 0.8789 68 3500

3500 0.8750 0.7656 133
3250 0.8125 0.6602 193 3000
Pwf(psi)
3000 0.7500 0.5625 250 2500
2750 0.6875 0.4727 302
2000
2500 0.6250 0.3906 351
2250 0.5625 0.3164 396 1500
2000 0.5000 0.2500 437
1000
1750 0.4375 0.1914 474
1500 0.3750 0.1406 507 500
1250 0.3125 0.0977 536 0
1000 0.2500 0.0625 562 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
750 0.1875 0.0352 583
500 0.125 0.0156 601
q(BPD)
250 0.0625 0.0039 614
0 0 0.0000 624
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
qo  624 1  0.2    0.8   

  4000   4000  
Example 2-7
Given:
Static reservoir pressure, psi = 3620
Bubble point pressure, psi = 1825
Bottomhole flowing pressure, psi = 1980
Production rate, BPD = 108
1. Determine the Productivity Index that is valid if Pwf > Pb.

2. Calculate the oil rate if Pwf = Pb.
3. Calculate the maximum oil rate.
4. Plot IPR
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 Ps > Pwf > Pb:
q 108
1) PI: PI  ( )  0.066 BPD / psi
Ps  Pwf 3620  1980
2) qb = PI(Ps – Pb) = 0.066(3620 – 1825) = 118.5 BPD
qPb (108)(1825)
3) qmax: qmax   qb   118.5  185.3BPD
1.8( Ps  Pwf ) 1.8(3620  1980)
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
qo  (qmax  qb ) 1  0.2    0.8     qb

4) IPR:   Pb   Pb  
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
qo  (185.3  118.5) 1  0.2    0.8     118.5

(66.8)   1825   1825  
OR
q 108
1) PI: PI  ( )  0.066 BPD / psi
Ps  Pwf 3620  1980
2) qb = PI(Ps – Pb) = 0.066(3620 – 1825) = 118.5 BPD

PI * Pb  Pwf   Pwf  
2
3) IPR: q  q b  1  0.2    0.8   

1.8
  Pb   Pb  
(0.066) * (1825)   Pwf  
2
  Pwf  
q o  118.5  1  0.2    0.8   
1.8 
  1825   1825   

  P   P
2
 
q o  118.5  66.9 1  0.2  wf   0.8  wf  

  1825   1825  
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22/02/18
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Pb) (Pwf/Pb)2 q(BPD)

4000
Example 2-7
3620 0 3500
1825 1 1.0000 119
3000
1650 0.9041 0.8174 130
1500 0.8219 0.6755 138 2500
Pwf(psi)
1250 0.6849 0.4691 151
2000
1000 0.5479 0.3002 162
750 0.411 0.1689 171 1500
500 0.274 0.0751 178 1000

250 0.137 0.0188 182
0 0 0.0000 185 500
0
  Pwf   Pwf   0
2
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
qo  (qmax  qb ) 1  0.2    0.8     qb q(BPD)
  Pb   Pb  
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
qo  (185.3  118.5) 1  0.2    0.8     118.5

(66.8)   1825   1825  
Example 2-8
Given:
Bubble point pressure, psi = 1200
1. Plot IPR
2. Determine well potential
3. Determine Pwf required if qo is 800 BPD
26
22/02/18

 Ps > Pb > Pwf: Determine qb:
 Pb   Pwf   Pwf  
2
qb  q 1  1  0.2    0.8   
 1.8( Ps  Pwf )   Pb   Pb  

 1200 
  900   900  
2

qb  600 1  1  0.2    0.8     412BPD
 1.8(1750  900) 
  1200   1200  
 Determine qmax:
qPb 600*1200
qmax   qb   412  883BPD
1.8( Ps  Pwf ) 1.8(1750  900)
 Calculate several rates at specific drawdown to have enough

points to plot IPR  P  P  
2
qo  (qmax  qb ) 1  0.2    0.8     qb

wf wf
  b 
P  b  
P
OR
q 600
1) PI: PI  ( )  0.706 BPD / psi
Ps  Pwf 1750  900
PI * Pb   Pwf  
 Pwf
2
2) qb : q b  q 1  0.2 
  0.8   
1.8 
  Pb
 Pb  
0.706 *1200   900  
2
  900  
q b  600  1  0.2    0.8     411.73BPD
1.8 
  1200   1200  
(0.706) * (1200)   Pwf  

2
  Pwf  
3) IPR: q o  411.73  1  0.2  1200   0.8  1200  
1.8 
     

  P   P  
2

q o  412  471 1  0.2  wf   0.8  wf  

  1200   1200  
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22/02/18

2000
Example 2-8
1800
1600
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Pb) (Pwf/Pb)2 q(BPD) 1400
1200
1200 1 1 412
Pwf(psi)
1000
1000 0.8333 0.6944 543
800
800 0.6667 0.4444 653
600 0.5 0.2500 742 600
400 0.3333 0.1111 810 400
200 0.1667 0.0278 857 200
0 0 0.0000 883 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
q(BPD)
qo  (qmax  qb ) 1  0.2    0.8     qb
  Pb   Pb  
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
(ii) Well Potential = qmax = 883 BPD
qo  (883  412) 1  0.2    0.8     412
(471)   1200   1200   (iii) Pwf @ q = 800 BPD:
from IPR, Pwf =
Fetkovich Method
 Multipoint back pressure test of gas wells is a common
procedure to establish the performance curve of gas wells or
deliverability.
 Fetkovich applied these tests on oil well and found that oil
well producing below the bubble point pressure behave just
like gas well.
 The general conclusion from the backpressure tests:
q  PI '( Ps2  Pwf2 )n

where:
 PI’ is the productivity index, the exponent “n” was found to be
between 0.5 and 1.0.
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22/02/18
Fetkovich Method (ctd)
 A plot of (Ps2 – Pwf2) vs q on log-log paper results in a straight line

with slope 1/n. [q vs (Ps2 – Pwf2) with slope n]
 This equation often referred to as the backpressure equation.
 The equation was derived from Evinger and Muskat for two
phase radial flow:
(7.08kh)
q f ( P )dP
re
ln( )
rw
kro
f ( P) 
mo B0
Example 2-8-1
Given:
1. Plot IPR when n = 1.0

2. Plot IPR when n = 0.5
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22/02/18
Example 2-8-1: Solution

(a) n = 1.0: [(b) n = 0.5]:
q  PI '( Ps2  Pwf2 ) n

q 1020 BPD
PI '  
( P  Pwf )
2
2 1.0
s (2000 psi ) 2  1400 psi 2 
1.0
 
 5 x 10 bbl /( day )( psi)   0.7141 
4 2
q  5 x 104 bbl /( day )( psi) 2  2000 psi   Pw2f 

2
 
 5 x 104  4 x 106   Pwf2  BPD
 0.7141  4 x 106   Pw2f 

0.5
BPD
Example 2-8-1: Solution (ctd)
2500
Pwf(psi) Example 2-8-1
2000
Pwf (psi) q(BPD) Pwf (psi) q(BPD)

2000 0 2000 0
1500 875 1500 944.67 1500
1200 1280 1200 1142.56
1000 1500 1000 1236.86
800 1680 800 1308.97 1000
600 1820 600 1362.42
400 1920 400 1399.34
200 1980 200 1421.04 500
0 2000 0 1428.20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
q(BPD)
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22/02/18
Prediction of Future IPR

 One of the method used to predict future IPR is Standing
Method. Develop by Standing based on Vogel Equation.
 Standing rewrote Vogel Equation as:
q Pwf Pwf
 (1  )(1  0.8 )
qmax Ps Ps
q q Pwf
 ( max )(1  0.8 )
Ps  Pwf Ps Ps
q Pwf
PI  ( max )(1  0.8 )
Ps Ps ……………. (1)
 Let PI* be the initial value of PI (the PI for small drawdown.
Allowing Pwf to tend to Ps:
Prediction of Future IPR (ctd)

1.8qmax ………….. (2)
PI *  ( )
Ps
 Equation (1) & (2):
1.8PI
PI * 
P
(1  0.8 wf )
Ps
 Vogel equation & (2): produce an equation for future IPR
 
2
 PI *f *( Ps ) f  Pwf   Pwf 
qf  
  1  0.2    0.8   
 1.8    ( Ps ) f   ( Ps ) f  

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22/02/18

 where:
 ( kro / mo Bo ) f 
PI *f  PI *p  
 ( kro / mo Bo ) p 
n
 s s 
kro   o or 
1  sor  swi 

 procedure:
q  (q )    Pwf 
i. PI: PI    o max  1  0.8  
Ps  Pwf  Ps    Ps  
ii. PI*p : 1.8* PI

PI *p 
 Pwf 
1  0.8 
 Ps 
 (kro / mo Bo ) f 
n
iii. PI*f :  s  sor 

PI  PI 
* *
 (kro )   o 
 (kro / mo Bo ) p  1  sor  swi 
f p
PI *f *( Ps ) f  
2
iv. IPR :  P   Pwf 
qf  1  0.2  wf   0.8   
1.8   (P ) 
  s f   ( Ps ) f  
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22/02/18
Example 2-9
 Production test data for a well are as follows:
Parameter 2017 2027
Static reservoir pressure, psig 3000 2000

Bottomhole flowing pressure, psig 2500 -
Buble point pressure, psig 3500 -
Production rate, BPD 5000 -
Oil saturation, % 60 45
Residual oil saturation, % 20 15
Initial water saturation, % 10 30
Oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB 1.3 1.01

Oil viscosity, cp 0.8 0.8
Gas liquid ratio, MCF/STB 0.8 0.8
Oil specific gravity, oAPI 30 30
Gas specific gravity 0.6 0.6
Example 2-9 (ctd)

i. Construct IPR Curve for the year of 2017 and 2027.
ii. Determine well potential for the year of 2017 and 2027.
iii. Determine the bottomhole flowing pressure if the well should
produced 14000 BPD in 2017.
iv. Determine production rate in 2027 if the bottomhole flowing
pressure is 750 psig.
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22/02/18

 For 2017: Ps<Pb – use Vogel Equation
qo
(qo ) max  2
P   Pwf 
1  0.2  wf   0.8  
 Ps   Ps 
5000
(qo ) max  2
 18, 000 BPD
 2500   2500 
1  0.2    0.8  
 3000   3000 
 Calculate several present rates at specific drawdown to have

enough points to plot 2017 IPR.
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
qo  (qo ) max 1  0.2    0.8   

  Ps   Ps  
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
qo  18000 1  0.2    0.8   

  3000   3000  
Present IPR Curve

Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Ps) (Pwf/Ps)2 q(BPD)
2017 IPR
3000 1 1 0
3500
2750 0.9167 0.8403 2600
2500 0.8333 0.6944 5000 3000
2250 0.75 0.5625 7200
2000 0.6667 0.4444 9200 2500
1750 0.5833 0.3403 11000 2017 IPR
Pwf(psi)
1500 0.5 0.2500 12600 2000
1250 0.4167 0.1736 14000

1500
1000 0.3333 0.1111 15200
750 0.25 0.0625 16200 1000
500 0.1667 0.0278 17000
250 0.0833 0.0069 17600 500
100 0.0333 0.0011 17864
0 0 0 18000 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
q(BPD)
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
qo  (qo ) max 1  0.2    0.8   

  Ps   Ps  
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22/02/18

 To predict future IPR, use Standing Approach:
 (q )    Pwf   18000   2500  
PI   o max  1  0.8    1  0.8  3000    10
 Ps    Ps   3000   
1.8* PI 1.8*10
PI *p    10.8
 Pwf   (2500) 
 1  0.8   1  0.8 
 Ps   (3000) 
 (kro / mo Bo ) f 
PI *f  PI *p  
 (kro / mo Bo ) p 
n 4
where  s  sor   0.45  0.15 
(kro ) f   o      0.0885
1  sor  swi  f 1  0.15  0.3 
n 4
 s  sor   0.60  0.20 
(kro ) p   o     0.1066
1  sor  swi  p 1  0.20  0.1

 (kro / mo Bo ) f   (0.0885 /(0.8 x1.01)) 
PI *f  PI *p    10.8    11.53
 (kro / mo Bo ) p   (0.1066 /(0.8 x1.3)) 
PI *f *( Ps ) f  
2
 P   Pwf 
qf  1  0.2  wf   0.8   
1.8   (P ) 
  s f   ( Ps ) f  
11.53 * 2000  
2
 Pwf   Pwf 
qf  1  0.2    0.8   
1.8   2000   2000  
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
q f  12,811 1  0.2    0.8   

  2000   2000  
q f  12,8111  1*104 (Pwf )  2 *107 (Pwf )2 
35
22/02/18

 Calculate several future rates at specific drawdown to
have enough points to plot 2027 IPR.
Future IPR Curve
3500
Example 2-9
Pwf(psi)
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Ps) (Pwf/Ps )2 qf(BPD) 3000
2000 1 1 0 2500
1750 0.875 0.7656 2722
1500 0.75 0.5625 5124 2000 2017 IPR
1250 0.625 0.3906 7206
2027 IPR
1000 0.5 0.2500 8968 1500
750 0.375 0.1406 10409
500 0.25 0.0625 11530
1000
250 0.125 0.0156 12331
0 0 0.0000 12811
500
PI *f *( Ps ) f  
2
 P   Pwf 
qf  1  0.2  wf   0.8   
1.8   (P ) 0
  s f   ( Ps ) f   0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
q f  12,8111  1*104 (Pwf )  2 *107 (Pwf )2  q(BPD)

Predicting Future IPR by Fetkovich Method

 From Muskat: PI at any specific time is related to the PI at other
time:
PI1  (kro / mo Bo )1 
 
PI 2  (kro / mo Bo ) 2 
 Fetkovich: kro is linear towards the pressure:
kro @ Ps Ps

kroi Psi
 From backpressure equation:
q  PI '( Ps2  Pwf2 )n …………. (1)
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22/02/18
Predicting Future IPR by Fetkovich Method (ctd)

 Based on these three equations:
Ps 2
q  PI '
( Ps  Pwf2 ) n
Psi
OR: q  PI ' Ps 2 ( P 2  P 2 ) n ………… (2)
1 s2 wf
Ps1
 Determine PI’ by backpressure equation.

 Find the relationship q vs Pwf by Eqn. (2)
 Assume a numbers of Pwf, and use Eqn (2) to find q vs Pwf at
specific Ps.
 Plot Pwf vs q.
Example 2-10
Given:
Static reservoir pressure = 3000 psi
Bubble point pressure = 3000 psi
Flowing bottom hole pressure = 2000 psi
Production rate = 500 BPD
If n=1.0, construct IPR when static reservoir pressure decline to

2000 psi.
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22/02/18
Predicting Future IPR by Simple Method

 Collect several PI data from wells which known Ps.
 Plot PI/(PI)i vs Ps. (PI)i = PI at early stage of production PI @ Pi).
 Find the best straight line.
 For any specific value of Ps, find PI.
 Based on the obtained PI, future IPR curve can be plotted using
previous methods.
Determination of PI or IPR at Field

 Field determination is depend on the conditions of the well.
a) Simple Case.
 Data required are Pwf, q and Ps.
 Shut-in well for 24 – 72 hours  PBU
 With pressure gauge at bottom, flow the well at lowest q and

record Pwf (stable – may be 24 hours)
 Flow the well at highest rate and record Pwf (as step 2)
 Repeat for another flow rate  minimum 3 reading
 Ps from pressure buildup test.
 PI can be determine by method explained earlier.
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22/02/18
Determination of PI or IPR at Field (ctd)

b) Special Case
 For well without packer.
 During production, some of the gas will come out and

accumulated at the top of the annulus.
 At equilibrium,
Pwf = Pc + pressure due to gas column

 Gilbert:
Pressure due to gas column = PcD1.5/100 psia
Pwf = Pc(1+D1.5/100 ) psia
where Pc = casing head pressure, psia

D = tubing depth, per 1000 ft
Example 2-11
Given:
Tubing depth = 3000 ft
q = 42 BPD @ Pc = 550 psig
= 66 BPD @ Pc = 320 psig
By assuming constant PI, determine:
1. PI
2. Ps
3. Well potential
39
22/02/18
 D1.5   31.5 
Pwf  Pc 1    565 1    595 psia  580 psig
 100   100 
 Pwf = 580 psig @ q = 42 BPD
 D1.5   31.5 
Pwf  Pc 1    335 1    353 psia  338 psig
 100   100 
 Pwf = 338 psig @ q = 66 BPD

Pwf (psig)
1000
 From the plot:
 PI = 100/1000 = 0.1 BPD/psi
580  Ps = 1000 psig
 qmax = 100 BPD
338
0 42 66 100 q (BPD)
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22/02/18
IPR – Method Selection

 Dissolved Gas Drive Reservoir
 Above Pb:
• Constant GOR - No gas breaking out of solution and no
interfering with oil flow.
• PI method is applicable
 Below Pb:
• Gas break out of solution & impedes the oil flow
• Vogel method
IPR – Method Selection (ctd)

 Water Drive Reservoir
 Has:
• Constant producing GOR
• Pr is maintained by water influx
• No gas breaking out of solution
• PI method can be used.
 However, if water influx rate is exceeded, then the reservoir
will perform like a dissolved gas drive reservoir, therefore
Vogel method will be applicable .
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22/02/18
IPR – Method Selection (ctd)

 Gas Cap Drive Reservoir
 Wells producing from the oil column below the GOC
• Produce with a constant GOR
• PI method can be used.
 But, after gas breaks through to a well, neither the PI nor a
vogel method is applicable. In most instances, the well
should be shut in after the gas cap break through in order to
conserve gas cap energy to produce down-structure well.
IPR – Method Selection Summary

 PI Method
 Use to evaluate dissolved gas-drive wells above the bubble
point
 Use to evaluate gas cap expansion drive wells prior to gas
cap break through
 Use to evaluate water drive wells before exceeding water
influx rate
 Vogel Method
 Use to evaluate dissolved gas drive wells below the bubble
point
 Use to evaluate water drive wells after water influx rate is
exceeded
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Gas Well Performance

 Gas well productivity determined with deliverability testing
 Two basic relationship in used:
• Rawlins & Schellhardt (empirical backpressure method)
• Houpeurt (theoretical )
 Deliverability test method:
• Flow-after-flow test (four-point test)
• Isochronal test
• Modified isochronal test
Gas Well Performance (ctd)

 Rawlins & Schellhardt’s deliverability eq:
qg = C (Ps2 – Pwf2)n
where: C = flow coefficient

n = deliverability exponent
non-Darcy: n = 0.5 – 1.0
Darcy flow: n = 1.0
 A plot of qg vs (Ps2 – Pwf2) on log-log paper results in a straight

line with slope 1/n.
 This equation often referred to as the backpressure equation
 IPR can be plotted by:
qg/qg max = [ 1 – (Pwf/Ps)2]n
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22/02/18

 Houpeurt relationship:
Deliverability eq:
Ps2 – Pwf2 = aqg + bqg2
where;
a = laminar flow coefficient
b = turbulence coefficient
From plot of (Ps2 – Pwf2 ) / qg vs qg (straight line)
a = intercept with y axis
b = slope

 OR:
a = 1422mzT[ln (re/rw) – ¾ + s] / kh
b = (1422mzT/kh)D
D = non-Darcy flow coefficient, D/Mscf
D = [2.715x10-15 b kMPsc] / hmgrwTsc
b = turbulence factor, ft-1: b = 1.88x1010k-1.47f-0.53

k = md
m = cp
Psc = standard pressure, psia
Tsc = standard temperature, oR
M = molecular weight, lbm/lbm-mole
f = porosity, fraction
s = skin factor
h = formation thickness, ft
44

Chapter 2-Reservoir System

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SKPP 3513 – PRODUCTION

SKPP 3513: PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

Students will able to: