CHAPTER 3

INDIRECT METHOD OF FORMATION EVALUATION

• BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT (INVASION PROFILE)

• QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION
 BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT (INVASION PROFILE)

Impact of Invasion on Resistivity Measurements:

• Where a hole is drilled into a formation, the rock plus

the fluids in it (rock-fluid system) are altered in the
vicinity of the borehole.

• Borehole and rock are contaminated by drilling mud

(INVASION).

• This affects logging measurements.

BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
 Resistivity of the zone
The definitions of each symbol used in Resistivity of the water in the zone
the Figure are listed as follows:
dh – hole diameter di – diameter of Water saturation in the zone
invaded zone (inner boundary flushed
zone) Rm
dj – diameter of invaded zone (outer Rs
boundary; invaded zone)
Δrj – radius of invaded zone (outer
boundary)
Rmc
hmc – thickness of mudcake Rt
Rm – resistivity of the drilling mud Rmc – Rxo Rw
resistivity of the mudcake Rmf –
Rmf
resistivity of mud filtrate Sw
Rs – resistivity of shale Sxo
Rt – resistivity of uninvaded zone (true Rs
resistivity)
Rw – resistivity of formation water
Rxo – resistivity of flushed zone
Sw – water saturation of uninvaded zone
Sxo – water saturation flushed zone
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT

Water
Saturation

Rzone

Rwater

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Core Samples

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Type of Coring

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Resistivity profiles around Borehole

• Formation water is typically saline and

normally has a low Rw.
• Water used in drilling mud may be
saline or fresh water has a high Rmf.
• The resistivity profile around a
borehole depends on whether the mud
uses fresh or saline water or is oil
based.

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Invasion
(Resistivity)
Profile

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Resistivity profiles
around Borehole

Logs typically measure three

resistivities:
• shallow (Rxo),
• intermediate (Ri) and
• deep (Rt)
– corresponding to the three
zones around the borehole.
The graph shows resistivity
profiles in rock filled with
saline water.

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 Annulus Zone
• An annulus profile is detected only by an
induction log run soon after a well is drilled.
However, it is very important to a geologist
because the profile can only occur in zones which
bear hydrocarbons.
• As the mud filtrate invades the hydrocarbon-
bearing zone, hydrocarbons move out first. Next,
formation water is pushed out in front of the mud
filtrate forming an annular (circular) ring at the
edge of the invaded zone.
• The annulus effect is detected by a relatively
lower resistivity values.

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 Resistivity profiles
around Borehole

The graph shows

resistivity profiles in rock
filled with oil

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 Qualitative Interpretation

Assessment of
Reservoir
properties
based on fluid
type form log
pattern

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Qualitative Interpretation

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Qualitative Interpretation

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Qualitative Interpretation

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 Qualitative Interpretation

• Invasion of a zone cannot occur unless

permeability exists.
• The separation of the medium (dotted) and
the deep (dashed) induction or the deep and
shallow laterolog curves indicates
permeability.
• The deflection of the SP curve from the shale
line may indicate permeability.
• The separation between the shallow (solid)
and the deep (dashed) on a dual induction/
laterolog can indicate water saturation.
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Qualitative Interpretation
Type of Coring

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Qualitative Interpretation

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Percussion Sidewall Coring

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Percussion Sidewall Coring

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