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3. Learner language
4. Theories of SLA
5. Communicative competence
6. Multilinguality
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1.What is second language
acquisition?
Similarities Differences
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1.What is second language
acquisition?
The systematic study of how people acquire an L2
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1. What is second language
acquisition?
Second language acquisition is
the way in which people learn a language
other than their native language, inside or
outside of a classroom,
and SLA is the study of this.
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1. What is second language
acquisition?
Second language acquisition - SLA (L2A)
[es el’ei]
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2. Factors influencing SLA
o Social context
external
o Learning opportunities/context
o Motivation
internal
o Personal characteristics
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2. Factors influencing SLA
Social context
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2. Factors influencing SLA
o Amount of exposure
o Kind of exposure
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2. Factors influencing SLA
Motivation
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2. Factors influencing SLA
Personal characteristics
o Age
o Learning style
o Learning strategies
o Language aptitude
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3. Learner language
1950s:
Contrastive Analysis (errors = L1 transfer)
L1 L2
transfer errors:
(1) We went at Johannesburg last weekend.
(L1: Bantu language)
(2) I no have a red pen. (L1: Spanish)
1960s-1970s:
Error Analysis (errors = clues to
interlanguage)
L1 Interlanguage L2
creative errors
(3) She name is Maria.
(4) In the room there are three womens.
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3. Learner language
interlanguage
an in-between system used in the L2 acquisition
process that contains aspects of L1 and L2. It is
inherently variable and contains rules of its own.
In a room there are three womens … one is blond … blond
hair … there are three womens … one woman is the teacher
… and the other two womans are seat in the chair …
fossilization
describes a state where interlanguage has stopped
developing further and contains many forms that do
not match the target language
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4. Theories of SLA
4.1 Behaviourism
o language learning = imitation, habit formation,
positive and negative reinforcement;
o a general learning theory
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4. Theories of SLA
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4. Theories of SLA
Naturalistic second language learning
innatist, SLA similar to FLA
S. Krashen (1980s):
Comprehensible Input Hypothesis
learners progress in their knowledge of the
language when they comprehend language
input that is slightly more advanced than their
current level. “i+1”
Monitor model:
acquisition vs. learning
natural order
comprehensible input
monitor
affective filter
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4. Theories of SLA
Interaction hypothesis
(Michael Long, 1980s)
o Crucial: Input (link to innatism)
o conversation with other speakers provides
optimal input
o Learner has opportunity to check for
comprehension, ask for clarification
o Negotiation of meaning
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4. Theories of SLA
4.3 Cognitive perspective
(cognitive psychology, e.g. Mc Whinney; since
1990s)
language learning:
o learner uses general cognitive strategies
o usage-based construction of language
competence
o frequency of lg items influences
entrenchment
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4. Theories of SLA
Noticing hypothesis (Schmidt, 1990s)
o conscious attention as precondition
o experiencing incongruence
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4. Theories of SLA
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4. SLA Theories
A selection:
1. Grammar translation method
2. Audiolingual method
3. Communicative Language Teaching
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4. From theories to approaches
nature of language
Teaching
language learning process approach/method
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5. Communicative competence
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5. Communicative competence
...an individual’s ‘communicative competence’ can only be understood in terms of the practices of which she has been a member, her social identities, the degree and kinds of
participation she has assumed (or has been allowed to assume) in them (Hall 1995, 219).
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5. Communicative competence
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6. Multilinguality with English
2 important reasons:
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6. Multilinguality
Multilinguality Multilingualism
«Interdependence »
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6. Multilinguality
steady development
or
dynamic process
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6. Multilinguality
L1 L2 L3 L4 Ln L1 L2 L3 L4 Ln
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6. Multilinguality
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6. Multilinguality
LS = language system
CLIN = cross-linguistic influence
M = M(ultilingualism)-factor
MP = multilingual proficiency
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Recommended literature
Lightbown, P.M. & N. Spada. 2013. How languages are learned.
(4th ed.) Oxford Univerity Press.
Ortega, L. 2009. Understanding second language acquisition.
Routledge.
Saville-Troike, M. 2012. Introducing second language acquisition.
Cambridge University Press.
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