9.

DETAILED ENERGY BALANCE

Heat capacity data:

Nitrobenzene = 1.4 kj/kg.K

Hydrogen[5] = 6.62+ 0.00081T(K) cal/mol.K = 13.727+0.00168T kj/kg.K

Aniline[5] =1.415℮5 + 1.712℮2T j/kmol.K

Water in liquid phase[6] = (8.712 +1.25*10-3T -0.18*10-6T2)*R

Water in gas phase[6] = (3.470 + 1.45*10-3T+0.121/T2)*R

Energy balance for the Nitrobenzene vaporizer:

Heat in:

38
Nitrobenzene is at room temperature of 298 K.

So enthalpy in =0

Heat out:

Nitrobenzene is heated from 298 to 553.15 K

Enthalpy associated with Nitrobenzene =

m∫

+ m ∆Hv +∫

Enthalpy of vaporization of Nitrobenzene ∆Hv =33 kj/kg.

Enthalpy associated with Nitrobenzene = 40211.40421*∫

+40211.40421*33 +∫ kj/hr

=19631609.7 kj/hr

Heat supplied by the Vaporizer=enthalpy out-enthalpy in

=15690892.1+3940717.6

=19631609.7 kj/hr

Table 10:

Flow IN IN OUT

Heat supplied
Component Stream1A (kj/hr) (kj/hr) Stream1B (kj/hr)

Nitrobenzene 0 19631609.7 19631609.7

Hydrogen --- --- ---

Water --- --- 0

Aniline --- --- 0

Total (kg/hr) 0 19631609.7 19631609.7

39
Energy balance for the reactor:

Heat in:

Enthalpy in with Nitrobenzene=19631609.7kj/hr

Enthalpy in with Hydrogen= ∫
 kj/hr
=5925.82307*∫

=27939805.8 kj/hr

Total enthalpy in=19631609.7 +27939805.8 =47571415.5 kj/hr

Heat Generated :

Heat generated by reaction = 443 kj/mol=443000 kj/kmol

Total heat generated = 443000*326.632 = 144697976 kj/hr

40
Heat removed by Coolant :

The temperature in the reactor reaches an average peak temperature of 700 K due
to exothermic reaction.

∆Hf0298 of Aniline=31.3 kj/mol=31300 kj/kmol

Heat with Aniline =m∫ + m ∆Hv

= (42440+10-3 ∫ )*m

=14718691 kj/hr

Heat with Water= m ∫ + m ∆Hv

=m∫ +m∫ + m ∆Hv

=979.896*(40680+∫

+∫ )

=979.896*(40680+5692.6+11543.7) =979.896*57916.3

= 56751950.7 kj/hr
Heat with Hydrogen= m ∫
=3950.54871*∫

=26697609.23 kj/hr

Total enthalpy out due to products=14718691+56751950.7 +26697609.23

=98168250.93 kj/hr

Total heat removed by the Coolant

Total enthalpy in-total enthalpy out+total heat generated by the reaction

47571415.5 -98168250.93 +144697976

94101140.57 kj/kg

41
Table 11:

Flow IN OUT

Heat removed
Component Stream1B (kj/hr) Stream4 (kj/hr) Stream6 (kj/hr) Stream (kj/hr)

Nitrobenzene 19631609.7 --- --- ---

Hydrogen --- 27939805.8 26697609.23

Water --- --- 56751950.7

Aniline --- --- 14718691

TOTAL(kg/hr) 19631609.7 27939805.8 98168250.93 94101140.57

TOTAL(kg/hr) 47571415.5 98168250.93

Energy Balance for the condenser:

Enthalpy in:

Heat with Aniline =14718691 kj/hr

Heat with Water= 56751950.7 kj/hr

Heat with Hydrogen= 26697609.23 kj/hr

Total enthalpy in due to products = 14718691+56751950.7 +26697609.23

=98168250.93 kj/hr
Enthalpy out:

As condenser removes the latent heat and sensible heat in gas phase, all streams are cooled
to bubble point of Aniline and Water mixture which is 371.69 K.

42
So, Enthalpy with aniline=326.632*10-3*∫

=107008.6 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

=979.896 *(∫ )

=5469289.4 kj/hr
Enthalpy with Hydrogen= m ∫
=3950.54871*∫

=4159912.7 kj/hr

Total enthalpy out=107008.6+5469289.4+4159912.7=9736210.7 kj/hr

Heat removed by condenser=387779355.3-98168250.93

=289611104.4 kj/hr.

Table 12:

Flow IN OUT OUT

Heat Removed
Component Stream6 (kj/hr) Stream (kj/hr) Stream7 (kj/hr)

Nitrobenzene --- --- ---

Hydrogen 14718691 --- 4159912.7

Water 56751950.7 --- 5469289.4

26697609.23
Aniline --- 107008.6

Total (kg/hr) 98168250.93 289611104.4 9736210.7

Energy balance for the pre-cooler:

This heat exchanger removes heat such that temperature of the stream is reduced to 303.15 K

from 371.69 K.

Enthalpy in:

Enthalpy with aniline = 107008.6 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water Total enthalpy out

= 5469289.4 kj/hr
= 107008.6+5469289.4 = 5576298 kj/hr

43
Enthalpy out:
So, enthalpy with aniline = 326.632*10-3*∫

= 6947.3 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

= 979.896 *(∫ )

= 380604.8 kj/hr

Total enthalpy out = 6947.3 +380604.8 = 387552.1 kj/hr

Heat removed by the heat exchanger = 5576298-387552.1 = 5188745.9 kj/hr

Energy balance for the decanter:

So, stream 7: enthalpy with aniline = 6947.3 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water =380604.8 kj/hr

Total enthalpy in=6947.3 +380604.8 =387552.1 kj/hr

Stream 12:

Water=32698.53348 kg/hr =1815.052 kmol/hr

Aniline=7042.02739 kg/hr =75.62 kmol/hr

-3
Enthalpy with aniline = 75.62 *10 *∫

=1562.56 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

= *(∫
44
 = 704990.6 kj/hr

Total enthalpy =1562.56+704990.6=706553.16 kj/hr

Stream13:

Water=5117.73724 kg/hr =284.08 kmol/hr

Aniline=1392.55056kg/hr =14.95 kmol/hr

-3
Enthalpy with aniline =14.95 *10 *∫

=308.92 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

=(284.08) *(∫

=110340.49 kj/hr

Total enthalpy=308.92+110340.49=110649.41 kj/hr

Enthalpy out:

Stream9:

Water = 44437.73942 kg/hr = 2466.68 kmol/hr

Aniline =7102.20424kg/hr =76.26 kmol/hr

-3
Enthalpy with aniline = 76.26 *10 *∫

= 1575.79 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

=2466.68 * *(∫

=958091.68 kj/hr

Total enthalpy=1575.79+958091.68=959666.79 kj/hr

Stream 10:

Water =5147.21291kg/hr =285.72 kmol/hr

Aniline =31750.37067kg/hr =340.94 kmol/hr

-3
Enthalpy with aniline =340.94 *10 *∫

45
 =7044.96 kj/hr
Enthalpy with water

=285.72 * *(∫

=110977.49
Total enthalpy = 7044.96+110977.49 =118022.45 kj/hr
Table 13:

Flow IN IN IN OUT OUT

Component Stream Stream Stream Stream Stream

7(kj/hr) 12(kj/hr) 13(kj/hr) 9(kj/hr) 10(kj/hr)

Nitrobenzene --- --- --- --- ---

Hydrogen --- --- --- --- ---

Water 380604.8 704990.6 110340.49 958091.68 110977.49

Aniline 6947.3 1562.56 308.92 1575.79 7044.96

Total (kg/hr) 387552.1 706553.16 110649.41 959666.79 118022.45

Energy balance for distillation column-1:

46
Enthalpy in:

Stream9:

Water =44437.73942 kg/hr =2466.68 kmol/hr

Aniline =7102.20424kg/hr =76.26 kmol/hr

-3
Enthalpy with aniline =76.26 *10 *∫

=26474.61 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

=2466.68 * *(∫

=14511181.32 kj/hr

Total enthalpy=26474.61 +14511181.32 =14537655.93 kj/hr

Enthalpy out:

Stream 11:

Water =11739.20594 kg/hr =651.628 kmol/hr

Aniline =60.17685 kg/hr =0.646 kmol/hr

-3
Enthalpy with aniline =0.646 *10 *∫

=216.6 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

= 651.628 * *(∫

=3714415.04 kj/hr

Total enthalpy=216.6+3714415.04=3714631.64 kj/hr

Stream 12:

Water =32698.53348 kg/hr =1815.052 kmol/hr

Aniline =7042.02739 kg/hr =75.618 kmol/hr

-3
Enthalpy with aniline =75.618 *10 *∫

=26589.81 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

47
 =1815.052 * *(∫

=10802091.76 kj/hr

Total enthalpy =26589.81+10802091.76 = 10828681.57 kj/hr

Total enthalpy out=3714631.64+10828681.57=14543313.21 kj/hr

Heat supplied by the distillation column=14543313.21-14537655.93=5657.28 kj/hr

Table 14:

Flow IN OUT OUT

Component Stream (kj/hr) Stream (kj/hr) Stream (kj/hr)

Nitrobenzene --- --- ---

Hydrogen --- --- ---

Water 14511181.32 3714415.04 10802091.76

26474.61
Aniline 216.6 26589.81

Total (kg/hr) 14537655.93 3714631.64 10828681.57

14537655.93 14543313.21

Energy balance for distillation column-2:

48
 Enthalpy in:

Stream 10:

Water = 5147.21291kg/hr =285.72 kmol/hr

Aniline=31750.37067kg/hr=340.94 kmol/hr
-3
Enthalpy with aniline =340.94 *10 *∫

=195845.11 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

=285.72 * *(∫

=2627299.22 kj/hr

Total enthalpy=195845.11+2627299.22 =2823144.33 kj/hr

Enthalpy out:

Stream13:

Distillate stream enriched with water

Aniline = 1392.55056kg/hr=14.953 kmol/hr

Water = 5117.73724 kg/hr=284.079 kmol/hr

-3
Enthalpy with aniline=14.953 *10 *∫

=5317.53 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

=284.079 * *(∫

=1707969.4 kj/hr

Total enthalpy=5317.53+1707969.4=1713286.93 kj/hr

Stream14:

Bottom stream enriched with Aniline

Aniline=30387.29578 kg/hr=326.302 kmol/hr

Water=29.47567 kg/hr=1.636 kmol/hr

49
 Enthalpy with aniline= 326.302 *10-3*∫

= 259532.9 kj/hr

Enthalpy with water

=1.636 * *(∫

=9836.13 kj/hr

Total enthalpy = 259532.9 +9836.13 = 269369.03 kj/hr

Total enthalpy out from distillation column=1713286.93+269369.03 =1982655.96 kj/hr

Total heat removed by distillation column =1982655.96-2823144.33 =-840488.37 kj/hr

Table 15:

Flow IN OUT OUT

Component Stream (kj/hr) Stream (kj/hr) Stream (kj/hr)

Nitrobenzene --- --- ---

Hydrogen --- --- ---

Water 2627299.22 1707969.4 9836.13

195845.11
Aniline 5317.53 259532.9

Total (kg/hr) 2823144.33 1713286.93 269369.03

2823144.33 1982655.96
50
 10. DESIGN OF EQUIPMENTS

Symbols used in design of Shell and Tube heat exchanger:

- heat transfer area, m2 or ft2

- baffle spacing, in

cp - specific heat at constant pressure, J/g oC or Btu/lb oF

C- clearance, in

hi -heat-transfer coefficient for inside of tube ,W/m2 oC or Btu/ft2 oF h

hio -heat-transfer coefficient for outside of tube, W/m2 oC or Btu/ft2 oF

h ho - shell side heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC or Btu/ft2 oF h

- mass velocity, kg/m2 s or lb/ft2h K

-thermal conductivity , W/m oC

LMTD -logarithmic mean temperature

difference PT – tube pitch, in

Q - quantity of heat, J or

Btu Re – Reynolds number

U - overall heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC or Btu/ft2 oF h

51
 10.1 DESIGN OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Cold Fluid Data:

Inlet Temperature t1=21 oC =69.8 oF

Outlet Temperature t2=210 oC =410 oF

Weight flow w=40211.4021 kg/hr

Calculation of Heat load:

Qh= m Cp ∆T

40211.4021*1.4*(210-25)

=10414753.14 kg/hr

Qc= m Cp ∆T

m= Qc/(Cp ∆T)

= 10414753.14/(∆H)

=10414753.14/(2801.5-2643.7)

=65999.7 Kg

Hot Fluid data:

Inlet Temperature T1=250oC

Outlet Temperature T2=80oF

Weight flow W=65999.7 kg/hr

Calculation of ∆TLMTD:

∆TLMTD= ∆T1-∆T2 / ln(∆T1/∆T2)

∆TLMTD= 47.10oF

Calculation of R and S values:

R= (T2-T1)/(t2-t1)

52
 = 0.918

S = (t2-t1)/(T2-t1)

= 0.822

Calculation of Correction Factor:

FT is found using LMTD correction factor curves

From Graph we get, FT=0.845

The values of R and S satisfy with Correction factor value for 4-8 shell and tube
heat exchanger.

This may be met by four 1-2 exchangers in series or two 2-4 exchangers in series.

∆tln= ∆TLMTD*FT

= 47.1*0.845 = 39.79ᴼF

Calculation of ud

From the literature the UD value of Nitrobenzene ranges from 60-90 W/m2K

Assume a value of UD

Let the value of UD be 80

Calculation of heat transfer area

A= Q/ UD*∆t

9871279.951/(80*39.79)

3101.05 ft2

Length of the tube L=16’0’’(3/4 in.OD,16BWG)-Square pitch

From the table, Flow area per tube a’t=0.302in2

Outside area per linear ft a’’=0.1963 ft2

Tube inside diameter D=0.62 in (Obtained from tables)

53
No. of tubes per shell, Nt= Heat transfer area/(No. of shell side passes* total surface area)

Nt= 3101.05/(2*16*0.1963)

493.67

494 tubes

For 4 passes, 3/4in.OD on 1-in. Square pitch (from the table),Nearest count(from 494 tubes):

480 tubes in a 29in.ID shell

Calculation of corrected UD:

Ud,corr = Q/A* ∆ T LMTD.

A= No. of passes * No. of tubes * Length of the tube * Outside area

2* 480* 16* 0.1963

=3015.16 ft2

UD= Q/(A*∆T)

=9871279.951/(3015.16*39.79)

=82.27

Tube side Calculation:

at = Nt * at/(144n)

=480* 0.302/(144*4)

= 0.252 ft2

Mass velocity:

Gt = w/ at

65999.7/(0454*0.252)

=576880.11 lb/ hr ft2

At Tavg= 180ᴼC
54
Ret = D*Gt / µ

Tube inside diameter = D = 0.62in

= 0.62/12 =0.0517

Ret = 0.0517*576880.11/(0.0375)

=795325.37

J factor for heat transfer curve jH

At L/D = 16/0.0517

jH = 750

Cp = 0.47 btu/lb

= 0.0187 btu/ hr.ft2. ᴼF hi

= jH *(K/D)*(Cµ/K)1/3

750*(0.187/0.0517)*(0.47*0.0375/0.187)1/3

265.975 = 266

hio= hi * ID/OD

265.97 * 0.62/0.75

=220 btu/hr. ft2.ᴼF

At Re = 7,95,325.37

F= 0.0001, S= 0.7

Tube side pressure drop (∆Pt) = f Gt2 Ln/(5.22*1010*D *S)

∆Pt= 0.0001*576880.112*16*4/(5.22*1010*0.0517*0.7)

=1.125 Psi

Gt = 576880.11 v2/2g = 0.037

∆Pr = 4n/ S*(v2/2g)

55
 = 4*4*(0.037)/0.7 =0.84

Total pressure drop (∆PT) = ∆Pt +∆Pr

1.125+ 0.84

=1.965 Psi

Shell side Calculations:

B= 12in

C = 0.25in

PT= C + Tube OD = 0.25+0.75 =1 in

Flow area as = ID* C*B/(144PT) = (29*0.25*12)/(144*2) = 0.302 ft2

Mass velocity :

Gs= W/as = 40211.4021/(0.454*0.302) = 293282.68 lb/ hr.ft2

T avg= 117.5ᴼC

= 0.4 Cp = 0.4*2.42 = 0.968 lb/ft. hr

Res = De* Gs/µ = 23985.75

JH =80

K = 0.16 W/ m.K

= 0.16*6.93 btu/hr. ft2.ᴼF

=1.1088 btu/hr. ft2.ᴼF

ho = jH* K/ D*(Cµ/K)1/3

80*1.1088/0.792*(0.968*0.334/1.1088)1/3

742.68 btu/hr. ft2.ᴼF

f = 0.0018, S= 0.76

No. of Crosses N+1 = 12L/ B

56
 12*4*16/12 =64

Shell diameter Ds= 29/12 = 2.41

ft Shell side pressure drop

∆Ps = f Gs2Ds(N+1)/(5.22*1010*0..079*0.76)

= 7.619 Psi

Clean overall Coefficient Uc:

Uc = hio* ho/(hio+ho)

= 95.87 btu/hr.ft2.ᴼF

Rd = UC- UD/( UC*UD)

95.87-82.27/(95.87*82.27)

=1.72*10-3 hr.ft2.ᴼF/ btu

57
 Specification sheet of heat exchanger

Item Heat Exchanger

Type Two 2-4 shell & tube heat exchangers in

series

Operation Continuous

Inlet temp. processing stream 69.8 °F

Outlet temp. processing temp. 410 °F

LMTD 47.10°F

UC 95.87 Btu /hr. ft2.°F

UD 82.27 Btu /hr. ft2.°F

No.of tubes 480

Pressure drop shell side 7.619 psi

Pressure drop tube side 1.965 psi

Heat transfer area 3015.16 ft2

Length of the tube 16 ft

Tube inner dia 0.0517 ft

Tube outer dia 0.0625 ft

Shell inner dia 1.9375 ft

Pitch 1 inch (square)

Baffle spacing 1 ft

No of baffles 16

Symbols used in the Design of the Reactor design:

P1 , P2 = pressure of the gas

T1 , T2 = temperature of gas

V1 , V2 = volume of gas

do=tube of outside diameter

di =Inside diameter of tube

TR =Residence time

Vg = volumetric flow rate of gas through reactor

V= volume of reactor

N= be no. of tubes,

A= Heat transfer area

Pt=Triangular tube pitch

Db = Bundle diameter

Di = shell Internal Diameter

J = weld joint efficiency factor

t =thickness of dome

q =Total Heat removed

U Heat transfer coefficient:

B=baffle spacing

59
 10.2 DESIGN OF FIXED BED REACTOR

10.2.1. Estimation of volume of Reacting mixture:

1 kmol : 22.414 m3( at STP)

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

1*22.414/273= 3* V2/593

V2=17.05 m3

1 kmol of hydrogen at 3 atm and 350 C =17.05 m3

1 kmol of reactant mixture =123.1092*0.1+2.0158*0.9=14.152 gm

46137.22728kg/hr of reactants =3260.12kmol/hr =55585.046m3/hr=15.44 m3/s

10.2.2. Estimation of volume of products mixture:

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

1*22.414/273 =2*V2/600

V2=24.63 m3

1 kmol of products at 2 atm and 600 K =24.63 m3

1 kmol of product mixture =15.69gm,

46137.22728kg/hr of product mixture =2940.55 kmol/hr = 65909.49 m3/hr=18.31

m3/s Basis: 16.875 m3/s of gas

Use 1.5” tubes of outside diameter (BWG 10no) and length =4m

Wall thickness for BWG 10 no tube =0.134”

Therefore, Inside diameter of tube =1.5-2*0.134=1.232”=31.3 mm

Volume of each tube = π/4 * d2*L= π/4 (31.2928*10-3)2*4=3.0764*10-

3m3 Assumption:Residence time with in reactor =0.4 sec

60
T =volume of reactor/volumetric flow rate of gas through reactor,so volume of reactor
is V=Residence time * Volumetric flowrate= 0.4*16.875=6.75 m3.

Let ‘N” be no.of tubes,

N (3.0764*10-3) = 6.75

N = 2194.12 = 2194 tubes (approx.)

Heat transfer area =N (π*do*h) = 2194*π*38.1*10-3* 4= 1050.44 m2

Triangular pitch is used to accommodate 2194 no of tubes.

Triangular tube pitch,

Pt=1.25do

=1.25 *38.1=47.625 mm

Bundle diameter:Db =do (Nt/K1)1/n1,Where K1, n1 are obtained from the table below based
on the type of tube arrangement.

=38.1(2194/0.319)1/2.142=2358 mm

Graph: Shell inside diametervs. bundle diameter

By extrapolating the bundle diameter to 2.358 m,we have Shell ID –Bundle dia = 20 +
(20-10)*(5.41-1.2)/ (1.2-0.2) =31.58 mm

Therefore shell ID =Bundle diameter + 31.58 mm= 2358 +31.58=5545.83 mm =2389.58

mm Height of a reactor = 10m

Volume of a reactor = (π/4)*D2*H= (π/4) (2.38958)2 *10=44.85 m3

10.2.3. Shell

Material of Construction:

The preferred construction material for reactor is low alloy steel (IS: 3609)

From Code IS 2825, f=12.6 kgf/mm2=1260 kgf/cm2

This is a Class-I vessel. Therefore, J = weld joint efficiency factor = 1

61
Here t = P*Di/(200fJ-P) +CA

Where P=3 atm= (3.04*10-2*2389.58)/ (200*1*12.6-3.04 *10-2) + 1=1.029 mm

Since t< 12 mm, Use t =12 mm (including corrosion allowance) in order to withstand its
own weight.

10.2.4. ellipsoidal dome end:

Calculation of Dome end Thickness:t = PDoC/200f J +CA +TA

Assume t=10 mm

hi =Di/4 =2389.58/4 =597.395 mm

ho =hi+ t =597.395 +10 =607.395 mm

Ro=0.82Di+ t =0.82 *2389.58 +10 =1969.46 mm

ro= 0.15 Di+T =0.15*2389.58 +10=368.437 mm

Do=Di+2t =2389.58 +2*12 =2413.58 mm

Do2/4Ro= 2413.582/(4*1969.46) = 739.46 mm

Sqrt(Do* ro /2)=Sqrt (2413.58*368.437/2)=666.8 mm

ho= 668.8 mm

ho is least.

Therefore hE=ho=668.8 mm

hE/Do=668.8/2413.58 =0.277;

t/Do=10/2413.5 =4.14*10-3.

From graph hE/Do vs C, we have C=1.35t =

=PDoC/200f J= (3.04*10-2*2413.58*1.35)/(200*1*12.6)= 0.091 mm

So, thickness of dome = 0.067mm Shell side fluid is water. Total

Heat removed = 94101140.57 kj/hr

62
Heat removed per tube = (94101140.57*103)/(3600*2194)= 11913.95 W

= UA∆T, Substituting A=1050.44 m2,∆T=370-298 = 72°K, q = 94101140.57 kj/hr

We have U = 1244.25 W/m2 °C

Internal diameter of vessel = 2413.5

mm We know that

Ds/5 < baffle spacing < Ds

i.e., 482.7< baffle

spacing<2413.5 Use Baffle

spacing = 1360 mm Number of

baffles = 4

10.2.5. Design Specifications: Tubes:

Number of tubes: 2194

Length: 4m

Catalyst filled height: 3.8 m

Inside diameter: 31.3 mm

Outside diameter: 38.1 mm

Gauge: BWG 10 number

Heat transfer area: 1050.44 m2

Passes: 1 (flow in upward direction)

Tube Pattern: Triangular Tube Pitch: 47.6 mm

Inlet temperature: 350° C

Outlet temperature: 426.85° C

10.2.6. Shell:
Fluid: water94101140.57 kj/hr=m*4.198*(370-298)

63
Flow: 311.33 Tons/hr

Inlet temperature: 25 °C

Outlet temperature: 96.85 °C

Heat removed per tube: 11913.95W

Heat transfer coefficient: U = 55.29 W/m2 °C

Inside Diameter: 2389.58 mm

Passes: 1

Baffles: 4

Baffle spacing: 1360 mm

10.2.7. Details about construction material:

Type of material: Low alloy steel

Material specification: IS: 3609Grade or designation: 2.5% Cr, 1% Mo

Tensile strength (min): 49 Kg/mm2

Yield stress (min): 25 Kg/mm2

10.2.8. Reactor specifications:

Orientation: Vertical

Operation mode: Continuous

Height: 10 m

Outside diameter: 5498 mm

Class: I

Design Pressure: 3 atm

Wall thickness: 12 mm

Type of Ends: Ellipsoid, 2.5:1

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End thickness: 10 mm

Man holes: 2 * 450 mm * 400 mm

Catalyst weight:

From literature, wt% of the catalyst=0.05% of Nitrobenzene[7]

Therefore,weight of catalyst=0.0005*40211.40421=20.10 kg of

catalyst.
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Symbols used in design of Cooler:

- heat transfer area, m2 or ft2

- baffle spacing, in

cp - specific heat at constant pressure, J/g oC or Btu/lb oF

C- clearance, in

hi -heat-transfer coefficient for inside of tube ,W/m2 oC or Btu/ft2 oF h hio

-heat-transfer coefficient for outside of tube, W/m2 oC or Btu/ft2 oF h ho -

shell side heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC or Btu/ft2 oF h

- mass velocity, kg/m2 s or lb/ft2h K -

thermal conductivity , W/m oC

LMTD -logarithmic mean temperature difference PT

– tube pitch, in

Q - quantity of heat, J or Btu Re

– Reynolds number

U - overall heat-transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC or Btu/ft2 oF h